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Muraglia M, Schiavone BIP, Rosato A, Clodoveo ML, Corbo F. Antimicrobial Synergistic Effects of Linezolid and Vancomycin with a Small Synthesized 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Derivative: A Challenge for MRSA Solving. Molecules 2023; 28:6348. [PMID: 37687173 PMCID: PMC10489997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) emerged as one of the leading causes of persistent human infections and makes it difficult to treat bacteremia, especially with biofilm formation. In this work, we investigated the in vitro synergism between Linezolid (LNZ) and Vancomycin (VAN) with a 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivative, resulting in a new small-molecule antibacterial compound that we named BTZ2e, on several clinical MRSA, MRSE (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis) and control (ATCC Collection) strains in their planktonic and biofilms cultures. The broth microdilution method evaluated the susceptibility of planktonic cells to each investigated antibiotic combined with BTZ2e. The biofilm's metabolic activity was studied with the XTT reduction assay. As a result, in this study, biofilm formation was significantly suppressed by the BTZ2e treatment. In terms of minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), BTZ2e revealed an MBIC50 value of 32 μg/mL against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 16 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 biofilms. An inhibition range of 32 μg/mL and 256 μg/mL was registered for the clinical isolates. Interestingly, a synergistic effect (FICI ≤ 0.5) was encountered for the combination of BTZ2e with LNZ and VAN on several planktonic and sessile strains. In particular, the best result against planktonic cells emerged as a result of the synergistic association between LNZ and BTZ2e, while against sessile cells, the best synergistic association resulted from VAN and BTZ2e. The consistent results indicate BTZ2e as a promising adjuvant against multi-resistant strains such as MRSA and MRSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Muraglia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Campus Universitario E. Quagliarello Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (B.I.P.S.); (A.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Brigida Immacolata Pia Schiavone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Campus Universitario E. Quagliarello Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (B.I.P.S.); (A.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Campus Universitario E. Quagliarello Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (B.I.P.S.); (A.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria Lisa Clodoveo
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Campus Universitario E. Quagliarello Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (B.I.P.S.); (A.R.); (F.C.)
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Synergistic Action of Cinnamomum verum Essential Oil with Sertraline. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111617. [PMID: 36421261 PMCID: PMC9686778 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum L. essential oil (CEO), commonly known as Ceylon cinnamon or cinnamon tree, is regarded as one of the most employed essential oils in the field of aromatherapy. It is usually applied externally as astringent, antipruritic, rubefacient, and anti-septic agent. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo research have demonstrated its numerous pharmacological effects, including the potentiality for treating neuralgia, myalgia, headache, and migraine. Several pieces of research also corroborated its significant antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, caryophyllene, cinnamyl acetate, and cinnamic acid are the most representative compounds that are generally found in greater quantities in CEO and play a pivotal role in determining its pharmacological activities. Due to the global antibiotic resistance scenario and the dwindling amount of funding dedicated to developing new antibiotics, in recent years research has concentrated on exploring specific economic approaches against microbial infections. In this context, the purpose of this study was the investigation of the synergistic antibacterial activities of commercially available and chemically characterized CEO in combination with sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), whose repositioning as a non-antibiotic drug has been explored over the years with encouraging results. In vitro effects of the titled combination were assessed toward a wide panel of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial efficacy was investigated by using the checkerboard microdilution method. The interesting preliminary results obtained suggested a synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory index, FICI < 0.5) of sertraline in combination with CEO, leading to severe growth inhibition for all bacterial species under investigation.
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Quantum chemical, spectroscopic, hirshfeld surface and molecular docking studies on 2-aminobenzothiazole. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Catalano A, Rosato A, Salvagno L, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Fracchiolla G, Sinicropi MS, Franchini C. Benzothiazole-Containing Analogues of Triclocarban with Potent Antibacterial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:803. [PMID: 34356724 PMCID: PMC8300675 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a polychlorinated, aromatic, antimicrobial agent commercially used since the 1950s in personal care products for the prevention of spoilage and infections. Humans are frequently exposed to TCC due to its widespread use, leading to its substantial release into the aquatic environment. With the recent ban of TCC from some personal care products, implemented in 2016, many replacement antimicrobial compounds have been studied by researchers. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of diarylureas, analogues of TCC that bear the benzothiazole nucleus as one of the two aryl moieties. Among the studied compounds, 2bF and 2eC showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, being also more active than TCC, with MIC values of 8 µg/mL versus 16 µg/mL of TCC. Moreover, compound 2bB was much more active than TCC against Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium that is, unfortunately, strongly responsible for nosocomial infections. Finally, interesting results were found for compound 2bG that, even though less active than the others, exerts an interesting bactericidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Lara Salvagno
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
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Synthesis of biologically active derivatives of 2-aminobenzothiazole. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:369-373. [PMID: 33994555 PMCID: PMC8113786 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The minireview considers the current trends in the synthesis of some biologically active compounds based on 2-aminobenzothiazole. The presented information covers publications of the last five years.
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Zhilitskaya LV, Shainyan BA, Yarosh NO. Modern Approaches to the Synthesis and Transformations of Practically Valuable Benzothiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:2190. [PMID: 33920281 PMCID: PMC8070523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The review is devoted to modern trends in the chemistry of 2-amino and 2-mercapto substituted benzothiazoles covering the literature since 2015. The reviewed heterocycles belong to biologically active and industrially demanded compounds. Newly developed synthesis methods can be divided into conventional multistep processes and one-pot, atom economy procedures, realized using green chemistry principles and simple reagents. The easy functionalization of the 2-NH2 and 2-SH groups and the benzene ring of the benzothiazole moiety allows considering them as highly reactive building blocks for organic and organoelement synthesis, including the synthesis of pharmacologically active heterocycles. The review provides a summary of findings, which may be useful for developing new drugs and materials and new synthetic approaches and patterns of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bagrat A. Shainyan
- E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (L.V.Z.); (N.O.Y.)
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Importance of Fluorine in Benzazole Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204677. [PMID: 33066333 PMCID: PMC7587361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing heterocycles continue to receive considerable attention due to their unique properties. In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of fluorine in small molecules imparts a significant enhancement their biological activities compared to non-fluorinated molecules. In this short review, we will highlight the importance of incorporating fluorine as a basic appendage in benzothiazole and benzimidazole skeletons. The chemistry and pharmacological activities of heterocycles containing fluorine during the past years are compiled and discussed.
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Xiao Y, Jing B, Liu X, Xue H, Liu Y. Metal-free C-H mercaptalization of benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles using 1,3-propanedithiol as thiol source. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:279-284. [PMID: 30800177 PMCID: PMC6369980 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and effective C-H functionalization strategy for the synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles and 2-mercaptobenzoxazoles is described. 1,3-Propanedithiol was employed to convert benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles to the corresponding heteroarylthiols in the presence of potassium hydroxide and DMSO. This novel protocol is featured by direct C-H mercaptalization of heteroarenes and a simple reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103# Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 10016, China
| | - Bing Jing
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Hongyu Xue
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Dagong Road, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, China
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Al-Harthy T, Zoghaib WM, Stoll R, Abdel-Jalil R. Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 2-arylbenzothiazole analogs bearing fluorine and piperazine moieties. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series ofN-1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamides as Novel Apoptosis Inducers. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/4267564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series ofN-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamide derivatives were studied for their antiproliferative activity on human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Most of them were found to show a prominent inhibitory effect on cell growth. Among the most active compounds,1kemerged for its proapoptotic effect that is particularly evident towards MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
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