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Vervoordeldonk MYL, Hengeveld PJ, Levin MD, Langerak AW. B cell receptor signaling proteins as biomarkers for progression of CLL requiring first-line therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2024; 65:1031-1043. [PMID: 38619476 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2341151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The molecular landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been extensively characterized, and various potent prognostic biomarkers were discovered. The genetic composition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulin (IG) was shown to be especially powerful for discerning indolent from aggressive disease at diagnosis. Classification based on the IG heavy chain variable gene (IGHV) somatic hypermutation status is routinely applied. Additionally, BCR IGH stereotypy has been implicated to improve risk stratification, through characterization of subsets with consistent clinical profiles. Despite these advances, it remains challenging to predict when CLL progresses to requiring first-line therapy, thus emphasizing the need for further refinement of prognostic indicators. Signaling pathways downstream of the BCR are essential in CLL pathogenesis, and dysregulated components within these pathways impact disease progression. Considering not only genomics but the entirety of factors shaping BCR signaling activity, this review offers insights in the disease for better prognostic assessment of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Disease Progression
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Y L Vervoordeldonk
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Hengeveld
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jyoti TP, Chandel S, Singh R. Flow cytometry: Aspects and application in plant and biological science. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300423. [PMID: 38010848 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a potent method that enables the quick and concurrent investigation of several characteristics of single cells in solution. Photodiodes or photomultiplier tubes are employed to detect the dispersed and fluorescent light signals that are produced by the laser beam as it passes through the cells. Photodetectors transform the light signals produced by the laser into electrical impulses. A computer then analyses these electrical impulses to identify and measure the various cell populations depending on their fluorescence or light scattering characteristics. Based on their fluorescence or light scattering properties, cell populations can be examined and/or isolated. This review covers the basic principle, components, working and specific biological applications of flow cytometry, including studies on plant, cell and molecular biology and methods employed for data processing and interpretation as well as the potential future relevance of this methodology in light of retrospective analysis and recent advancements in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakur Prava Jyoti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Chandel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Forconi F, Lanham SA, Chiodin G. Biological and Clinical Insight from Analysis of the Tumor B-Cell Receptor Structure and Function in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:663. [PMID: 35158929 PMCID: PMC8833472 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential to the behavior of the majority of normal and neoplastic mature B cells. The identification in 1999 of the two major CLL subsets expressing unmutated immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes (U-IGHV, U-CLL) of pre-germinal center origin and poor prognosis, and mutated IGHV (M-CLL) of post-germinal center origin and good prognosis, ignited intensive investigations on structure and function of the tumor BCR. These investigations have provided fundamental insight into CLL biology and eventually the mechanistic rationale for the development of successful therapies targeting BCR signaling. U-CLL and M-CLL are characterized by variable low surface IgM (sIgM) expression and signaling capacity. Variability of sIgM can in part be explained by chronic engagement with (auto)antigen at tissue sites. However, other environmental elements, genetic changes, and epigenetic signatures also contribute to the sIgM variability. The variable levels have consequences on the behavior of CLL, which is in a state of anergy with an indolent clinical course when sIgM expression is low, or pushed towards proliferation and a more aggressive clinical course when sIgM expression is high. Efficacy of therapies that target BTK may also be affected by the variable sIgM levels and signaling and, in part, explain the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Forconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart A. Lanham
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giorgia Chiodin
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (S.A.L.); (G.C.)
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Lv JN, Li JQ, Cui YB, Ren YY, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Plasma MicroRNA Signature Panel Predicts the Immune Response After Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753044. [PMID: 34887859 PMCID: PMC8650117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 10–40% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are unable to obtain successful improvements in immune function after antiretroviral therapy (ART). These patients are at greater risk of developing non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related conditions, with the accompanying increased morbidity and mortality. Discovering predictive biomarkers can help to identify patients with a poor immune response earlier and provide new insights into the mechanisms of this condition. Methods A total of 307 people with HIV were enrolled, including 110 immune non-responders (INRs) and 197 immune responders (IRs). Plasma samples were taken before ART, and quantities of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) were determined using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Candidate biomarkers were established through four phases: discovery, training, validation, and blinded test. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the combined predictive capacity of the identified miRNAs. The effect of one miRNA, miR-16-5p, on T cell function was assessed in vitro. Results Expression of five miRNAs (miR-580, miR-627, miR-138-5p, miR-16-5p, and miR-323-3p) was upregulated in the plasma of INRs compared with that in IRs. Expression of these miRNAs was negatively correlated with both CD4+ T cell counts and the increase in the proportion of CD4+ T cells after one year of ART. These five miRNAs were combined in a predictive model, which could effectively identify INRs or IRs. Furthermore, we found that miR-16-5p inhibits CD4+ T cell proliferation by regulating calcium flux. Conclusion We established a five-miRNA panel in plasma that accurately predicts poor immune response after ART, which could inform strategies to reduce the incidence of this phenomenon and improve the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-Bin Cui
- R&D Department, Beijing Quantobio Star Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ren
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
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