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Tran MT, Ho CNQ, Hoang SN, Doan CC, Nguyen MT, Van HD, Ly CN, Le CPM, Hoang HNQ, Nguyen HTM, Truong HT, To QM, Nguyen TTT, Le LT. Morphological Changes of 3T3 Cells under Simulated Microgravity. Cells 2024; 13:344. [PMID: 38391957 PMCID: PMC10887114 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells are sensitive to changes in gravity, especially the cytoskeletal structures that determine cell morphology. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on 3T3 cell morphology, as demonstrated by a characterization of the morphology of cells and nuclei, alterations of microfilaments and microtubules, and changes in cycle progression. METHODS 3T3 cells underwent induced SMG for 72 h with Gravite®, while the control group was under 1G. Fluorescent staining was applied to estimate the morphology of cells and nuclei and the cytoskeleton distribution of 3T3 cells. Cell cycle progression was assessed by using the cell cycle app of the Cytell microscope, and Western blot was conducted to determine the expression of the major structural proteins and main cell cycle regulators. RESULTS The results show that SMG led to decreased nuclear intensity, nuclear area, and nuclear shape and increased cell diameter in 3T3 cells. The 3T3 cells in the SMG group appeared to have a flat form and diminished microvillus formation, while cells in the control group displayed an apical shape and abundant microvilli. The 3T3 cells under SMG exhibited microtubule distribution surrounding the nucleus, compared to the perinuclear accumulation in control cells. Irregular forms of the contractile ring and polar spindle were observed in 3T3 cells under SMG. The changes in cytoskeleton structure were caused by alterations in the expression of major cytoskeletal proteins, including β-actin and α-tubulin 3. Moreover, SMG induced 3T3 cells into the arrest phase by reducing main cell cycle related genes, which also affected the formation of cytoskeleton structures such as microfilaments and microtubules. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that SMG generated morphological changes in 3T3 cells by remodeling the cytoskeleton structure and downregulating major structural proteins and cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thi Tran
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Chi Nguyen Quynh Ho
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City 100000, Vietnam
| | - Son Nghia Hoang
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chung Chinh Doan
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City 100000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thai Nguyen
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
| | - Huy Duc Van
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
| | - Cang Ngoc Ly
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
| | - Cuong Phan Minh Le
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
| | - Huy Nghia Quang Hoang
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City 100000, Vietnam
| | - Han Thai Minh Nguyen
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Innovation Center, University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH 03101, USA
| | - Han Thi Truong
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
| | - Quan Minh To
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Tram Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Faculty of General Biomedical, University of Physical Education and Sport, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Long Thanh Le
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam; (C.N.Q.H.); (S.N.H.); (C.C.D.); (M.T.N.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.L.); (C.P.M.L.); (H.N.Q.H.); (H.T.M.N.); (T.T.T.N.)
- Biotechnology Department, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City 100000, Vietnam
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Graf J, Schulz H, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Sahana J, Abdelfattah F, Wuest SL, Egli M, Krüger M, Kraus A, Wise PM, Infanger M, Grimm D. Omics Studies of Tumor Cells under Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:926. [PMID: 38255998 PMCID: PMC10815863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is defined as a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth, expansion, and progression with metastasis. Various signaling pathways are involved in its development. Malignant tumors exhibit a high morbidity and mortality. Cancer research increased our knowledge about some of the underlying mechanisms, but to this day, our understanding of this disease is unclear. High throughput omics technology and bioinformatics were successful in detecting some of the unknown cancer mechanisms. However, novel groundbreaking research and ideas are necessary. A stay in orbit causes biochemical and molecular biological changes in human cancer cells which are first, and above all, due to microgravity (µg). The µg-environment provides conditions that are not reachable on Earth, which allow researchers to focus on signaling pathways controlling cell growth and metastasis. Cancer research in space already demonstrated how cancer cell-exposure to µg influenced several biological processes being involved in cancer. This novel approach has the potential to fight cancer and to develop future cancer strategies. Space research has been shown to impact biological processes in cancer cells like proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival, adhesion, migration, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors, among others. This concise review focuses on publications related to genetic, transcriptional, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies on tumor cells exposed to real space conditions or to simulated µg using simulation devices. We discuss all omics studies investigating different tumor cell types from the brain and hematological system, sarcomas, as well as thyroid, prostate, breast, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and lung cancers, in order to gain new and innovative ideas for understanding the basic biology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Graf
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Fatima Abdelfattah
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Simon L. Wuest
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
| | - Marcel Egli
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
- National Center for Biomedical Research in Space, Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation (UZH Space Hub), University Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Armin Kraus
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
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