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Mendoza E, Martinez M, Olberding JP, Azizi E. The effects of temperature on elastic energy storage and release in a system with a dynamic mechanical advantage latch. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245805. [PMID: 37727106 PMCID: PMC10617612 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Changes in temperature alter muscle kinetics and in turn affect whole-organism performance. Some organisms use the elastic recoil of biological springs, structures which are far less temperature sensitive, to power thermally robust movements. For jumping frogs, the use of elastic energy in tendons is facilitated through a geometric latching mechanism that operates through dynamic changes in the mechanical advantage (MA) of the hindlimb. Despite the well-documented use of elastic energy storage, frog jumping is a locomotor behavior that is significantly affected by changes in temperature. Here, we used an in vitro muscle preparation interacting in real time with an in silico model of a legged jumper to understand how changes in temperature affect the flow of energy in a system using a MA latch. We used the plantaris longus muscle-tendon unit (MTU) to power a virtual limb with changing MA and a mass being accelerated through a real-time feedback controller. We quantified the amount of energy stored in and recovered from elastic structures and the additional contribution of direct muscle work after unlatching. We found that temperature altered the duration of the energy loading and recovery phase of the in vitro/in silico experiments. We found that the early phase of loading was insensitive to changes in temperature. However, an increase in temperature did increase the rate of force development, which in turn allowed for increased energy storage in the second phase of loading. We also found that the contribution of direct muscle work after unlatching was substantial and increased significantly with temperature. Our results show that the thermal robustness achieved by an elastic mechanism depends strongly on the nature of the latch that mediates energy flow, and that the relative contribution of elastic and direct muscle energy likely shapes the thermal sensitivity of locomotor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mendoza
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maya Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Olberding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Lu Y, Wang Z, Lin F, Ma Y, Kang J, Fu Y, Huang M, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Chen Q, Ren B. Screening and identification of genes associated with flight muscle histolysis of the house cricket Acheta domesticus. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1079328. [PMID: 36714303 PMCID: PMC9873970 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1079328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Flight muscle histolysis, as an important survival strategy, is a widespread phenomenon in insects and facilitates adaptation to the external environment in various insect taxa. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying this phenomenon in Orthoptera remains unknown. Methods: In this study, the flight muscle histolysis in the house cricket Acheta domesticus was investigated by transcriptomics and RNA interference. Results: The results showed that flight muscle histolysis in A. domesticus was standard and peaked within 9 days after eclosion of adult crickets, and there was no significant difference in the peak time or morphology of flight muscle histolysis between males and females. In addition, the differentially expressed genes between before and after flight muscle histolysis were studied, of which AdomFABP, AdomTroponin T and AdomActin were identified as candidate genes, and after injecting the dsRNA of these three candidates, only the downregulated expression of AdomFABP led to flight muscle histolysis in A. domesticus. Furthermore, the expression level of AdomFABP was compared between before and after flight muscle histolysis based on RT-qPCR. Disscussion: We speculated that AdomFABP might play a role in the degradation of flight muscle by inhibiting muscle development. Our findings laid a molecular foundation for understanding the flight muscle histolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of the Education Department of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zizhuo Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangyan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of the Education Department of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuying Fu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Minjia Huang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Qi Chen, ; Bingzhong Ren,
| | - Bingzhong Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Qi Chen, ; Bingzhong Ren,
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Friedman ST, Muñoz MM. The effect of thermally robust ballistic mechanisms on climatic niche in salamanders. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac020. [PMID: 35975191 PMCID: PMC9375770 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organismal functions are temperature-dependent due to the contractile properties of muscle. Spring-based mechanisms offer a thermally robust alternative to temperature-sensitive muscular movements and may correspondingly expand a species’ climatic niche by partially decoupling the relationship between temperature and performance. Using the ballistic tongues of salamanders as a case study, we explore whether the thermal robustness of elastic feeding mechanisms increases climatic niche breadth, expands geographic range size, and alters the dynamics of niche evolution. Combining phylogenetic comparative methods with global climate data, we find that the feeding mechanism imparts no discernable signal on either climatic niche properties or the evolutionary dynamics of most climatic niche parameters. Although biomechanical innovation in feeding influences many features of whole-organism performance, it does not appear to drive macro-climatic niche evolution in salamanders. We recommend that future work incorporate micro-scale environmental data to better capture the conditions that salamanders experience, and we discuss a few outstanding questions in this regard. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for an investigation into the evolutionary relationships between climatic niche and biomechanical traits in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Friedman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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