Biosynthetic energy cost of potentially highly expressed proteins vary with niche in selected actinobacteria

The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana as a model for astrobiological studies: Physiological adaptations to Mars-like atmospheric pressure conditions

Understanding the adaptation mechanisms of extremophiles to extreme environments is fundamental to predicting organisms' capacity to survive in space and plan future space exploration missions. This study explores the physiological and metabolic adaptations of nauplii of a eukaryotic organism, Artemia franciscana, hatched from cysts exposed to Mars-like pressure conditions (6 mbar) by analyzing aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress in nauplii. Mars-like pressure did not inhibit nauplii's hatching or in vivo respiration, indicating that the fundamental metabolic functions are preserved but affected cellular metabolism. The lower lactate levels suggested reduced anaerobic metabolism, and the reduction in the activity of Complex I of the electron transport chain, resulting in reduced in vitro respiration supported by pyruvate plus malate, suggested an effect on aerobic metabolism. However, the succinate-supported respiration remained stable according to unchanged Complex II activity. Changes in aerobic metabolism could affect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and management. We did not observe changes in ROS levels according to the unchanged activity of NADPH oxidase, a source of ROS in the early development stages of nauplii. A total antioxidant capacity reduction and increased susceptibility to oxidants were observed despite this. However, lipid and protein oxidative stress markers levels remained unchanged, likely due to the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our results underscore the resilience of the cysts to Mars-like pressure conditions, indicating the potential of Artemia franciscana as a model organism in astrobiological research, opening new avenues for exploration in astrobiology.

Antarctic Sphingomonas sp. So64.6b showed evolutive divergence within its genus, including new biosynthetic gene clusters

Introduction

The antibiotic crisis is a major human health problem. Bioprospecting screenings suggest that proteobacteria and other extremophile microorganisms have biosynthetic potential for the production novel antimicrobial compounds. An Antarctic Sphingomonas strain (So64.6b) previously showed interesting antibiotic activity and elicitation response, then a relationship between environmental adaptations and its biosynthetic potential was hypothesized. We aimed to determine the genomic characteristics in So64.6b strain related to evolutive traits for the adaptation to the Antarctic environment that could lead to its diversity of potentially novel antibiotic metabolites.

Methods

The complete genome sequence of the Antarctic strain was obtained and mined for Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs) and other unique genes related to adaptation to extreme environments. Comparative genome analysis based on multi-locus phylogenomics, BGC phylogeny, and pangenomics were conducted within the closest genus, aiming to determine the taxonomic affiliation and differential characteristics of the Antarctic strain.

Results and discussion

The Antarctic strain So64.6b showed a closest identity with Sphingomonas alpina, however containing a significant genomic difference of ortholog cluster related to degradation multiple pollutants. Strain So64.6b had a total of six BGC, which were predicted with low to no similarity with other reported clusters; three were associated with potential novel antibiotic compounds using ARTS tool. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis of a common BGC showed great diversity between Sphingomonas genus but grouping in clades according to similar isolation environments, suggesting an evolution of BGCs that could be linked to the specific ecosystems. Comparative genomic analysis also showed that Sphingomonas species isolated from extreme environments had the greatest number of predicted BGCs and a higher percentage of genetic content devoted to BGCs than the isolates from mesophilic environments. In addition, some extreme-exclusive clusters were found related to oxidative and thermal stress adaptations, while pangenome analysis showed unique resistance genes on the Antarctic strain included in genetic islands. Altogether, our results showed the unique genetic content on Antarctic strain Sphingomonas sp. So64.6, −a probable new species of this genetically divergent genus–, which could have potentially novel antibiotic compounds acquired to cope with Antarctic poly-extreme conditions.

Contrasted evolutionary constraints on carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) in selected Frankia strains

Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) are capable of breaking complex polysaccharides into simpler form. In plant-host-associated microorganisms CAZymes are known to be involved in plant cell wall degradation. However, the biology and evolution of Frankia CAZymes are largely unknown. In the present study, we took a genomic approach to evaluate the presence and putative roles of CAZymes in Frankia. The CAZymes were found to be potentially highly expressed (PHX) proteins and contained more aromatic amino acids, which increased their biosynthetic energy cost. These energy rich amino acids were present in the active sites of CAZymes aiding in their carbohydrate binding capacity. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses showed that, in Frankia strains with the capacity to nodulate host plants, CAZymes were evolving slower than the other PHX genes, whereas similar genes from non-nodulating (or ineffectively nodulating) Frankia strains showed little variation in their evolutionary constraints compared to other PHX genes. Thus, the present study revealed the persistence of a strong purifying selection on CAZymes of Frankia indicating their crucial role.