Utilization of rGO-PEI-supported AgNPs for sensitive recognition of deltamethrin in human plasma samples: A new platform for the biomedical analysis of pesticides in human biofluids

Novel three-dimensional porous polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene-sodium alginate-based aerogel for rapid extraction and sensitive detection of F-LCMs in human serum

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), as essential components of liquid crystal displays, have been identified as potentially hazardous to human health. However, research on highly sensitive methods for assessing internal exposure levels within populations remains limited. This gap in research hinders effective monitoring, early intervention, and the mitigation of health risks associated with LCMs exposure. In this study, a novel polyethyleneimine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide-sodium alginate (PRGS) monolithic column aerogel adsorbent was synthesized, which demonstrates excellent potential for the extraction of fluorinated liquid crystal monomers (F-LCMs) in human serum. The PRGS was synthesized through the grafting of polyethyleneimine (PEI) onto graphene oxide (GO), followed by high-temperature reduction and subsequent cross-linking with sodium alginate. The resulting three-dimensional macroporous network (∼50 μm) of PRGS exhibited a rapid mass transfer, reaching adsorption equilibrium within 5 min, and maintaining excellent regeneration capability for over 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. PRGS was employed as adsorbent of solid-phase extraction, combined with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, to establish a sensitive detection method for F-LCMs. This method provided a wide linear detection range (0.02-500 ng/mL, r ≥ 0.9997), high sensitivity with LODs between 0.002 and 0.005 ng/mL, and recovery rates ranging from 85.7 % to 100.4 %. The study highlights the proposal of a rapid, simple, and sensitive method for the extraction and quantitative determination of F-LCMs in complex serum matrices. This work offers a significant advancement in the preparation of monolithic aerogels adsorbents and presents a valuable technique for monitoring human exposure to F-LCMs, thus contributing to better risk assessments and health protection measures.

Dual-signal amplified electrochemical biosensor based on eATRP and PEI for early detection of lung cancer

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a lung cancer marker with high sensitivity and specificity, plays vital roles in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. In this paper, an electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of CEA was constructed, which based on dual signal amplification of electrically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) for the first time. Firstly, CEA was captured in a specific recognition manner with CEA aptamer 1 (Apt1), which self-assembled on the electrode via "Au-S" bond. After that, CEA aptamer 2-PEI (Apt2-PEI) was recognized by CEA to form an Apt-antigen-Apt sandwich structure. Next, multiple initiation sites were introduced for the eATRP reaction by the amide reaction. Finally, numerous electroactive monomers, ferrocene methacrylate (FMMA), were grafted onto the modified electrode by eATRP. Under the optimized conditions, there was a wide linear detection range of 10^-3 ∼ 10² ng·mL^-1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 70.17 fg·mL^-1. Compared to other reported sensors, this electrochemical biosensor used a simpler and more environmentally friendly eATRP, and the use of PEI increased the electron transfer rate. Moreover, the biosensor showed superior analytical performance in the clinical serums and has great promise for early lung cancer diagnosis applications.

New analytical strategies Amplified with 2D carbon nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing of food pollutants in water and soils sources

Pharmaceutical and food pollutants have threatened global health. Pharmacotherapy has left a positive impression in the field of health and life of people and animals. However, the many unresolved problems brought along with residues of pharmaceuticals in the environmental and food. Consumption of the world's freshwater resources, toxic chemicals, air pollution, plastic waste directly affects water and soil resources. Pesticides have a wide role in pollutants. Therefore, the determination of pesticides is significant to eliminate their negative effects on living things. Nowadays, there are many analytical methods available. However, new analysis methods are still being researched due to certain limitations of traditional methods. Electrochemical sensors have drawn attention because of their superior properties, such as short analysis time, affordability, high sensitivity, and selectivity. The development of new analytical strategies for assessing risks from pharmaceutical to food pollutants in water and soil sources is important for the measurement of different pollutants. Moreover, the 2D-carbon nanomaterials used in the development of electrochemical sensors are widely utilized to enlarge the surface area, increase porosity, and make easy immobilization. Graphene (graphene derivations) and carbon nanotubes integrated nanosensors are widely used for the determination of pesticides. 2D-carbon nanomaterials can be tailored according to the purpose of the study. The characterization and synthesis methods of 2D-carbon nanomaterials are widely explained. Furthermore, enzyme nanobiosensors, especially Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), are widely used to determine pesticides. The three main topics are focused on in this review: 2D-carbon nanomaterials, pesticides that threaten life, and the application of 2D-carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors. The various developed 2D-carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors were applied in pharmaceutical forms, fruits, tap/lake water, beverages, and soils sources. This work aims to indicate the recently published paper related to pesticide analysis and highlight the importance of 2D-nanomaterials on sensors.

An Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on SPA and rGO-PEI-Ag-Nf for the Detection of Arsanilic Acid

A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor was prepared for rapid detection of ASA based on arsanilic acid (ASA) monoclonal antibody with high affinity. In the preparation of nanomaterials, polyethyleneimine (PEI) improved the stability of the solution and acted as a reducing agent to generate reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with relatively strong conductivity, thereby promoting the transfer of electrons. The dual conductivity of rGO and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) improved the sensitivity of the sensor. The synthesis of nanomaterials were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the optimal experiment conditions, the sensor could achieve the detection range of 0.50–500 ng mL⁻¹ and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.38 ng mL⁻¹ (S/N = 3). Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent specificity and acceptable stability, suggesting that the proposed sensor possessed a good potential in ASA detection. Thus, the as-prepared biosensor may be a potential way for detecting other antibiotics in meat and animal-derived foods.