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Watkinson RL, Looi K, Laing IA, Cianferoni A, Kicic A. Viral Induced Effects on a Vulnerable Epithelium; Lessons Learned From Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773600. [PMID: 34912343 PMCID: PMC8666438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is integral to the protection of many different biological systems and for the maintenance of biochemical homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that particular children have epithelial vulnerabilities leading to dysregulated barrier function and integrity, that resultantly contributes to disease pathogenesis. These epithelial vulnerabilities likely develop in utero or in early life due to various genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although various epithelia are uniquely structured with specific function, prevalent allergic-type epithelial diseases in children potentially have common or parallel disease processes. These include inflammation and immune response dysregulation stemming from atypical epithelial barrier function and integrity. Two diseases where aetiology and pathogenesis are potentially linked to epithelial vulnerabilities include Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE). For example, rhinovirus C (RV-C) is a known risk factor for paediatric asthma development and is known to disrupt respiratory epithelial barrier function causing acute inflammation. In addition, EoE, a prevalent atopic condition of the oesophageal epithelium, is characterised by similar innate immune and epithelial responses to viral injury. This review examines the current literature and identifies the gaps in the field defining viral-induced effects on a vulnerable respiratory epithelium and resulting chronic inflammation, drawing from knowledge generated in acute wheezing illness, paediatric asthma and EoE. Besides highlighting the importance of epithelial structure and barrier function in allergic disease pathogenesis regardless of specific epithelial sub-types, this review focuses on the importance of examining other parallel allergic-type disease processes that may uncover commonalities driving disease pathogenesis. This in turn may be beneficial in the development of common therapeutics for current clinical management and disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Watkinson
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Pediatrics Department, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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2
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Xi Y, Upham JW. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma: a review of current knowledge. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1095-1106. [PMID: 32726181 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1803741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While medications are available to treat asthma symptoms and control inflammation, no treatments can cure asthma, and efforts to develop primary prevention strategies or improved exacerbation management are limited by incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for asthma development and progression. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are involved in anti-viral host defense and immune regulation, and increasing evidence suggests a role for pDC in asthma pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED We undertook a literature search using PubMed for articles including the phrase 'plasmacytoid dendritic cells and asthma' published from 2015 to 2020. We reviewed the remarkable progress made over the past 5 years in understanding the role of pDC in asthma pathogenesis and how pDC regulate anti-viral immune function. This review highlights key recent findings in asthma pathogenesis and virus-triggered asthma exacerbations; pDC biology and functionality; how pDC regulate the immune response; and pDC function in asthma. EXPERT OPTION A deeper understanding of pDC function provides an important foundation for future pDC-targeted therapies that might prevent and treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- The Lung and Allergy Research Centre, the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Basnet S, Bochkov YA, Brockman-Schneider RA, Kuipers I, Aesif SW, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Ober C, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. CDHR3 Asthma-Risk Genotype Affects Susceptibility of Airway Epithelium to Rhinovirus C Infections. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:450-458. [PMID: 30916989 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CDHR3 (cadherin-related family member 3) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in airway epithelia and the only known receptor for rhinovirus C (RV-C). A CDHR3 SNP (rs6967330) with G to A base change has been linked to severe exacerbations of asthma and increased susceptibility to RV-C infections in young children. The goals of this study were to determine the subcellular localization of CDHR3 and to test the hypothesis that CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype affects epithelial cell function and susceptibility to RV-C infections of the airway epithelia. We used immunofluorescence imaging, Western blot analysis, and transmission electron microscopy to show CDHR3 subcellular localization in apical cells, including expression in the cilia of airway epithelia. Polymorphisms in CDHR3 rs6967330 locus (G→A) that were previously associated with childhood asthma were related to differences in CDHR3 expression and epithelial cell function. The rs6967330 A allele was associated with higher overall protein expression and RV-C binding and replication compared with the rs6967330 G allele. Furthermore, the rs6967330 A allele was associated with earlier ciliogenesis and higher FOXJ1 expression. Finally, CDHR3 genotype had no significant effects on membrane integrity or ciliary beat function. These findings provide information on the subcellular localization and possible functions of CDHR3 in the airways and link CDHR3 asthma-risk genotype to increased RV-C binding and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott W Aesif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Carol Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
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Bergroth E, Aakula M, Elenius V, Remes S, Piippo-Savolainen E, Korppi M, Piedra PA, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Camargo CA, Jartti T. Rhinovirus Type in Severe Bronchiolitis and the Development of Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 8:588-595.e4. [PMID: 31520837 PMCID: PMC7012669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)- and rhinovirus (RV)-induced bronchiolitis are associated with an increased risk of asthma, but more detailed information is needed on virus types. Objective To study whether RSV or RV types are differentially associated with the future use of asthma control medication. Methods Over 2 consecutive winter seasons (2008-2010), we enrolled 408 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age less than 24 months into a prospective, 3-center, 4-year follow-up study in Finland. Virus detection was performed by real-time reverse transcription PCR from nasal wash samples. Four years later, we examined current use of asthma control medication. Results A total of 349 (86%) children completed the 4-year follow-up. At study entry, the median age was 7.5 months, and 42% had RSV, 29% RV, 2% both RSV and RV, and 27% non-RSV/-RV etiology. The children with RV-A (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.3; P = .01), RV-C (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.5; P < .001), and non-RSV/-RV (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.0; P = .004) bronchiolitis started the asthma control medication earlier than did children with RSV bronchiolitis. Four years later, 27% of patients used asthma control medication; both RV-A (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; P = .03) and RV-C (adjusted odds ratio, 3.7; P < .001) etiology were associated with the current use of asthma medication. The highest risk was found among patients with RV-C, atopic dermatitis, and fever (adjusted odds ratio, 5.0; P = .03). Conclusions Severe bronchiolitis caused by RV-A and RV-C was associated with earlier initiation and prolonged use of asthma control medication. The risk was especially high when bronchiolitis was associated with RV-C, atopic dermatitis, and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Bergroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matilda Aakula
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Elenius
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Remes
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Setianingsih TY, Wiyatno A, Hartono TS, Hindawati E, Rosamarlina, Dewantari AK, Myint KS, Lisdawati V, Safari D. Detection of multiple viral sequences in the respiratory tract samples of suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus patients in Jakarta, Indonesia 2015-2016. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 86:102-107. [PMID: 31238156 PMCID: PMC7110706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The identification and analysis of viral etiological agents from suspected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) cases admitted to Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) using molecular assays. METHODS Biological samples were collected from 13 hospitalized patients suspected of MERS-CoV infection in Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso IDH from July 2015 to December 2016. The majority of patients presented with pneumonia, with symptoms including fever (≥37.5 °C), labored breathing, and cough, and with a history of travel to the Middle East. Viral RNA was isolated and converted to cDNA, which was used as a template for the detection of 12 viral panels using conventional PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Viral etiological agents detected in the patients were enterovirus D68, dengue virus type 3, rhinovirus C, human coronavirus 229E, herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza virus H1N1, influenza virus H3N2, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus A60. CONCLUSIONS The sequences of nine viral agents under different taxa were detected in suspected MERS-CoV patients, including influenza virus, paramyxovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, and herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Evi Hindawati
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rosamarlina
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Khin Saw Myint
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Lisdawati
- Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Kuypers J, Perchetti GA, Chu HY, Newman KL, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Jerome KR, Tielsch JM, Englund JA. Phylogenetic characterization of rhinoviruses from infants in Sarlahi, Nepal. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2108-2116. [PMID: 31389049 PMCID: PMC6800797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem Rhinoviruses (RVs), the most common causes of acute respiratory infections in young children and infants, are highly diverse genetically. Objective To characterize the RV types detected with respiratory illness episodes in infants in Nepal. Study methods Infants born to women enrolled in a randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural, southern Nepal were followed with household‐based weekly surveillance until 180 days of age. Infants with respiratory symptoms had nasal swabs tested for twelve respiratory viruses. A subset with RV alone was selected for sequencing of the VP4/2 gene to identify RV types. Results Among 547 RV‐only positive illnesses detected from December 2012 to April 2014, 285 samples (52%) were sequenced. RV‐A, B, and C species were detected in 193 (68%), 18 (6%), and 74 (26%) specimens, respectively. A total of 94 unique types were identified from the sequenced samples, including 52 RV‐A, 11 RV‐B, and 31 RV‐C. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No seasonality was observed. The median ages at illness onset were 88, 104, and 88 days for RV‐A, B, and C, respectively. The median polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values did not differ between RV species. No differences between RV species were observed for reported respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia, or for medical care‐seeking. Conclusions Among very young, symptomatic infants in rural Nepal, all three species and many types of RV were identified; RV‐A was detected most frequently. There was no association between RV species and disease severity. RV infections were common among infants less than six months old in southern Nepal. All three species and 94 types of RV were identified by sequencing the VP4/2 gene. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No symptomatic differences between RV species or types were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Colombia
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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7
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Basnet S, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Rhinoviruses and Their Receptors. Chest 2019; 155:1018-1025. [PMID: 30659817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses, including the common cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma. There are currently > 160 known types of RVs classified into three species (A, B, and C) that use three different cellular membrane glycoproteins expressed in the respiratory epithelium to enter the host cell. These viral receptors are intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (used by the majority of RV-A and all RV-B types), low-density lipoprotein receptor family members (used by 12 RV-A types), and cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3; used by RV-C). RV-A and RV-B interactions with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor glycoproteins are well defined and their cellular functions have been described, whereas the mechanisms of the RV-C interaction with CDHR3 and its cellular functions are being studied. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in CDHR3 increases cell surface expression of this protein and, as a result, also promotes RV-C infections and illnesses. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies available to treat or prevent RV infections, which is a major unmet medical need. Understanding interactions between RV and cellular receptors could lead to new insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory illnesses as well as lead to new approaches to control respiratory illnesses caused by RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmila Basnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
| | - Ann C Palmenberg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Hung HM, Yang SL, Chen CJ, Chiu CH, Kuo CY, Huang KYA, Lin TY, Hsieh YC, Gong YN, Tsao KC, Huang YC. Molecular epidemiology and clinical features of rhinovirus infections among hospitalized patients in a medical center in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:233-241. [PMID: 30201131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) can cause severe illnesses in hospitalized patients. However, there are no studies regarding the prevalence of HRV infection, particularly the recently identified HRV-C, in hospitalized patients reported from Taiwan. METHODS Respiratory specimens collected from 487 hospitalized patients in designated wards between 2013 and 2014 in a medical center in northern Taiwan were retrospectively detected for HRV. Positive specimens were further determined for genotyping. Medical charts of the HRV-positive patients were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Totally, 76 patients (15.6%) were HRV positive, of which 60 were pediatric patients. HRV-A was identified in 41 (54%) patients, HRV-B in 6 patients (7.9%) and HRV-C in 29 patients (38%). A total of 47 different genotypes were identified. HRV infections were predominant during fall and winter seasons. 21.1% were affected by HRV alone and 78.9% were found to be co-infected with other microorganisms. The detection rate of HRV in children (18.6%) was significantly higher than in adults (9.6%). Compared with pediatric patients, adult patients were significantly associated with underlying disease, Pneumocystis jirovesii pneumonia co-infection, a diagnosis of pneumonia, fatal outcome, hospital acquisition of HRV, antibiotics administration and requiring intensive care, while pediatric patients were significantly associated with viral co-infection. CONCLUSIONS HRV was a common cause of respiratory tract infection in Taiwan, particularly in pediatric patients. Eighty percent of HRV-infected inpatients had other microorganisms co-infection. Adult patients were more likely to be associated with a severe respiratory disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Min Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Jartti T, Gern JE. Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:895-906. [PMID: 28987219 PMCID: PMC7172811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are closely linked to wheezing illnesses in children of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas rhinovirus (RV) is most commonly detected in wheezing children thereafter. Severe respiratory illness induced by either of these viruses is associated with subsequent development of asthma, and the risk is greatest for young children who wheeze with RV infections. Whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma is the subject of intense debate. RSV-induced wheezing illnesses during infancy influence respiratory health for years. There is definitive evidence that RSV-induced bronchiolitis can damage the airways to promote airway obstruction and recurrent wheezing. RV likely causes less structural damage and yet is a significant contributor to wheezing illnesses in young children and in the context of asthma. For both viruses, interactions between viral virulence factors, personal risk factors (eg, genetics), and environmental exposures (eg, airway microbiome) promote more severe wheezing illnesses and the risk for progression to asthma. In addition, allergy and asthma are major risk factors for more frequent and severe RV-related illnesses. Treatments that inhibit inflammation have efficacy for RV-induced wheezing, whereas the anti-RSV mAb palivizumab decreases the risk of severe RSV-induced illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. Developing a greater understanding of personal and environmental factors that promote more severe viral illnesses might lead to new strategies for the prevention of viral wheezing illnesses and perhaps reduce the subsequent risk for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
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Kim J, Jung YK, Kim C, Shin JS, Scheers E, Lee JY, Han SB, Lee CK, Neyts J, Ha JD, Jung YS. A Novel Series of Highly Potent Small Molecule Inhibitors of Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5472-5492. [PMID: 28581749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) are the main causative pathogen for common colds and are associated with the exacerbation of asthma. The wide variety in hRV serotypes has complicated the development of rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we developed a novel series of benzothiophene derivatives and their analogues (6-8) that potently inhibit the replication of both hRV-A and hRV-B strains. Compound 6g inhibited the replication of hRV-B14, A21, and A71, with respective EC50 values of 0.083, 0.078, and 0.015 μM. The results of a time-of-addition study against hRV-B14 and hRV-A16 and resistant mutation analysis on hRV-B14 implied that 6g acts at the early stage of the viral replication process, interacting with viral capsid protein. A molecular docking study suggested that 6g has a capsid-binding mode similar to that of pleconaril. Finally, derivatives of 6 also displayed significant inhibition against poliovirus 3 (PV3) replication, implying their potential inhibitory activities against other enterovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jae-Du Ha
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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