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Liu G, Xu J, Huang Y, Ye W, Li J, Yan R, Luo Q, Zhou X, Cai Y, Jiang H, Lu X, Zheng K, He Z, Zhu Q. Ammonium sulfate denatures transport medium less dependent on guanidinium isothiocyanate and enables SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antigen detection compatibility. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1384991. [PMID: 38800755 PMCID: PMC11117065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1384991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rapid identification of infected individuals through viral RNA or antigen detection followed by effective personal isolation is usually the most effective way to prevent the spread of a newly emerging virus. Large-scale detection involves mass specimen collection and transportation. For biosafety reasons, denaturing viral transport medium has been extensively used during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the high concentrations of guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) in such media have raised issues around sufficient GITC supply and laboratory safety. Moreover, there is a lack of denaturing transport media compatible with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antigen detection. Methods Here, we tested whether supplementing media containing low concentrations of GITC with ammonium sulfate (AS) would affect the throat-swab detection of SARS-CoV-2 or a viral inactivation assay targeting coronavirus and other enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The effect of adding AS to the media on RNA stability and its compatibility with SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection were also tested. Results and discussion We found that adding AS to the denaturing transport media reduced the need for high levels of GITC, improved SARS-COV-2 RNA detection without compromising virus inactivation, and enabled the denaturing transport media compatible with SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiapeng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jieyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiting Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinrui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingna Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanfang Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiujing Lu
- GBCBIO Technologies Inc., Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhendan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinchang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Ngetsa C, Osoti V, Okanda D, Marura F, Shah K, Karanja H, Mugo D, Gitonga J, Mutunga M, Lewa C, Orindi B, Bejon P, Ochola-Oyier LI. Validation of saline, PBS and a locally produced VTM at varying storage conditions to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus by qRT-PCR. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280685. [PMID: 36780469 PMCID: PMC9924993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-2019 tests require a Nasopharyngeal (NP) and/or Oropharyngeal (OP) specimen from the upper airway, from which virus RNA is extracted and detected through quantitative reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The viability of the virus is maintained after collection by storing the NP/OP swabs in Viral Transport Media (VTM). We evaluated the performance of four transport media: locally manufactured ("REVITAL") Viral Transport Media (RVTM), Standard Universal Transport Media (SUTM), PBS and 0.9% (w/v) NaCl (normal saline). We used laboratory cultured virus to evaluate: i) viral recovery and maintaining integrity at different time periods and temperatures; ii) stability in yielding detectable RNA consistently for all time points and conditions; and iii) their overall accuracy. Four vials of SARS-CoV-2 cultured virus (2 high and 2 low concentration samples) and 1 negative control sample were prepared for each media type (SUTM, RVTM, PBS and normal saline) and stored at the following temperatures, -80°C, 4°C, 25°C and 37°C for 7 days. Viral RNA extractions and qRT-PCR were performed at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 days after inoculation with the cultured virus to assess virus stability and viral recovery. Ct values fell over time at 25°C and 37°C, but normal saline, PBS, RVTM and SUTM all showed comparable performance in maintaining virus integrity and stability allowing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Overall, this study demonstrated that normal saline, PBS and the locally manufactured VTM can be used for COVID-19 sample collection and testing, thus expanding the range of SARS-CoV-2 viral collection media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ngetsa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Victor Osoti
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dorcas Okanda
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Faith Marura
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Krupali Shah
- Revital Healthcare (EPZ) Limited, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Henry Karanja
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Mugo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John Gitonga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin Mutunga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clement Lewa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in post-mortem nasopharyngeal swabs. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110829. [PMID: 33993012 PMCID: PMC8110329 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kriegshäuser G, Enko D, Reçi L, Leb CM, Panhofer P. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in FTA card spot-prep samples derived from nasopharyngeal swabs. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:e351-e353. [PMID: 33827150 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Kriegshäuser
- IHR LABOR Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Enko
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Hochsteiermark, Leoben, Austria
| | - Luftar Reçi
- IHR LABOR Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Panhofer
- Unit for Complementary Medicine, Center for Integrated Health, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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