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Cao W, Yuan Y, Liu X, Li Q, An X, Huang Z, Wu L, Zhang B, Zhang A, Xing C. Adenosine kinase inhibition protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F107-F115. [PMID: 30995110 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses, are closely linked to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Adenosine, emerging as a key regulatory molecule, is mostly protective in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases. A previous study showed that some of the adenosine receptors led to renal protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, these adenosine receptor agonists lack a useful therapeutic index due to cardiovascular side effects. We hypothesized that inhibition of adenosine kinase (ADK) might exacerbate extracellular adenosine levels to reduce cisplatin-induced renal injury. In the present study, pretreatment with the ADK inhibitor ABT-702 could markedly attenuate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, tubular cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the kidneys. Consistent with in vivo results, inhibition of ADK suppressed cisplatin-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, and inflammation in HK2 cells. Additionally, the protective effect of ADK inhibition was abolished by A1 or A2B adenosine receptor antagonist and enhanced by A2A or A3 adenosine receptor antagonist. Collectively, the results suggest that inhibition of ADK might increase extracellular adenosine levels, which inhibited cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via A1 and A2B adenosine receptors, finally suppressing cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis. Pharmacological therapies based on ADK will be of potential use in therapy of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Melgar–Rojas P, Alvarado JC, Fuentes–Santamaría V, Gabaldón–Ull MC, Juiz JM. Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: A Study in Wistar Rat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138027. [PMID: 26366995 PMCID: PMC4569353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) requires adequate normalization in order to ensure accurate results. The use of reference genes is the most common method to normalize RT–qPCR assays; however, many studies have reported that the expression of frequently used reference genes is more variable than expected, depending on experimental conditions. Consequently, proper validation of the stability of reference genes is an essential step when performing new gene expression studies. Despite the fact that RT–qPCR has been widely used to elucidate molecular correlates of noise–induced hearing loss (NIHL), up to date there are no reports demonstrating validation of reference genes for the evaluation of changes in gene expression after NIHL. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression of some commonly used reference genes (Arbp, b–Act, b2m, CyA, Gapdh, Hprt1, Tbp, Tfrc and UbC) and examined their suitability as endogenous control genes for RT–qPCR analysis in the adult Wistar rat in response to NIHL. Four groups of rats were noise–exposed to generate permanent cochlear damage. Cochleae were collected at different time points after noise exposure and the expression level of candidate reference genes was evaluated by RT–qPCR using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software to determine expression stability. The three independent applications revealed Tbp as the most stably expressed reference gene. We also suggest a group of top–ranked reference genes that can be combined to obtain suitable reference gene pairs for the evaluation of the effects of noise on gene expression in the cochlea. These findings provide essential basis for further RT–qPCR analysis in studies of NIHL using Wistar rats as animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melgar–Rojas
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), School of Medicine, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Campus in Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), School of Medicine, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Campus in Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Verónica Fuentes–Santamaría
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), School of Medicine, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Campus in Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - María Cruz Gabaldón–Ull
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), School of Medicine, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Campus in Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - José M. Juiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), School of Medicine, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Campus in Albacete, Albacete, Spain
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Martínez-Vega R, Garrido F, Partearroyo T, Cediel R, Zeisel SH, Martínez-Álvarez C, Varela-Moreiras G, Varela-Nieto I, Pajares MA. Folic acid deficiency induces premature hearing loss through mechanisms involving cochlear oxidative stress and impairment of homocysteine metabolism. FASEB J 2014; 29:418-32. [PMID: 25384423 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional imbalance is emerging as a causative factor of hearing loss. Epidemiologic studies have linked hearing loss to elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and folate deficiency, and have shown that folate supplementation lowers tHcy levels potentially ameliorating age-related hearing loss. The purpose of this study was to address the impact of folate deficiency on hearing loss and to examine the underlying mechanisms. For this purpose, 2-mo-old C57BL/6J mice (Animalia Chordata Mus musculus) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 65 each) that were fed folate-deficient (FD) or standard diets for 8 wk. HPLC analysis demonstrated a 7-fold decline in serum folate and a 3-fold increase in tHcy levels. FD mice exhibited severe hearing loss measured by auditory brainstem recordings and TUNEL-positive-apoptotic cochlear cells. RT-quantitative PCR and Western blotting showed reduced levels of enzymes catalyzing homocysteine (Hcy) production and recycling, together with a 30% increase in protein homocysteinylation. Redox stress was demonstrated by decreased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase 4, and glutathione synthetase genes, increased levels of manganese superoxide dismutase, and NADPH oxidase-complex adaptor cytochrome b-245, α-polypeptide (p22phox) proteins, and elevated concentrations of glutathione species. Altogether, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia induced by folate deficiency and premature hearing loss involves impairment of cochlear Hcy metabolism and associated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-Vega
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cediel
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Martínez-Álvarez
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- *Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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