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Vermeire S, Danese S, Sandborn WJ, Schreiber S, Hanauer S, D’Haens G, Nagy P, Thakur M, Bliss C, Cataldi F, Goetsch M, Gorelick KJ, Reinisch W. Efficacy and Safety of the Anti-mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Antibody Ontamalimab in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2024; 18:708-719. [PMID: 38096402 PMCID: PMC11140626 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ontamalimab is a fully human immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody against mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, developed as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Six phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials compared efficacy and safety of ontamalimab [25 mg and 75 mg once every 4 weeks] with placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease [two induction studies and one re-randomised maintenance study per condition]. This clinical trial programme was discontinued in 2020 for reasons unrelated to drug safety/efficacy; Crohn's disease studies are described in the Supplementary data. RESULTS The induction [12-week] and maintenance [52-week] studies included 659 and 366 randomised patients, respectively. More patients who received ontamalimab induction than placebo achieved the primary endpoint of clinical remission at Week 12 [25 mg, 18.5% vs 15.8%, p = 0.617, 27.0% vs 12.5%, p = 0.027; 75 mg, 29.8% vs 15.8%, p = 0.018, 29.5% vs 12.5% p = 0.014]; significantly more patients who received ontamalimab maintenance therapy than placebo achieved Week 52 clinical remission [25 mg, 53.5% vs 8.2%, p <0.001; 75 mg, 40.2% vs 12.8%, p <0.001]. Endoscopic improvement was generally significantly different vs placebo [induction: 25 mg, 27.8% vs 21.1%, p = 0.253, 35.1% vs 12.5%, p = 0.001; 75 mg, 41.1% vs 21.1%, p = 0.002, 33.9% vs 12.5%, p = 0.003; maintenance: 25 mg, 56.3% vs 9.6%, p <0.001; 75 mg, 48.8% vs 15.1%, p <0.001]. Adverse event rates were similar between ontamalimab and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS Ontamalimab 75 mg was effective, with no safety concerns, as induction and maintenance therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. [NCT03259334; NCT03259308; NCT03290781; NCT03559517; NCT03566823; NCT03627091].
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvio Danese
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center–IRCSS, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - William J Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen Hanauer
- Department of Medicine [Gastroenterology and Hepatology], Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geert D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Nagy
- Shire, a Takeda company, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Manoj Thakur
- Shire, a Takeda company, Lexington, MA, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Caleb Bliss
- Shire, a Takeda company, Lexington, MA, USA
- Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Fabio Cataldi
- Shire, a Takeda company, Lexington, MA, USA
- Landos Biopharma, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Martina Goetsch
- Shire, a Takeda company, Zug, Switzerland
- Arena Pharmaceuticals, wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Rindi LV, Zaçe D, Braccialarghe N, Massa B, Barchi V, Iannazzo R, Fato I, De Maria F, Kontogiannis D, Malagnino V, Sarmati L, Iannetta M. Drug-Induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drug Saf 2024; 47:333-354. [PMID: 38321317 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was first described among patients affected by hematological or solid tumors. Following the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, people living with HIV have represented most cases for more than a decade. With the diffusion of highly active antiretroviral therapy, this group progressively decreased in favor of patients undergoing treatment with targeted therapy/immunomodulators. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the objective was to assess which drugs are most frequently related to PML development, and report the incidence of drug-induced PML through a meta-analytic approach. METHODS The electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health Database (CADTH) were searched up to May 10, 2022. Articles that reported the risk of PML development after treatment with immunomodulatory drugs, including patients of both sexes under the age of 80 years, affected by any pathology except HIV, primary immunodeficiencies or malignancies, were included in the review. The incidence of drug-induced PML was calculated based on PML cases and total number of patients observed per 100 persons and the observation time. Random-effect metanalyses were conducted for each drug reporting pooled incidence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and median (interquartile range [IQR]) of the observation time. Heterogeneity was measured by I2 statistics. Publication bias was examined through funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS A total of 103 studies were included in the systematic review. In our analysis, we found no includible study reporting cases of PML during the course of treatment with ocrelizumab, vedolizumab, abrilumab, ontamalimab, teriflunomide, daclizumab, inebilizumab, basiliximab, tacrolimus, belimumab, infliximab, firategrast, disulone, azathioprine or danazole. Dalfampridine, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod show a relatively safe profile, although some cases of PML have been reported. The meta-analysis showed an incidence of PML cases among patients undergoing rituximab treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) of 0.01 cases/100 persons (95% CI - 0.08 to 0.09; I2 = 20.4%; p = 0.25) for a median observation period of 23.5 months (IQR 22.1-42.1). Treatment of MS with natalizumab carried a PML risk of 0.33 cases/100 persons (95% CI 0.29-0.37; I2 = 50%; p = 0.003) for a median observation period of 44.1 months (IQR 28.4-60) and a mean number of doses of 36.3 (standard deviation [SD] ± 20.7). When comparing data about patients treated with standard interval dosing (SID) and extended interval dosing (EID), the latter appears to carry a smaller risk of PML, that is, 0.08 cases/100 persons (95% CI 0.0-0.15) for EID versus 0.3 cases/100 persons (95% CI 0.25-0.34) for SID. CONCLUSIONS A higher risk of drug-related PML in patients whose immune system is not additionally depressed by means of neoplasms, HIV or concomitant medications is found in the neurological field. This risk is higher in MS treatment, and specifically during long-term natalizumab therapy. While this drug is still routinely prescribed in this field, considering the efficacy in reducing MS relapses, in other areas it could play a smaller role, and be gradually replaced by other safer and more recently approved agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vittorio Rindi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Drieda Zaçe
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Neva Braccialarghe
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Massa
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Barchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Iannazzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Fato
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco De Maria
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitra Kontogiannis
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Malagnino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Yang J, Li D, Zhang M, Lin G, Hu S, Xu H. From the updated landscape of the emerging biologics for IBDs treatment to the new delivery systems. J Control Release 2023; 361:568-591. [PMID: 37572962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treatments have shifted from small-molecular therapeutics to the oncoming biologics. The first-line biologics against the moderate-to-severe IBDs are mainly involved in antibodies against integrins, cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Besides, other biologics including growth factors, antioxidative enzyme, anti-inflammatory peptides, nucleic acids, stem cells and probiotics have also been explored at preclinical or clinical studies. Biologics with variety of origins have their unique potentials in attenuating immune inflammation or gut mucosa healing. Great advances in use of biologics for IBDs treatments have been archived in recent years. But delivering issues for biologic have also been confronted due to their liable nature. In this review, we will focus on biologics for IBDs treatments in the recent publications; summarize the current landscapes of biologics and their promise to control disease progress. Alternatively, the confronted challenges for delivering biologics will also be analyzed. To combat these drawbacks, some new delivering strategies are provided: firstly, designing the functional materials with high affinity toward biologics; secondly, the delivering vehicle systems to encapsulate the liable biologics; thirdly, the topical adhering delivery systems as enema. To our knowledge, this review is the first study to summarize the updated usage of the oncoming biologics for IBDs, their confronted challenges in term of delivery and the potential combating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Gaolong Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Sunkuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Helin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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Physiological based pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutics modelling of subcutaneously administered compounds – an overview of in silico models. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Honig G, Larkin PB, Heller C, Hurtado-Lorenzo A. Research-Based Product Innovation to Address Critical Unmet Needs of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:S1-S16. [PMID: 34791292 PMCID: PMC8922161 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in recent decades, patients with inflammatory bowel diseases face many critical unmet needs, demonstrating the limitations of available treatment options. Addressing these unmet needs will require interventions targeting multiple aspects of inflammatory bowel disease pathology, including disease drivers that are not targeted by available therapies. The vast majority of late-stage investigational therapies also focus primarily on a narrow range of fundamental mechanisms. Thus, there is a pressing need to advance to clinical stage differentiated investigational therapies directly targeting a broader range of key mechanistic drivers of inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, innovations are critically needed to enable treatments to be tailored to the specific underlying abnormal biological pathways of patients; interventions with improved safety profiles; biomarkers to develop prognostic, predictive, and monitoring tests; novel devices for nonpharmacological approaches such as minimally invasive monitoring; and digital health technologies. To address these needs, the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation launched IBD Ventures, a venture philanthropy-funding mechanism, and IBD Innovate®, an innovative, product-focused scientific conference. This special IBD Innovate® supplement is a collection of articles reflecting the diverse and exciting research and development that is currently ongoing in the inflammatory bowel disease field to deliver innovative and differentiated products addressing critical unmet needs of patients. Here, we highlight the pipeline of new product opportunities currently advancing at the preclinical and early clinical development stages. We categorize and describe novel and differentiated potential product opportunities based on their potential to address the following critical unmet patient needs: (1) biomarkers for prognosis of disease course and prediction/monitoring of treatment response; (2) restoration of eubiosis; (3) restoration of barrier function and mucosal healing; (4) more effective and safer anti-inflammatories; (5) neuromodulatory and behavioral therapies; (6) management of disease complications; and (7) targeted drug delivery.
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Circulating MAdCAM-1 and ITGB7 in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis and Eruptive Lichen Planus-Preliminary Data. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111129. [PMID: 34827121 PMCID: PMC8614971 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Psoriasis and lichen planus are common skin diseases which have similar clinical presentation and pathogenesis. Considering these dermatoses are frequent and decrease patients’ life quality, it is important to look for different markers indicating patients’ condition which can possibly affect the choice of the treatment. MAdCAM-1 and ITGB7 molecules and their serum levels in patients with psoriasis and lichen planus have never been studied before; therefore, we are the first trying to analyze it in order to develop the current state of knowledge on psoriasis and lichen planus to better help patients. Abstract Plaque psoriasis (PSO) and lichen planus (LP) are skin diseases with some similarities in pathogenesis, comorbidities, and clinical presentation. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and its ligand, α4β7 integrin, are involved in inflammatory bowel diseases and liver dysfunctions, which occur more frequently in PSO and LP. Serum MAdCAM-1 and ITGB7 levels in patients with plaque PSO and eruptive LP have never been studied before. The study included 42 patients with PSO, 13 with LP, and 23 controls. Serum molecules levels were evaluated using the immune–enzymatic method. ITGB7 concentration was not statistically different, both in patients with PSO and LP, compared to controls (both p > 0.05). MAdCAM-1 level was significantly lower in PSO subjects than in controls (p = 0.041), whereas in the LP group, a downward trend was observed (p = 0.088) with p = 0.0455 in ANOVA. Multiple linear regression revealed independent associations between ITGB7 and HDL and BMI and RBC in the LP group. In psoriatic patients with elevated CRP, there was an upward trend for MAdCAM-1, and also a positive correlation between MAdCAM-1 and WBC. ITGB7 and MAdCAM-1 cannot serve as markers of disease activity or liver pathology neither in patients with PSO nor LP. MAdCAM-1 might play a role as an inflammation indicator in PSO and a beneficial influence on the lipid profile in LP.
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Caballol B, Gudiño V, Panes J, Salas A. Ulcerative colitis: shedding light on emerging agents and strategies in preclinical and early clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:931-946. [PMID: 34365869 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1965122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine. Progress in preclinical therapeutic target discovery and clinical trial design has resulted in the approval of new therapies. Nonetheless, remission rates remain below 30% thus underlining the need for novel, more effective therapies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews current experimental techniques available for drug testing in intestinal inflammation and examines new therapies in clinical development for the treatment of UC. The authors searched the literature for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'preclinical' OR 'drug target/drug name' (i.e. infliximab, vedolizumab, IL-12, IL-23, JAK, etc.). Studies that included preclinical in vivo or in vitro experiments are discussed. The clinicaltrial.gov site was searched for 'ulcerative colitis' AND 'Recruiting' OR 'Active, not recruiting' AND 'Interventional (Clinical Trial)' AND 'early phase 1' OR 'phase 1' OR 'phase 2' OR 'phase 3.' EXPERT OPINION Using in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro models could increase the success rates of drugs moving to clinical trials, and hence increase the efficiency of this costly process. Selective JAK1 inhibitors, S1P modulators, and anti-p19 antibodies are the most promising options to improve treatment effectiveness. The development of drugs with gut-restricted exposure may provide increased efficacy and an improved safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Caballol
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Gudiño
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julian Panes
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Danese S, Hébuterne X, Kłopocka M, Tarabar D, Vaňásek T, Greguš M, Hellstern PA, Kim JS, Sparrow MP, Gorelick KJ, Hoy M, Goetsch M, Bliss C, Gupta C, Cataldi F, Vermeire S. Long-term Safety and Efficacy of the Anti-MAdCAM-1 Monoclonal Antibody Ontamalimab [SHP647] for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: The Open-label Study TURANDOT II. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:938-949. [PMID: 33599720 PMCID: PMC8218706 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ontamalimab, a fully-human monoclonal antibody targeting MAdCAM-1, induced remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis [UC] in the TURANDOT study. We aimed to assess long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ontamalimab in TURANDOT II. METHODS TURANDOT II was a phase 2, multicentre, open-label [OL] study in patients with moderate-to-severe UC who completed TURANDOT on placebo or ontamalimab (NCT01771809). Patients were randomised to 75 mg or 225 mg ontamalimab every 4 weeks for 72 weeks [OL1]. The dosage could be increased to 225 mg from Week 8 at the investigator's discretion. All patients then received 75 mg every 4 weeks for 72 weeks [OL2], followed by 6-month safety follow-up. The primary objective was safety, measured by adverse events [AEs], serious AEs [SAEs], and AEs leading to withdrawal. Mucosal healing [MH; centrally read endoscopy] was assessed. RESULTS Of 330 patients, 180 completed OL1; 94 escalated to 225 mg; 127 completed OL2. Overall, 36.1% experienced drug-related AEs. The most common SAE [10.0%] was worsening/ongoing UC; 5.5% of patients had serious infections, the most common being gastroenteritis [0.9%]. One death and four cancers [all unrelated to ontamalimab] occurred. No PML [progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]/lymphoproliferative disorders occurred. Geometric mean high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP] and faecal calprotectin decreased across OL1 in both dose groups. The proportion of patients assigned to placebo in TURANDOT achieving MH increased from 8.8% [6/68] at baseline to 35.3% at Week 16 [24/68; non-responder imputation]. The corresponding increase in the ontamalimab group was from 23.3% [61/262] to 26.7% [70/262]. CONCLUSIONS Ontamalimab was well tolerated up to 144 weeks in patients with moderate-to-severe UC, with good safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Corresponding author: Professor Walter Reinisch, MD, PhD , Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel.: +43 699 1952 7983;
| | - William J Sandborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Danese
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Kłopocka
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dino Tarabar
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomáš Vaňásek
- Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paul A Hellstern
- Gastroenterology, Nature Coast Clinical Research, Inverness, FL, USA
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miles P Sparrow
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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