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Shareena G, Kumar D. Epigenetics of Epstein Barr virus - A review. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166838. [PMID: 37544529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV establishes life-long persistence infection portraying a biphasic viral life cycle: latent period and lytic replication. B-cells serve as critical regions for EBV latent genes, wherein viral gene expression is suppressed, promoting viral genome maintenance and immune recognition evasion. Upon its lytic reactivation, viral gene expression induces its replication, progeny production, and transmission. Dysregulations of epigenetic regulation in expressions of TSGs lead to carcinogenesis. Several studies reveal that EBV is associated with aberrant viral DNA and host genome methylation patterns, promoting immune monitoring, recognition evasiveness and host cell persistence. Among other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation suppresses the majority of viral latent gene promoters, sparing a few, and acts as a prerequisite for activating EBV's lytic cycle, giving rise to viral progeny. It affects the host's epigenome via reprogramming cells to oncogenic, long-lasting phenotypes, as evident in several malignancies. At each phase of its life cycle, EBV exploits cellular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, implying its unique host-pathogen relationship. This review summarized the DNA methylation's regulatory roles on several EBV-related promoter regions, along with the host genome in pathological conditions, highlights viral genes involved in a latent, lytic and latent-lytic phase of EBV infection. Moreover, it provides diagrammatic insights into methylation-based pathways in EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Shareena
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Spagnol LW, Polettini J, Silveira DA, Wegner GRM, Paiva DFF. P16 gene promoter methylation is associated with oncogenesis and progression of gastric carcinomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Wang R, Yang M, Wu Y, Liu R, Liu M, Li Q, Su X, Xin Y, Huo W, Deng Q, Ba Y, Huang H. SIRT1 modifies DNA methylation linked to synaptic deficits induced by Pb in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:219-228. [PMID: 35839949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) regulation of DNA methylation and thus the expression of synaptic plasticity-related genes induced by lead (Pb) exposure, the early-life Sprague-Dawley rats and PC12 cells were used to establish Pb exposure models and treated with SIRT1 agonists (resveratrol and SRT1720). In vivo results demonstrated that Pb exposure increased the expression of DNMTs, MeCP2, PP1 and cleaved caspase3, decreased the expression of SIRT1, BDNF and RELIN and altered DNA methylation levels of synaptic plasticity genes. Moreover, we observed marked pathological damage in the hippocampal CA1 region of the 0.2 % Pb-exposure group. After treatment with resveratrol, the effects of Pb exposure on the expression of the above molecules and pathological features were significantly ameliorated in the hippocampus of rats. In vitro results showed that after the treatment with SRT1720, the expression of SIRT1 was activated and thus reversed the effect on DNMTs, MeCP2, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity-related genes and their DNA methylation levels induced by Pb exposure. In conclusion, we validated the important protective role of SIRT1 in neurotoxicity induced by Pb exposure through in vivo and in vitro experiments, providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Mingzhi Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Yongjuan Xin
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China; Environment and Health Innovation Team, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province 450001, China.
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4
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The roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) gene and the genome in patients with EBV-associated diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4413-4426. [PMID: 35763069 PMCID: PMC9259528 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that is closely associated with several malignant and lymphoproliferative diseases. Studies have shown that the typical characteristic of EBV-associated diseases is aberrant methylation of viral DNA and the host genome. EBV gene methylation helps EBV escape from immune monitoring and persist in host cells. EBV controls viral gene promoter methylation by hijacking host epigenetic machinery to regulate the expression of viral genes. EBV proteins also interact with host epigenetic regulatory factors to mediate the methylation of the host’s important tumour suppressor gene promoters, thereby participating in the occurrence of tumorigenesis. Since epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are reversible in nature, drugs that target DNA methylation can be developed for epigenetic therapy against EBV-associated tumours. Various methylation modes in the host and EBV genomes may also be of diagnostic and prognostic value. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of EBV gene and host genome in EBV-associated diseases, proposes the application prospect of DNA methylation in early clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provides insight into methylation-based strategies against EBV-associated diseases. Key points • Methylation of both the host and EBV genomes plays an important role in EBV-associateddiseases. • The functions of methylation of the host and EBV genomes in the occurrence and development of EBV-associated diseases are diverse. • Methylation may be a therapeutic target or biomarker in EBV-associated diseases.
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Leong MML, Lung ML. The Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on Epigenetic Regulation of Host Cell Gene Expression in Epithelial and Lymphocytic Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629780. [PMID: 33718209 PMCID: PMC7947917 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a variety of malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease, T cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and ∼10% of cases of gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Disruption of epigenetic regulation in the expression of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes has been considered as one of the important mechanisms for carcinogenesis. Global hypermethylation is a distinct feature in NPC and EBVaGC, whereas global reduction of H3K27me3 is more prevalent in EBVaGC and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells. In BL, EBV may even usurp the host factors to epigenetically regulate its own viral gene expression to restrict latency and lytic switch, resulting in evasion of immunosurveillance. Furthermore, in BL and EBVaGC, the interaction between the EBV episome and the host genome is evident with respectively unique epigenetic features. While the interaction is associated with suppression of gene expression in BL, the corresponding activity in EBVaGC is linked to activation of gene expression. As EBV establishes a unique latency program in these cancer types, it is possible that EBV utilizes different latency proteins to hijack the epigenetic modulators in the host cells for pathogenesis. Since epigenetic regulation of gene expression is reversible, understanding the precise mechanisms about how EBV dysregulates the epigenetic mechanisms enables us to identify the potential targets for epigenetic therapies. This review summarizes the currently available epigenetic profiles of several well-studied EBV-associated cancers and the relevant distinct mechanisms leading to aberrant epigenetic signatures due to EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrin Man Long Leong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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7
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Liu W, Luo B. The impact of EBV on the epigenetics of gastric carcinoma. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EBV is an important human tumor virus and is closely related to the occurrence of a variety of tumors, involving 10% of gastric cancer. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), EBV expresses restrict viral genes including EBV nuclear antigen 1, EBV encoded small RNAs, Bam HI-A rightward transcripts, latent membrane protein 2A and miRNAs. The role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis has received increasing attention and is considered to be another pathogenic factor in addition to Helicobacter pylori. A typical characteristic of EBVaGC is the extensive methylation of viral and host genome. Combined with other epigenetic mechanisms, EBV infection acts as an epigenetic driver of EBVaGC oncogenesis. In this review we discuss recent findings of EBV effect on host epigenetic alterations in EBVaGC and its role in oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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8
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Sasaki S, Nishikawa J, Sakai K, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H, Yanagihara M, Shuto T, Shimokuri K, Kanda T, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. EBV-associated gastric cancer evades T-cell immunity by PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:486-496. [PMID: 30264329 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus involved in the development of around 10% of gastric cancers. The overexpression of PD-L1 is one of the features of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC); however, the function of PD-L1 has not been studied in EBVaGC. METHODS We used three EBVaGC cell lines, SNU719 cells, NCC24 cells, and YCCEL1 cells, to evaluate the PD-L1 expression and function in EBVaGC. Jurkat T-lymphocytes expressing PD-1 were co-cultured with NCC24 and YCCEL1 cells and the cell cycles were analyzed. To study the regulatory mechanism for PD-L1 expression, the 3'UTR of PD-L1 was sequenced, and the effect of inhibitors of the IFN-γ signaling pathway was evaluated. RESULTS All of the EBVaGC cell lines expressed PD-L1, and its expression was further enhanced by stimulation with IFN-γ. In Jurkat T-cells co-cultured with IFN-γ-stimulated NCC24 and YCCEL1 cells, the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly increased. This G0/G1 arrest was partially released by administration of anti-PD-L1 antibody. We found SNPs in PD-L1 3'UTR nucleotide sequences that were located at seed regions for microRNAs. Treatment of EBVaGC cell lines with JAK2-inhibitor, PI3K-inhibitor, and mTOR inhibitor reduced the level of PD-L1 expression to the same level as cells without IFN-γ stimulation. CONCLUSIONS EBVaGC cells expressing high levels of PD-L1 suppress T-cell proliferation, and the IFN-γ signaling pathway is involved in the expression of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kohei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Takuya Shuto
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kanami Shimokuri
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Teru Kanda
- Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Nishikawa J, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H, Shimokuri K, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakamura M, Yanai H, Sakai K, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. Clinical Importance of Epstein⁻Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060167. [PMID: 29843478 PMCID: PMC6024931 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein⁻Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is the most common malignancy caused by EBV infection. EBVaGC has definite histological characteristics similar to gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Clinically, EBVaGC has a significantly low frequency of lymph node metastasis compared with EBV-negative gastric cancer, resulting in a better prognosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas of gastric adenocarcinomas proposed a molecular classification divided into four molecular subtypes: (1) EBVaGC; (2) microsatellite instability; (3) chromosomal instability; and (4) genomically stable tumors. EBVaGC harbors a DNA methylation phenotype, PD-L1 and PD-L2 overexpression, and frequent alterations in the PIK3CA gene. We review clinical importance of EBVaGC and discuss novel therapeutic applications for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Kanami Shimokuri
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Munetaka Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yanai
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kanmon Medical Center, 1-1 Sotoura, Chofu, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 752-8510, Japan.
| | - Kohei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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10
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Zhang S, Li J, Li J, Yang Y, Kang X, Li Y, Wu X, Zhu Q, Zhou Y, Hu Y. Up-regulation of microRNA-203 in influenza A virus infection inhibits viral replication by targeting DR1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6797. [PMID: 29717211 PMCID: PMC5931597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that play important roles in various biological processes. Much evidence shows that miRNAs are closely associated with numerous virus infections; however, involvement of cellular miRNAs in influenza A virus (IAV) infection is unclear. Here, we found that expression of miR-203 was up-regulated markedly via two different mechanisms during IAV infection. First, we examined the effects of type I interferon induced by IAV on direct activation of miR-203 expression. Next, we showed that DNA demethylation within the miR-203 promoter region in A549 cells induced its up-regulation, and that expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 was down-regulated following H5N1 virus infection. Ectopic expression of miR-203 in turn inhibited H5N1 virus replication by targeting down-regulator of transcription 1 (DR1), which was identified as a novel target of miR-203. Silencing DR1 in miR-203 knockout cells using a specific siRNA inhibited replication of the H5N1 virus, an effect similar to that of miR-203. In summary, the data show that host cell expression of miR-203 is up-regulated upon IAV infection, which increases antiviral responses by suppressing a novel target gene, DR1. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism underlying the relationship between miR-203 and IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Polakovicova I, Jerez S, Wichmann IA, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Carrasco-Véliz N, Corvalán AH. Role of microRNAs and Exosomes in Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Gastric Cancers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:636. [PMID: 29675003 PMCID: PMC5895734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that chronic inflammation caused by pathogen infection is connected to the development of various types of cancer. It is estimated that up to 20% of all cancer deaths is linked to infections and inflammation. In gastric cancer, such triggers can be infection of the gastric epithelium by either Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium present in half of the world population; or by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus which has recently been associated with gastric cancer. Both agents can establish lifelong inflammation by evolving to escape immune surveillance and, under certain conditions, contribute to the development of gastric cancer. Non-coding RNAs, mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), influence the host innate and adaptive immune responses, though long non-coding RNAs and viral miRNAs also alter these processes. Reports suggest that chronic infection results in altered expression of host miRNAs. In turn, dysregulated miRNAs modulate the host inflammatory immune response, favoring bacterial survival and persistence within the gastric mucosa. Given the established roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and innate immunity, they may serve as an important link between H. pylori- and EBV-associated inflammation and carcinogenesis. Example of this is up-regulation of miR-155 in H. pylori and EBV infection. The tumor environment contains a variety of cells that need to communicate with each other. Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, allow these cells to deliver certain type of information to other cells promoting cancer growth and metastasis. Exosomes have been shown to deliver not only various types of genetic information, mainly miRNAs, but also cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), a major H. pylori virulence factor. In addition, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that exosomes contain genetic material of viruses and viral miRNAs and proteins such as EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) which are delivered into recipient cells. In this review, we focus on the dysregulated H. pylori- and EBV-associated miRNAs while trying to unveil possible causal mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the role of exosomes as vehicles for miRNA delivery in H. pylori- and EBV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio A Wichmann
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC Center for Investigational Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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DNA hypermethylation induced by Epstein-Barr virus in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:894-905. [PMID: 28779374 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a recently recognized disease entity defined by the presence of EBV in gastric carcinoma cells. EBV infection causes major epigenetic alterations in the EBV genome and its cellular host genome, suggesting that EBV acts as a direct epigenetic driver for EBVaGC. One of the major epigenetic events in the viral and cellular genomes to control transcription is DNA hypo- or hyper-methylation. Particularly, local and global hypermethylation have been reported in EBVaGC. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms of DNA hypermethylation during EBVaGC carcinogenesis. To understand the functional roles of DNA methylation and suggest therapeutic target candidates for EBVaGC, we reviewed recent literature reporting DNA hypermethylation in EBVaGC. We summarized the identified candidate genes that are markedly hypermethylated in EBVaGC, which can potentially be targets for chemotherapies with demethylating agents.
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13
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Nishikawa J, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H, Nakamura M, Saito M, Sasaki S, Shimokuri K, Yanagihara M, Sakai K, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. The Role of Epigenetic Regulation in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081606. [PMID: 28757548 PMCID: PMC5577998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is detected in about 10% of gastric carcinoma cases throughout the world. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), all tumor cells harbor the clonal EBV genome. The expression of latent EBV genes is strictly regulated through the methylation of EBV DNA. The methylation of viral DNA regulates the type of EBV latency, and methylation of the tumor suppressor genes is a key abnormality in EBVaGC. The methylation frequencies of several tumor suppressor genes and cell adhesion molecules are significantly higher in EBVaGC than in control cases. EBV-derived microRNAs repress translation from viral and host mRNAs. EBV regulates the expression of non-coding RNA in gastric carcinoma. With regard to the clinical application of demethylating agents against EBVaGC, we investigated the effects of decitabine against the EBVaGC cell lines. Decitabine inhibited the cell growth of EBVaGC cells. The promoter regions of p73 and Runt-related transcription factor 3(RUNX3) were demethylated, and their expression was upregulated by the treatment. We review the role of epigenetic regulation in the development and maintenance of EBVaGC and discuss the therapeutic application of DNA demethylating agents for EBVaGC.
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MESH Headings
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/therapeutic use
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit/genetics
- CpG Islands/drug effects
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Decitabine
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/virology
- Tumor Protein p73/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo City, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo City, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Munetaka Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Mari Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kanami Shimokuri
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Masashi Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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14
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Nakamura M, Nishikawa J, Saito M, Sakai K, Sasaki S, Hashimoto S, Okamoto T, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. Decitabine inhibits tumor cell proliferation and up-regulates e-cadherin expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. J Med Virol 2016; 89:508-517. [PMID: 27430892 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a DNA demethylating agent, decitabine, against Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Decitabine inhibited cell growth and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in EBVaGC cell lines. The expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated and cell motility was significantly inhibited in the cells treated with decitabine. The promoter regions of p73 and RUNX3 were demethylated, and their expression was up-regulated by decitabine. They enhanced the transcription of p21, which induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis through down-regulation of c-Myc. Decitabine also induced the expression of BZLF1 in SNU719. Induction of EBV lytic infection was an alternative way to cause apoptosis of the host cells. This study is the first report to reveal the effectiveness of a demethylating agent in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and up-regulation of E-cadherin in EBVaGC. J. Med. Virol. 89:508-517, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Mari Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sho Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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15
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Suehiro Y, Sakai K, Nishioka M, Hashimoto S, Takami T, Higaki S, Shindo Y, Hazama S, Oka M, Nagano H, Sakaida I, Yamasaki T. Highly sensitive stool DNA testing of Fusobacterium nucleatum as a marker for detection of colorectal tumours in a Japanese population. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 54:86-91. [PMID: 27126270 DOI: 10.1177/0004563216643970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows an over-abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal tumour tissues. Although stool DNA testing of Fusobacterium nucleatum might be a potential marker for the detection of colorectal tumours, the difficulty in detecting Fusobacterium nucleatum in stool by conventional methods prevented further explorations. Therefore, we developed a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting Fusobacterium nucleatum in stool and investigated its clinical utility in the management of colorectal tumours in a Japanese population. Methods Feces were collected from 60 healthy subjects (control group) and from 11 patients with colorectal non-advanced adenomas (non-advanced adenoma group), 19 patients with colorectal advanced adenoma/carcinoma in situ (advanced adenoma/carcinoma in situ (CIS) group) and 158 patients with colorectal cancer of stages I to IV (colorectal cancer group). Absolute copy numbers of Fusobacterium nucleatum were measured by droplet digital PCR. Results The median copy number of Fusobacterium nucleatum was 17.5 in the control group, 311 in the non-advanced adenoma group, 122 in the advanced adenoma/CIS group, and 317 in the colorectal cancer group. In comparison with that in the control group, the Fusobacterium nucleatum level was significantly higher in the non-advanced adenoma group, the advanced adenoma/CIS group and the colorectal cancer group. Conclusions This study illustrates the potential of stool DNA testing of Fusobacterium nucleatum by droplet digital PCR to detect individuals with colorectal tumours in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Suehiro
- 1 Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakai
- 1 Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Nishioka
- 2 Division of Laboratory, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shingo Higaki
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Sentohiru Hospital, Ube, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- 5 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- 5 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oka
- 5 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- 5 Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- 2 Division of Laboratory, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- 1 Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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16
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Role of Viral miRNAs and Epigenetic Modifications in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6021934. [PMID: 26977250 PMCID: PMC4764750 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6021934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short (21–23 nucleotides), noncoding RNAs that typically silence posttranscriptional gene expression through interaction with target messenger RNAs. Currently, miRNAs have been identified in almost all studied multicellular eukaryotes in the plant and animal kingdoms. Additionally, recent studies reported that miRNAs can also be encoded by certain single-cell eukaryotes and by viruses. The vast majority of viral miRNAs are encoded by the herpesviruses family. These DNA viruses including Epstein-Barr virus encode their own miRNAs and/or manipulate the expression of cellular miRNAs to facilitate respective infection cycles. Modulation of the control pathways of miRNAs expression is often involved in the promotion of tumorigenesis through a specific cascade of transduction signals. Notably, latent infection with Epstein-Barr virus is considered liable of causing several types of malignancies, including the majority of gastric carcinoma cases detected worldwide. In this review, we describe the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinogenesis, summarizing the functions of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded viral proteins and related epigenetic alterations as well as the roles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded and virally modulated cellular miRNAs.
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17
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DNA methylation patterns in EBV-positive and EBV-negative Hodgkin lymphomas. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:453-62. [PMID: 26350502 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is thought to play an important role in the development of HL. Although epigenetic alterations, such as aberrant DNA methylation, are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of various malignancies, little is known about such alterations in HL and their putative relationships with EBV infection. METHODS We investigated promoter methylation patterns of seven tumor-associated genes in 53 primary HL cases using methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). Concomitantly, the EBV infection status was assessed using PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The gene promoter hypermethylation frequencies observed were 77.3 % for P16, 58.5 % for RASSF1A, 50.9 % for CDH1, 45.3 % for DAPK, 43.4 % for GSTP1, 37.7 % for SHP1 and 24.3 % for MGMT. SHP1 gene promoter hypermethylation was more frequently observed in patients at extreme ages (i.e., ≤ 15 and >54 years) than in adult patients (p = 0.006) and in patients with B symptoms (p = 0.03). Interestingly, most of the analyzed gene promoters were more frequently hypermethylated in EBV-negative than in EBV-positive cases, in particular the DAPK gene promoter (58 % versus 27 %, p = 0.04). Furthermore, hypermethylation of multiple gene promoters (≥ 3) was encountered more frequently in females than in males (86 % versus 57 %, p = 0.04), whereas EBV-positive cases were more common among males than females (55 % versus 30 %, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that epigenetic changes frequently occur in both EBV-positive and EBV-negative HL. The rates of these changes were found to vary according to clinico-pathological parameters. These observations probably reflect the multitude of factors involved in HL development and the complexity of their interactions with genetic and/or hormonal factors.
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18
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Nawaz I, Moumad K, Martorelli D, Ennaji MM, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Dolcetti R, Khyatti M, Ernberg I, Hu LF. Detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Morocco (North Africa) using a multiplex methylation-specific PCR biomarker assay. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:89. [PMID: 26300994 PMCID: PMC4546349 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) or activation of oncogenes by, e.g., aberrant promoter methylation, may be early events during carcinogenesis. The methylation status of such genes can be used for early detection of cancer. We are pursuing this approach in our efforts to develop markers for early detection and follow-up of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We set out to develop this approach to allow identification of NPC from Morocco and then also compared with NPC samples from different geographical locations and different ethnicity with different NPC incidences, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) prevalence, and environments. Results By multiplex methylation-specific PCR (MMSP), multiple relevant genes can be detected simultaneously, to achieve high sensitivity and specificity. The strong association of EBV with NPC is also very useful in such an approach. We have initially screened for 12 potential marker genes including EBV genes coding for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) and ten potential TSGs obtained from previously published data. The resulting assay included EBNA1, LMP1, and three cellular TSGs: ITGA9, RASSF1A, and P16. We evaluated this assay on 64 NPC patient biopsies from Morocco, Italy, and China compared to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from 20 nasopharyngeal control tissues. In the Moroccan NPC cohort (n = 44), prevalence of the EBNA1 gene showed the highest sensitivity (36/44; 82 %) with 94 % specificity. Out of eight (18 %) EBNA1 negative Moroccan samples, only three were positive for at least one methylated cellular gene. By detection of cellular marker genes, the sensitivity increased from 82 to 89 % (39/44). In the whole material of 64 biopsies from three geographical locations, at least any one marker (viral or cellular) could be detected in 91 % of biopsies with 90 % specificity. In a pilot evaluating assay performance on serum DNA from NPC and controls including samples from Italy (n = 11) and China (n = 5), at least any one marker from the MMSP assay could be detected in 88 %, but the specificity was only 50 %. Conclusions An MMSP assay has the potential for detection of NPC by screening in high-risk populations. Serum-derived DNA seems not as good as earlier published NPC swab DNA for screening purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Moumad
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Oncovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Debora Martorelli
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 233081 Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- University Hassan II, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Mohammedia - Casablanca, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology and Quality/ETB, Mohammedia, , BP 146, 20650 Morocco
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden.,Department of Orolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Orolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini, 233081 Aviano, PN Italy
| | - Meriem Khyatti
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden
| | - Li-Fu Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, Stockholm, SE-17177 Sweden
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Lin Z, Deng L, Ji J, Cheng C, Wan X, Jiang R, Tang J, Zhuo H, Sun B, Chen Y. S100A4 hypomethylation affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition partially induced by LMP2A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1467-76. [PMID: 26292668 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To identify cellular target genes involved in NPC cell invasion and metastasis, gene expression profiles of CNE-1 cells with or without ectopic LMP2A expression were compared by using the metastatic gene array. S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) was the highest increased one among these genes both in mRNA and protein levels of NPC cells. Moreover, S100A4 was upregulated in LMP2A-positive NPC tissues. We found that CNE-1-S100A4 showed significantly increased invasion ability as compared to the controls both in vitro and in vivo, which indicated that S100A4 induced EMT occurrence and promoted metastasis. Notably, the DNA hypomethylation of S100A4 was found in LMP2A-positive NPC tissues. Besides, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases via 5-Aza-dC stimulated the expression of S100A4 in the cells without ectopic LMP2A expression. The methylation changes were confirmed by methylation specific PCR (MSP), suggesting that LMP2A ectopic expression led to the demethylation of S100A4 promoter. These results demonstrated that LMP2A-induced hypomethylation participated in regulating S100A4 expression in NPC. Our findings provide an evidence for the emerging notion that hypomethylation and activation of correlated genes are crucial for metastasis progression in cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ci Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Zhuo
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Kunita A, Fukayama M. Update on Epstein-Barr virus and gastric cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1421-34. [PMID: 25633561 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype that accounts for nearly 10% of gastric carcinomas. EBVaGC is defined by monoclonal proliferation of carcinoma cells with latent EBV infection, as demonstrated by EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization. EBVaGC has characteristic clinicopathological features, including predominance among males, a proximal location in the stomach, lymphoepithelioma-like histology and a favorable prognosis. EBVaGC belongs to latency type I or II, in which EBERs, EBNA-1, BARTs, LMP-2A and BART miRNAs are expressed. Previous studies have shown that some EBV latent genes have oncogenic properties. Recent advances in genome-wide and comprehensive molecular analyses have demonstrated that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to EBVaGC carcinogenesis. Genetic changes that are characteristic of EBVaGC include frequent mutations in PIK3CA and ARID1A and amplification of JAK2 and PD-L1/L2. Global CpG island hypermethylation, which induces epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is also a unique feature of EBVaGC and is considered to be crucial for its carcinogenesis. Furthermore, post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by cellular and/or EBV-derived microRNAs has attracted considerable attention. These abnormalities result in significant alterations in gene expression related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and immune signaling pathways. In the present review we highlight the latest findings on EBVaGC from clinicopathological and molecular perspectives to provide a better understanding of EBV involvement in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Shinozaki-Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Hypermethylation of the interferon regulatory factor 5 promoter in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. J Microbiol 2015; 53:70-6. [PMID: 25557482 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF-5), a member of the mammalian IRF transcription factor family, is regulated by p53, type I interferon and virus infection. IRF-5 participates in virus-induced TLR-mediated innate immune responses and may play a role as a tumor suppressor. It was suppressed in various EBV-infected transformed cells, thus it is valuable to identify the suppression mechanism. We focused on a promoter CpG islands methylation, a kind of epigenetic regulation in EBV-associated Burkitt's lymphomas (BLs) and gastric carcinomas. IRF-5 is not detected in most of EBV-infected BL cell lines due to hypermethylation of IRF-5 distal promoter (promoter-A), which was restored by a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Hypomethylation of CpG islands in promoter-A was observed only in EBV type III latent infected BL cell lines (LCL and Mutu III). Similarly, during EBV infection to Akata-4E3 cells, IRF-5 was observed at early time periods (2 days to 8 weeks), concomitant unmethylation of promoter-A, but suppressed in later infection periods as observed in latency I BL cell lines. Moreover, hypermethylation in IRF-5 promoter-A region was also observed in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) cell lines or primary gastric carcinoma tissues, which show type I latent infection. In summary, IRF-5 is suppressed by hypermethylation of its promoter-A in most of EBV-infected transformed cells, especially BLs and EBVaGC. EBV-induced carcinogenesis takes an advantage of proliferative effects of TLR signaling, while limiting IRF-5 mediated negative effects in the establishment of EBVaGCs.
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Nishikawa J, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Kanehiro Y, Nakamura M, Nishimura J, Saito M, Okamoto T, Sakai K, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Oga A, Yanai H, Sakaida I. Epstein-barr virus in gastric carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2259-74. [PMID: 25386788 PMCID: PMC4276965 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in about 10% of gastric carcinoma cases throughout the world. In EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, all tumor cells harbor the clonal EBV genome. Gastric carcinoma associated with EBV has distinct clinicopathological features, occurs predominately in men and in younger-aged individuals, and presents a generally diffuse histological type. Most cases of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma exhibit a histology rich in lymphocyte infiltration. The immunological reactiveness in the host may represent a relatively preferable prognosis in EBV-positive cases. This fact highlights the important role of EBV in the development of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. We have clearly proved direct infection of human gastric epithelialcells by EBV. The infection was achieved by using a recombinant EBV. Promotion of growth by EBV infection was observed in the cells. Considerable data suggest that EBV may directly contribute to the development of EBV-associated GC. This tumor-promoting effect seems to involve multiple mechanisms, because EBV affects several host proteins and pathways that normally promote apoptosis and regulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo City, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo City, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Kanehiro
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo City, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Munetaka Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Mari Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Sakai
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Suehiro
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamasaki
- Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Atsunori Oga
- Department of Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yanai
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kanmon Medical Center, 1-1 Sotoura, Chofu, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 752-8510, Japan.
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minami-Kogushi 1-1-1, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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Genome-wide DNA methylation as an epigenetic consequence of Epstein-Barr virus infection of immortalized keratinocytes. J Virol 2014; 88:11442-58. [PMID: 25056883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00972-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The oral cavity is a persistent reservoir for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with lifelong infection of resident epithelial and B cells. Infection of these cell types results in distinct EBV gene expression patterns regulated by epigenetic modifications involving DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Regulation of EBV gene expression relies on viral manipulation of the host epigenetic machinery that may result in long-lasting host epigenetic reprogramming. To identify epigenetic events following EBV infection, a transient infection model was established to map epigenetic changes in telomerase-immortalized oral keratinocytes. EBV-infected oral keratinocytes exhibited a predominantly latent viral gene expression program with some lytic or abortive replication. Calcium and methylcellulose-induced differentiation was delayed in EBV-positive clones and in clones that lost EBV compared to uninfected controls, indicating a functional consequence of EBV epigenetic modifications. Analysis of global cellular DNA methylation identified over 13,000 differentially methylated CpG residues in cells exposed to EBV compared to uninfected controls, with CpG island hypermethylation observed at several cellular genes. Although the vast majority of the DNA methylation changes were silent, 65 cellular genes that acquired CpG methylation showed altered transcript levels. Genes with increased transcript levels frequently acquired DNA methylation within the gene body while those with decreased transcript levels acquired DNA methylation near the transcription start site. Treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, decitabine, restored expression of some hypermethylated genes in EBV-infected and EBV-negative transiently infected clones. Overall, these observations suggested that EBV infection of keratinocytes leaves a lasting epigenetic imprint that can enhance the tumorigenic phenotype of infected cells. IMPORTANCE Here, we show that EBV infection of oral keratinocytes led to CpG island hypermethylation as an epigenetic scar of prior EBV infection that was retained after loss of the virus. Such EBV-induced epigenetic modification recapitulated the hypermethylated CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) observed in EBV-associated carcinomas. These epigenetic alterations not only impacted gene expression but also resulted in delayed calcium and methylcellulose-induced keratinocyte differentiation. Importantly, these epigenetic changes occurred in cells that were not as genetically unstable as carcinoma cells, indicating that EBV infection induced an epigenetic mutator phenotype. The impact of this work is that we have provided a mechanistic framework for how a tumor virus using the epigenetic machinery can act in a "hit-and-run" fashion, with retention of epigenetic alterations after loss of the virus. Unlike genetic alterations, these virally induced epigenetic changes can be reversed pharmacologically, providing therapeutic interventions to EBV-associated malignancies.
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Yau TO, Tang CM, Yu J. Epigenetic dysregulation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma: Disease and treatments. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6448-6456. [PMID: 24914366 PMCID: PMC4047330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) comprises nearly 10% of gastric carcinoma cases worldwide. Recently, it was recognised to have unique clinicopathologic characteristics, including male predominance, lower rates of lymph node involvement, and better prognosis. EBVaGC is further characterised by abnormal hypermethylation of tumour suppressor gene promoter regions, causing down-regulation of their expression. In the present review, we critically discuss the role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis, summarising the role of viral proteins and microRNAs with respect to aberrant methylation in EBVaGC. Given the role of epigenetic dysregulation in tumourigenesis, epigenetic modifiers may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Circulating methylated MINT2 promoter DNA is a potential poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1160-8. [PMID: 24385013 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-3007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Aberrant DNA methylation has been shown to be associated with the growth, development, metastasis, and prognosis of tumors. Methylated DNAs may be suitable biomarkers for cancer patients. Here, we investigated whether circulating methylated MINT2 DNAs represent a potential poor prognostic factor in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS MINT2 methylation was detected by real-time methylation-specific PCR in tumor tissues, pairing preoperative peritoneal lavage fluid (PPLF) and blood from 92 GC patients. The theory meaning and clinical practicality value of MINT2 methylation in different specimens were analyzed. RESULTS The methylation status of the MINT2 gene was found to be significantly higher in tumor tissues (44.6%, 41/92) than in adjacent normal tissues (3.3%, 3/92). No MINT2 methylation was found in healthy controls, and partial MINT2 methylation was observed in three (6.25%, 3/48) patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. The frequency of MINT2 methylation in pairing PPLF and blood samples from 92 GC patients was 40.2% (37/92) and 39.1% (36/92), respectively. Methylated MINT2 in tumor tissues, pairing PPLF, and blood samples were very approximate. Aberrant MINT2 methylation in tumor tissues and pairing PPLF or blood samples were closely related to peritoneal dissemination, tumor progression, and poor prognosis (all P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant MINT2 methylation in PPLF/blood may predict peritoneal micrometastasis for GC patients, which is a potential poor prognostic factor in GC.
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Smith C, Khanna R. Epstein?Barr virus-associated malignancies: pathobiology and emerging therapeutic options. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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