|
1
|
Sato K, Baiocchi L, Kennedy L, Zhang W, Ekser B, Glaser S, Francis H, Alpini G. Current Advances in Basic and Translational Research of Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133307. [PMID: 34282753 PMCID: PMC8269372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is highly malignant biliary tract cancer, which is characterized by limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Basic science studies to seek therapies for CCA are also limited due to lack of gold-standard experimental models and heterogeneity of CCA resulting in various genetic alterations and origins of tumor cells. Recent studies have developed new experimental models and techniques that may facilitate CCA studies leading to the development of novel treatments. This review summarizes the update in current basic studies of CCA. Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a type of biliary tract cancer emerging from the biliary tree. CCA is the second most common primary liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma and is highly aggressive resulting in poor prognosis and patient survival. Treatment options for CCA patients are limited since early diagnosis is challenging, and the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy is also limited because CCA is a heterogeneous malignancy. Basic research is important for CCA to establish novel diagnostic testing and more effective therapies. Previous studies have introduced new techniques and methodologies for animal models, in vitro models, and biomarkers. Recent experimental strategies include patient-derived xenograft, syngeneic mouse models, and CCA organoids to mimic heterogeneous CCA characteristics of each patient or three-dimensional cellular architecture in vitro. Recent studies have identified various novel CCA biomarkers, especially non-coding RNAs that were associated with poor prognosis or metastases in CCA patients. This review summarizes current advances and limitations in basic and translational studies of CCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.K.); (H.F.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-278-4227
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.K.); (H.F.); (G.A.)
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (W.Z.); (B.E.)
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (W.Z.); (B.E.)
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA;
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.K.); (H.F.); (G.A.)
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.K.); (H.F.); (G.A.)
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|