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Wang DH, Wang Z, Chen R, Brenna JT. Characterization and Semiquantitative Analysis of Novel Ultratrace C 10-24 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid in Bovine Milkfat by Solvent-Mediated Covalent Adduct Chemical Ionization (CACI) MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7482-7489. [PMID: 32608227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The net action of ruminal bacteria and endogenous bovine enzymes are responsible for cow's milk having the most complex fatty acid profiles among common foods. About 40 monounsaturated fatty acids below 1.5% w/w are known. Analysis of trace and ultratrace fatty acids is a challenge to the highest resolution chromatography even with prior fractionation. We employ solvent-mediated covalent adduct chemical ionization (CACI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to enable rapid, unambiguous identification of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at high sensitivity. Fifty-four monounsaturated fatty acids (C10-24) were completely characterized, with the discovery of 15 novel fatty acids including nine at ultratrace levels 10-100 ppm, g/106 g fatty acids (lowest concentration 19:1n-6 (10 ± 11 ppm, w/w (0.001%, w/w))). Ultratrace monoenes were typically odd chain lengths and all analyzed in a single 20 min analysis. These data establish the abundance of 15 new monoene fatty acids in bovine milkfat and a strategy for rapid unambiguous analysis of ultratrace monounsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Raymond Chen
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
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2
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Mametov R, Ratiu IA, Monedeiro F, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Evolution and Evaluation of GC Columns. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:150-173. [PMID: 31820658 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1699013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic column is the fundamental element required for gas-chromatographic analysis. The separation of components coming from complex mixtures, prior to their detection was leading to a prominent revolution in different areas of science. Moreover, current advances in gas chromatographic (GC) columns technology and development have been providing almost unlimited possibilities for analysis employing diverse matrices. We aim through this review article to describe the evolution of chromatographic columns, by pointing the most important stages, as well as the new trends and future perspectives predicted for the new generation of GC columns. Furthermore, it was in our scope to present the main fundamentals regarding the theoretical relationships that describe the chromatographic separation, to introduce concepts related to columns selection in accordance with the required application as well as to discuss the available evaluation parameters for columns efficiency. Consequently, the early stages of first columns preparation up to the development of GC capillary columns used nowadays, together with examples of their applications are also reported and described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radik Mametov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fernanda Monedeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Brenna JT, Plourde M, Stark KD, Jones PJ, Lin YH. Best practices for the design, laboratory analysis, and reporting of trials involving fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:211-227. [PMID: 29931035 PMCID: PMC6084616 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are among the most studied nutrients in human metabolism and health. Endogenous fatty acid status influences health and disease via multiple mechanisms at all stages of the life cycle. Despite widespread interest, attempts to summarize the results of multiple studies addressing similar fatty acid-related outcomes via meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been disappointing, largely because of heterogeneity in study design, sampling, and laboratory and data analyses. Our purpose is to recommend best practices for fatty acid clinical nutrition and medical studies. Key issues in study design include judicious choice of sampled endogenous pools for fatty acid analysis, considering relevant physiologic state, duration of intervention and/or observation, consideration of specific fatty acid dynamics to link intake and endogenous concentrations, and interpretation of results with respect to known fatty acid ranges. Key laboratory considerations include proper sample storage, use of sample preparation methods known to be fit-for-purpose via published validation studies, detailed reporting or methods to establish proper fatty acid identification, and quantitative analysis, including calibration of differential response, quality control procedures, and reporting of data on a minimal set of fatty acids to enable comprehensive interpretation. We present a checklist of recommendations for fatty acid best practices to facilitate design, review, and evaluation of studies with the intention of improving study reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Nutrition, and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.,Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Jones
- Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Chen ECH, Morrison NM. Application of Gas Chromatography to Brewing Research and Quality Control: A Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-41-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C.-H. Chen
- Molson Breweries of Canada Limited, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 2R5
| | - N. M. Morrison
- Molson Breweries of Canada Limited, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 2R5
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5
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Verner P. Separation, quantification and identification of non-volatile organic acids in body fluids by gas chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 6:131-50. [PMID: 16867427 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(88)80040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/1986] [Revised: 08/12/1986] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present paper concentrates on the analysis of non-volatile organic acids in physiological fluids. The solvent extraction and DEAE-Sephadex extraction of organic acids, respectively, seem to be the most widely used methods for isolation of this group of compounds from the biological matrix. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the preferred method for the separation, quantification and identification. In three tables organic acids are divided into the classes according to a functional group, a survey of alkylation methods is given and retention indices of common urinary organic acids on various GC columns are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verner
- Faculty of General Medicine of the Charles' University, Diagnostic Centre for Congenital Metabolic Disorders, 121 11 Praha 2, Karlovo nám. 32, Czechoslovakia
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6
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Klee MS. Optimizing capillary column backflush to improve cycle time and reduce column contamination. J Sep Sci 2008; 32:88-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Streicher RP, Zimmer H, Bercz JP, Coleman WE. The Interactions of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine with Citric Acid. A Source of Mutagens. (A Preliminary Report). ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718608064529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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9
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10
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Chapter 9 Gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Blum W, Ramstein P, Eglinton G. Coupling of high temperature glass capillary columns to a mass spectrometer. GC/MS analysis of metalloporphyrins from Julia Creek oil shale samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240130203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Rudolph J, Müller K, Koppmann R. Sampling of organic volatiles in the atmosphere at moderate and low pollution levels. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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14
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Chang TL, Streicher RP, Zimmer H, Munch JW. The Intehaction of Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine with Malic Acid, Tartaric Acid, and Various Fruit Juices: A Source of Mutagens. ANAL LETT 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718808059890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Lohninger A, Linhart L, Landau M, Glogar D, Kratochwil C, Kaiser E. Determination of triacylglycerols in serum by capillary gas chromatography with trinonadecanoylglycerol as internal standard. Anal Biochem 1988; 171:366-72. [PMID: 3407934 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An accurate capillary gas-chromatographic method with trinonadecanoylglycerol as internal standard for determining triacylglycerols in human serum and other biological sources is described. After serum extraction, total triacylglycerol and triacylglycerol species (differing in the number of carbon atoms in the acyl radicals) are directly determined without any further sample manipulation. In addition, from the same gas-chromatographic run the data obtained by the integrator record are compared with those of a computer data acquisition system. Evaluation of the triacylglycerol values resulted in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.08% (computer evaluation). Simultaneous evaluation of data obtained from tripalmitoylglycerol and tristearoylglycerol standards resulted in CV of 2.04 and 1.99%, respectively (computer evaluation), and 6.63 and 4.84%, respectively (integrator evaluation). Gas chromatography at lower elution temperature resulted in better separations but enhanced CV values up to about 4%. Triacylglycerol values were not influenced by storage of plasma at -20 degrees C up to 4 days prior to extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lohninger
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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16
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Mares P. High temperature capillary gas liquid chromatography of triacylglycerols and other intact lipids. Prog Lipid Res 1988; 27:107-33. [PMID: 3060880 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(88)90007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Mares
- Lipid Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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17
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Malik A, Jumaev AR, Berezkin VG. Sample capacity of open tubular and fused silica capillary micro-packed columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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19
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Killops SD. The influence of operating conditions on the evaluation of biological marker compound distributions in petroleum geochemistry by gas chromatorgaphy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(86)80080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Maresˇ P, Husˇek P. Quantitative capillary gas—liquid chromatography of triglycerides on a fused-silica column with a chemically bonded stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Roeraade J, Blomberg S, Flodberg G. Miniature connector with a low dead volume for fused-silica capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Frank H, Vujtovic-Ockenga N, Rettenmeier A. Amino acid determination by capillary gas chromatography on Chirasil-Val. Enantiomer labelling and nitrogen-selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1983; 279:507-14. [PMID: 6672032 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid analysis by enantiomer labelling and capillary gas chromatography on Chirasil-Val is superior to conventional gas chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography with respect to sensitivity, accuracy and speed. Employment of an alkali flame-ionization detector allows the selective detection of amino acids and suppression of background peaks; in addition, the detectability of amino acids is enhanced. Most nitrogen-selective detectors require meticulous adjustment of the operating conditions, but in combination with enantiomer labelling this is less critical. Maximum sensitivity and selectivity of the alkali-bead flame-ionization detector is achieved with a minimal flow of hydrogen. When using it as the carrier gas in capillary gas chromatography, flow control instead of the common pressure regulation is recommended to avoid a continuous fall of the baseline during temperature programming. Accurate flow control is achieved with a micro-aperture. The benefit of nitrogen-selective detection is especially apparent for histidine and arginine.
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24
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Stan HJ, Mrowetz D. Residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in food with two-dimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns and flame photometric detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240060507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Skarping G, Renman L, Dalene M. Trace analysis of amines and isocyanates using glass capillary gas chromatography selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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De Leenheer A, Jonckheere J, Gelijkens C. Quantitative mass spectrometry in biomedicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(82)80111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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28
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Kovarich E, Munari F. Underivatized steroids on persilanized capillary columns with non-vaporizing on-column injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240050402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Hines JW, Erickson MD, Newton DL, Moseley MA, Retzlaff LM, Pellizzari ED. Simple fabrication of a “Grob” injector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Berthou F, Friovourt MP. Gas chromatographic separation of diastereomeric isoprenoids as molecular markers of oil pollution. J Chromatogr A 1981; 219:393-402. [PMID: 7328155 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
By means of high-performance glass capillary gas chromatography (GC), diastereomeric isoprenoids were resolved into double peaks. The retention indices on three liquid phases and the mass spectra of the diastereoisomers were almost similar. The leading GC peaks represent the isoprenoids of fossil origin, while the rear peaks correspond to those of recent origin. Computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for fingerprinting isoprenoids in different samples. The mass fragmentation patterns were characteristic of the branched alkanes. Hydrocarbon mixtures from four crude oil spills in the sea and from polluted and oil-free oyster tissues were investigated. The relative ratios of n-alkanes/pristane or phytane were shown to be strongly dependent on the chromatographic resolution of the isoprenoid peaks. It is suggested that the double GC peaks in the isoprenoid series are an unmistakable sign of oil pollution.
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31
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32
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Alexander G. Die Herstellung von Glas-Kapillarsäulen für die Gas-Chromatographie. Chromatographia 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02262064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Grob K, Grob G, Brechbühler D, Pichler P. Straightening of the ends of glass capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Yabumoto K, Ingraham DF, Jennings WG. The overload phenomenon in gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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