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Cantini V, Becagli M, Mattonai M, Degano I, Cardelli R. Wood Distillate Interactions with Urea in Soil: A First Step to Developing a Slow-Release Next-Generation Fertilizer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17455-17464. [PMID: 39072618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We tested the ability of wood distillate (WD) to interact with urea in agricultural soil. WD is a sustainable material that has been addressed as a promising alternative to synthetic soil corroborants. However, there is little information about the effect of WD on the nitrogen cycle. In this study, soils with different amounts of WD and with/without urea were tested for ammonium, urease, nitrate/nitrite, and potential nitrification activity at different points in a 30 day time frame. High concentrations of WD (1-2%) inhibited the hydrolysis of urea and the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. Thermal desorption coupled to GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry characterization allowed us to reveal that WD-urea interactions mainly involve lignin-derived compounds in the distillate, such as catechol, resorcinol, and syringol. This study provides the first evidence of a strong interaction between WD and urea in soil that could be used to develop slow-release fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cantini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto, 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Becagli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto, 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Material Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43-44,Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Roberto Cardelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto, 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
This paper reviews the degradation, preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Degradation due to bacteria in anoxic and soft-rot fungi and bacteria in oxic waterlogged conditions is discussed with consideration of the effect on the chemical composition of wood, as well as the deposition of sulphur and iron within the structure. The effects on physical properties are also considered. The paper then discusses the role of consolidants in preserving waterlogged archaeological wood after it is excavated as well as issues to be considered when reburial is used as a means of preservation. The use of alum and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as consolidants is presented along with various case studies with particular emphasis on marine artefacts. The properties of consolidated wood are examined, especially with respect to the degradation of the wood post-conservation. Different consolidants are reviewed along with their use and properties. The merits and risks of reburial and in situ preservation are considered as an alternative to conservation.
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Hofmann L, Altmann LM, Fischer O, Prusko L, Xiao G, Westwood NJ, Heinrich MR. Cleavage of Organosolv Lignin to Phenols Using Nitrogen Monoxide and Hydrazine. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19400-19408. [PMID: 34368527 PMCID: PMC8340100 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From the variety of methods known for the depolymerization of organosolv lignin, a broad range of diversely substituted aromatic compounds are available today. In the present work, a novel two-step reaction sequence is reported, which is focused on the formation of phenols. While the first step of the depolymerization strategy comprises the 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-catalyzed oxidation of organosolv lignin with nitrogen monoxide so that two waste materials are combined, cleavage to the phenolic target compounds is achieved in the second step employing hydrazine and potassium hydroxide under Wolff-Kishner-type conditions. Besides the fact that the novel strategy proceeds via an untypical form of oxidized organosolv lignin, the two-step sequence is further able to provide phenols as cleavage products, which bear no substituent at the 4-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
Elena Hofmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Altmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lea Prusko
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ganyuan Xiao
- School
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Analytical Pyrolysis and Mass Spectrometry to Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the capability of analytical pyrolysis-based techniques to provide data on lignin composition and on the chemical alteration undergone by lignin in archaeological wooden objects. Applications of Direct Exposure Mass Spectrometry (DE-MS), Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), and single and double-shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) in archaeological lignin characterisation are described. With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
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Surface and Interface Treatments on Wooden Artefacts: Potentialities and Limits of a Non-Invasive Multi-Technique Study. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wooden artefacts embrace wide-ranging types of objects, like paintings on panel, sculptures, musical instruments, and furniture. Generally, in the manufacturing process of an artwork, wood is firstly treated with organic and inorganic materials to make it nonporous and morphologically homogeneous, and, at last, the surface treatment consists of varnishes or coatings applied with the aims of conferring aesthetic properties and protecting wood from biological growth and external degradation agents, as well as mechanical damage. In this work, different wooden mock-ups were prepared by varying some parameters: concentration of filler and pigment, respectively, in the ground and paint layers, thickness of the protective varnish coat, and sequence of the layers. The mock-ups were subsequently exposed to time-varying artificial aging processes. The multi-analytical non-invasive approach involved spectroscopic (reflection FT-IR, Raman, and X-ray fluorescence), tomographic (optical coherence tomography) and colorimetric techniques. Data were interpreted using both univariate and multivariate methods. The aim was to evaluate potential and limits of each non-invasive technique into the study of different stratigraphies of wooden artworks. This approach was supported by microscopic observations of cross-sections obtained from selected mock-ups. The methodological approach proposed here would add valuable technical know-how and information about the non-invasive techniques applied to the study of wooden artworks.
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Mattonai M, Watanabe A, Ribechini E. Characterization of volatile and non-volatile fractions of spices using evolved gas analysis and multi-shot analytical pyrolysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Guo J, Zhang M, Liu J, Luo R, Yan T, Yang T, Jiang X, Dong M, Yin Y. Evaluation of the Deterioration State of Archaeological Wooden Artifacts: A Nondestructive Protocol based on Direct Analysis in Real Time - Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) Coupled to Chemometrics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9908-9915. [PMID: 32608237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the deterioration state of archeological wood is obligatory before the preservation of archeological wooden artifacts. Herein, a nondestructive, accurate, and rapid methodology is first developed via direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) with chemometrics to classify archeological wood and recent wood into 3 groups according to their deterioration states. As water in wooden artifacts probably affected the ion fragmentation process during DART-MS, ions responsible for evaluating the deterioration state were separately screened toward waterlogged archeological wood and dried archeological wood by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The well-defined separation of severely decayed archeological wood, moderately decayed archeological wood and recent wood was revealed in PLS-DA models. Twenty and 27 wood fragment ions were further screened as key variables to evaluate the deterioration state of waterlogged archeological wood and dried archeological wood, respectively. They were tentatively identified as ions of lignin monomeric compositions, lignin dimers, lignin trimers, and oligosaccharides. Results strongly suggested that differences in the structure and relative abundances of wood cell wall components accounts for the evaluation of deterioration state by DART-MS coupled to chemometrics. PLS-DA models provided R2Y = 0.836, Q2 = 0.817, and R2Y = 0.754, Q2 = 0.682 were then established separately using mass spectral fingerprints of respective potential predictive wood fragment ions. Furthermore, archeological woods, consisting of Castanopsis, Quercus, Idesia, Populus, and Cunninghamia species and with an average MWC range of 103-465%, were used as an external validation set and evaluated with the methodology developed herein and the MWC criteria. Results showed that DART-MS coupled to chemometrics could accurately predict the inhomogeneous deterioration states of archeological wooden artifacts and avoid the interference of inorganic deposits, in comparison with the MWC criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Maomao Zhang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jian'an Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang China
| | - Rupeng Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Shierqiao road No.18, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mengyu Dong
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
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Huang C, Su Y, Shi J, Yuan C, Zhai S, Yong Q. Revealing the effects of centuries of ageing on the chemical structural features of lignin in archaeological fir woods. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular components of historical or archaeological wooden objects can be degraded by fungi or bacteria during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Yan Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Jinhua Shi
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Materials Science & Engineering College
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Shengcheng Zhai
- Materials Science & Engineering College
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
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10
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Mattonai M, Pawcenis D, Del Seppia S, Łojewska J, Ribechini E. Effect of ball-milling on crystallinity index, degree of polymerization and thermal stability of cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:270-277. [PMID: 30223158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A combined study of crystallinity index (CI), degree of polymerisation (DP) and thermal stability of cellulose was carried out for monitoring the effect of ball-milling. DP and CI are two fundamental quantities that describe the physico-chemical behaviour of cellulose. Milling is a common strategy to reduce cellulose crystallinity. In this work, four different commercially available celluloses were milled at 30, 60 and 120 min, and the changes in DP and CI were monitored using spectroscopic, diffraction and chromatographic techniques. Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was also used to evaluate the changes in apparent activation energy (Ea) of the pyrolysis reaction upon different milling times by using model-free isoconversional methods. The results showed substantial decrease in CI values and moderate changes in DP after two-hours of ball-milling. Ea were found in the range 110-140 kJ/mol, and were reduced by 10% on average after two hours of ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dominika Pawcenis
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Serena Del Seppia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Joanna Łojewska
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Anwendung der analytischen Pyrolyse zur Untersuchung organischer Materialien in Kulturgütern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
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12
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Recent Advances in Analytical Pyrolysis to Investigate Organic Materials in Heritage Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
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13
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Łucejko JJ, Mattonai M, Zborowska M, Tamburini D, Cofta G, Cantisani E, Kúdela J, Cartwright C, Colombini MP, Ribechini E, Modugno F. Deterioration effects of wet environments and brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana on pine wood in the archaeological site of Biskupin (Poland). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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A critical evaluation of the degradation state of dry archaeological wood from Egypt by SEM, ATR-FTIR, wet chemical analysis and Py(HMDS)-GC-MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Dier TKF, Rauber D, Durneata D, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Sustainable Electrochemical Depolymerization of Lignin in Reusable Ionic Liquids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5041. [PMID: 28698638 PMCID: PMC5505966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin's aromatic building blocks provide a chemical resource that is, in theory, ideal for substitution of aromatic petrochemicals. Moreover, degradation and valorization of lignin has the potential to generate many high-value chemicals for technical applications. In this study, electrochemical degradation of alkali and Organosolv lignin was performed using the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and triethylammonium methanesulfonate. The extensive degradation of the investigated lignins with simultaneous almost full recovery of the electrolyte materials provided a sustainable alternative to more common lignin degradation processes. We demonstrate here that both the presence (and the absence) of water during electrolysis and proton transport reactions had significant impact on the degradation efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide radical formation promoted certain electrochemical mechanisms in electrolyte systems "contaminated" with water and increased yields of low molecular weight products significantly. The proposed mechanisms were tentatively confirmed by determining product distributions using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, allowing measurement of both polar versus non-polar as well as volatile versus non-volatile components in the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias K F Dier
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dan Durneata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Dier TKF, Rauber D, Jauch J, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Novel Mixed-Mode Stationary Phases for Chromatographic Separation of Complex Mixtures of Decomposed Lignin. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias K. F. Dier
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Johann Jauch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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