Reliability and validity of plain radiographs to assess angulation of small finger metacarpal neck fractures: human cadaveric study

Are Two- and Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Scan Measurements of Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance Equivalent? A Comparative Study

Background

Accurate planning for patellar instability correction is important in obtaining good post-operative outcome. The main challenge in the current two-dimensional (2-D) computed tomographic (CT) scans method is the difficulty in choosing reliable bony landmarks. This study aimed to compare the reliabilities between the 2-D and three-dimensional (3-D) methods of measuring tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance. We hypothesize that the proposed 3-D method will result in measurements with narrower error margin, providing higher reliability and accuracy.

Materials and Methods

We traced CT scans of 106 knees with no patellofemoral pathology from 59 subjects from the database system and converted all 2-D images into 3-D models to determine the values for each parameter. We compared the intra- and interobserver reliability of each method using intraclass correlation (ICC) and Bland-Altman method.

Results

The values of TT-TG measured by 2-D and 3-D methods were 16.1 ± 4.6 mm and 16.2 ± 4.2 mm, respectively. The ICC values of both methods were comparable (95% limits of agreement between the same observer: - 3.3 to 3.8 mm versus - 2.4 to 2.7 mm and different observers: - 4.3 to 4.9 mm versus - 3.9 to 2.7 mm), with 3-D method results in narrower limits of agreement.

Conclusion

TT-TG measurement is reliable using the 2-D method without using advanced radiographic software. The 3-D method of measuring TT-TG provides measurement with narrower variation when compared with the 2-D method. However, both TT-TG distances' measurement methods in the current study were comparable as the variations are not significant.

Graphical Abstract

POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND FOR GUIDANCE OF CLOSED REDUCTION OF FIFTH METACARPAL NECK (BOXER'S) FRACTURE

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound has been used previously in fracture identification, analgesia delivery, and fracture reduction for patients in the emergency department. It has not been previously described as a tool for the guidance of closed fracture reduction in fifth metacarpal neck fractures ("boxer's fractures").

CASE REPORT

A 28-year-old man presented with hand pain and swelling after punching a wall. Point-of-care ultrasound revealed a significantly angulated fifth metacarpal fracture, which was confirmed with a subsequent hand x-ray study. After an ultrasound-guided ulnar nerve block, closed reduction was performed. Ultrasound was used to assess reduction and ensure improvement in bony angulation during the closed reduction attempts. Post-reduction x-ray study confirmed improved angulation and adequate alignment. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Point-of-care ultrasound has previously had efficacy in fracture diagnosis and anesthesia delivery for fifth metacarpal fractures. Ultrasound can also be used at the bedside to assist in the determination of adequate fracture reduction when performing closed reduction of a boxer's fracture.

The inter-and intra-observer reliability of volar angulation measurements in a fifth metacarpal neck fracture

INTRODUCTION

The fifth metacarpal neck fracture is the most common metacarpal fracture. The palmar angulation from the fracture displacement is critical for determining treatment, yet there is no consensus regarding the angulation measurement method or the surgical cut-off value. This study aimed to identify a reliable measurement method for assessing palmar angulation. We evaluated inter-observer and intra-observer validation of measuring palmar angulation in oblique plain X-ray and computed tomography (CT) sagittal cuts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We identified surgically treated patients for acute isolated fifth metacarpal neck fracture between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020, and obtained preoperative, opposite hand, and final follow-up oblique X-rays and sagittal computed tomography (CT) radiograms. The oblique radiograph was taken with a 45° posteroanterior pronation. The metacarpal neck palmar angulation was measured in the radiograms using the metacarpal neck-shaft center (MNSC) angle and the shaft articular surface (SAS) angle methods by three orthopedic surgeons in two sessions. For the CT radiograms, each measurer selected the sagittal slot at their discretion to measure the angle. The final palmar angulation was the average of six measurements (two sessions, three measurers per session).

RESULTS

The study included 51 patients; the average age was 32.5 (range 18-73) years, with 46 men and 5 women. The MNSC angle inter-observer reliability was better than the SAS angle. The MNSC angle inter-observer reliability was better than that of SAS angle. Intraclass coefficients (ICCs) for the MNSC angle demonstrated an excellent inter-observer agreement among the three measurers in the first (0.93) and second (0.88) session compared to ICCs for the SAS angle in the first (0.81) and second (0.87) session. The MNSC angle intra-observer reliability was also better than the SAS angle, with higher ICCs. Preoperative CT radiograms were available for 42 patients. Using CT scans for measurements, in the two sessions, the MNSC angle inter-observer reliability was higher than that of the SAS angle [MNSC: 0.83; SAS: 0.35], second [MSNC: 0.85; SAS: 0.81]. The intra-observer reliability was also better in the MNSC angle. When comparing average value among obtained radiograms, the physiologic angulation of the opposite hand oblique X-ray had the smallest average value, followed by preoperative CT and preoperative oblique radiography. Overall, the SAS angle measurement had a slightly larger angle than the MNSC method in the fractured and non-fractured hand measurements. Finally, a serial comparison of the oblique X-rays (pre-and postoperative, final follow-up, and the opposite hand with closed reduction and internal fixation) indicated that the angulation significantly decreased, and the post-operative values did not differ from the final follow-up X-ray for either method.

CONCLUSIONS

The palmar angulation measurement in 45° pronated oblique X-ray using the MNSC angle method had good-to-excellent reliability, with superior results to sagittal CT radiograms. Although the angle is likely overestimated, the MNSC method is reliable for judging the fracture degree and reduction adequacy after surgery compared to the non-fractured hand physiologic angulation.

Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fractures: Outcome-influencing Factors

Introduction Fifth metacarpal neck fractures are extremely common, but there is still no consensus regarding the ideal course of treatment.

Volar angulation and shortening are decisive factors; however, there is still controversy about the cut-off values that translate into worse clinical results.

The present study aims to answer these questions in order to provide additional data to aid in the clinical practice and decision making.

Materials and Methods A retrospective study evaluated patients with fifth metacarpal fractures treated between 2013 and 2018. A total of 133 patients were included, with an average follow-up of 2 months. Surgery was performed in 21 patients, and 112 were treated conservatively. The radiological assessment of volar anguation and shortening was based in the first and last radiographs of the follow-up. The patients were contacted and submited to a questionnaire that included the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score and subjective evaluations of pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), hand strength, stiffness and finger mobility, and cosmetic result.

Results Surgery was more successful in reducing angulation than the conservative treatment, achieving more anatomic final values for angulation and shortening (p < 0.05). On the other hand, surgery seems to be associated with a higher notion of limited finger mobility (p = 0.02).

Among patients treated conservatively, inicial angulations > 60° and final angulations > 50° were associated with worse cosmetic results (p = 0,039). Final shortening > 4 mm translated into a higher notion of stiffness and limited finger mobility (p = 0.034).

More advanced age showed a correlation with higher scores on the VAS (p = 0.023) and QuickDASH (p < 0,001). Female patients (p = 0.02) were also associated with higher VAS scores. The overall satisfaction rate was of 97%.

Conclusion Although globally the functional outcome of these fractures is very good, the present study reports several factors that should be considered when treating fifth metacarpal neck fractures.

Derivation and Internal Validation of a Prediction Model for Pediatric Hand Fracture Triage

Background:

Pediatric hand fractures are common, and most can be managed by a period of immobilization. However, it remains challenging to identify those more complex fractures requiring the expertise of a hand surgeon to ensure a good outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for identification of complex pediatric hand fractures requiring care by a hand surgeon.

Methods:

A 2-year retrospective cohort study of consecutively referred pediatric (<18 years) hand fracture patients was used to derive and internally validate a prediction model for identification of complex fractures requiring the expertise of a hand surgeon. These complex fractures were defined as those that required surgery, closed reduction, or four or more appointments with a hand surgeon. The model, derived by multivariable logistic regression analysis, was internally validated using bootstrapping and then translated into a risk index.

Results:

Of 1170 fractures, 416 (35.6%) met criteria for a complex fracture. Multivariable regression analysis identified six significant predictors of complex fracture: open fracture, rotational deformity, angulation, condylar involvement, dislocation or subluxation, and displacement. Internal validation demonstrated good performance of the model (C-statistic = 0.88, calibration curve p = 0.935). A threshold of ≥1 point (ie, any one of the predictors) resulted in a simple, easy-to-use tool with 96.4% sensitivity and 45.5% specificity.

Conclusions:

A high-performing and clinically useful decision support tool was developed for emergency and urgent care physicians providing initial assessment for children with hand fractures. This tool will provide the basis for development of a clinical care pathway for pediatric hand fractures.

The "Trigonometric Technique" for simple measurement of volar angulation in boxers' fractures

INTRODUCTION

Subcapital fractures of the 5th metacarpal bone (MCV) represent a common injury. Volar angulation measurement is essential for treatment decision-making and therefore needs a reliable and valid method. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a new technique for volar angulation measurement, called the "Trigonometric Technique" (TT), and to compare the TT with the reference standard based on computed tomography (CT).

HYPOTHESIS

Quantifying volar angulation in MCV neck fractures with the TT shows no difference compared to the angle measured on CT scans.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fifteen patients (14 men and 1 woman) with a mean age of 37±16years (range, from 16 to 72 years) who suffered MCV neck fracture and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this prospective cohort study. Radiologic investigation included simple dorsopalmar (DP) radiographs and CT scans from the injured hand. Volar angulation measurements were performed by three observers at two time points comparing the TT to measurements obtained on CT scans. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were determined to assess inter- and intra-observer reliability.

RESULTS

The TT showed a mean volar angulation of 39±5 degrees (range, from 26 to 46 degrees) compared to 41±7 degrees (range, from 28 to 54 degrees) on CT measurement, which revealed a significant correlation between the two measurement techniques (R=0.922, p<0.001). Overall, the inter-rater (R=0.977; 95% CI 0.945-0.992) as well as intra-rater (R=0.857; 95% CI 0.739-0.941) reliability for the volar angulation using the TT was excellent.

CONCLUSION

The TT presented in this study uses plain radiography and trigonometric identities to precisely determine volar angulation in MCV neck fractures. The TT correlates excellently with the obtained volar angulation angles measured on CT scans. We recommend the TT for volar angulation measurement in boxer's fracture as a reliable alternative to the conventional techniques. However, rotational abnormalities may remain undetected and should therefore be ruled out during clinical examination.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

II, study of diagnostic test.

Osteosynthesis of fifth metacarpal neck fractures with a photodynamic polymer bone stabilization system

Metacarpal neck fractures with severe displacement are commonly treated surgically with intramedullary Kirschner wires. We present the results of treatment of fifth metacarpal neck fractures using a light curable intramedullary photodynamic polymer (IlluminOss™, IlluminOss Medical Inc., East Providence, RI, USA). Twenty-nine patients with isolated displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures were included and followed up for 12-24 weeks. All fractures had radiologically healed after 3 months. In two cases, a secondary loss of reduction was seen, which did not require further correction. During the follow-up period, range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint was 89% after 6 weeks and increased to 100% after 3 months compared with the uninjured side. Grip strength improved over time from 61% to 85%. No implant removal was necessary. We conclude that osteosynthesis using an intramedullary photodynamic polymer is a reliable treatment option for displaced fractures of the fifth metacarpal neck. Level of evidence: IV.

Transverse and oblique fractures of the diaphysis of the fifth metacarpal: surgical outcomes for antegrade intramedullary pinning versus combined antegrade and retrograde intramedullary pinning

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique allowing a faster return to previous activities after surgical treatment of short transverse and oblique fractures of the diaphysis of the fifth metacarpal. It consisted of an anterograde and retrograde centromedullary double pinning connected. Our series included 40 patients of average age 25 years including 2 women. In 20 cases (group I), an anterograde centromedullary pinning with a 1.6- or 2-mm pin was performed followed by a 6-week orthosis and then 2-week self-education. In 20 cases (group II), an anterograde and retrograde centromedullary double pinning was performed using 2 1.5-mm pins connected by a connector (MétaHUS^®, Arex™). A first pin was introduced into the canal antegrade, then the second retrograde. The 2 externalized pins were connected, and self-rehabilitation was encouraged. Mean tourniquet time was 14.75 min (group I) and 15.8 min (group II), respectively. At the last follow-up, the average pain was 0.35/10 and 0.2/10, the Quick DASH 0.68/100 and 0.57/100, the strength of the hand 94.65% and 94.35%, the active flexion MCP 98.5% and 99%, respectively. MCP active extension was 98.5% and 98.75%; the sick leave was 8.4 and 6.3 weeks. All fractures healed without recovery with 3 complications: 2 infections on pins, in each group, 1 CRPS1 (group I). Our results seem to show that the technique of anterograde and retrograde centromedullary double pinning connected in the treatment of short transverse and oblique fractures of the diaphysis of the fifth metacarpal gives results at least as good as the reference technique with a non-negligible socioeconomic advantage, a less time off work.

Pediatric Hand Fracture Referring Practices: A Scoping Review

Background

Pediatric hand fractures are common, but few require surgery; therefore, these fractures are often perceived to be overreferred. Our objective is to systematically identify and describe pediatric hand fracture referring practices.

Method

A scoping review was performed, searching electronic databases and grey literature up to January 2018 to identify referring practices for children (17 years and younger) with hand fractures (defined as radiographically confirmed fractures distal to the carpus) to hand surgeons. All study designs were included, and study selection and data extraction were independently performed in duplicate by 2 reviewers. Outcomes included referring rates, necessity of referral, referring criteria, and management of fractures.

Results

Twenty (10 cross-sectional, 7 prospective cohorts, and 3 narrative reviews) studies reporting on referring practices or management of 21,624 pediatric hand fractures were included. Proportion of pediatric hand fractures referred to hand surgeons ranged from 6.5% to 100%. Unnecessary referral, defined as those fractures within the scope of primary care management, ranged from 27% to 78.1%. Ten studies reported referring criteria, with 14 unique criteria identified. The most common referring criteria were displacement (36.4%), loss of joint congruity (36.4%), and instability (36.4%). The most common justification for these criteria was increased likelihood of requiring surgery. The most common initial management was immobilization (66%-100%). Final management was provided by orthopedic or plastic hand surgeons with 0% to 32.9% of fractures requiring surgery.

Conclusion

Referring practices vary widely in the literature. Major gaps in the literature include objective measures and justification for referring criteria and primary care education on hand fracture referring practices.

Comparison of AO Titanium Locking Plate and Screw Fixation versus Anterograde Intramedullary Fixation for Isolated Unstable Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes of AO titanium locking plate and screw (ATLPS) and anterograde intramedullary (AIM) fixation for treating unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures.

METHODS

Adult patients with isolated fresh unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled into this prospective study from July 2013. Patients were divided into ATLPS or AIM groups when they were admitted to our department after considering their work requirement, fracture complexity, and surgeon's experience and were then treated accordingly. Relevant demographic, clinical and preoperative clinical data were collected and analyzed. Clinical examination and radiograph evaluation were performed 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain, total range of motion (ROM) of the injured digit, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores (Quick-DASH) and grip strength (percentage of the contralateral corresponding digit).

RESULTS

From July 2013 to September 2014, 76 patients were treated by AIM and 71 by ATLPS. Age, sex, time from injury to operation, dominant hand, injury mechanism, fracture location, fracture type and participant occupation were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). Operations were all performed well and followed by uneventful postoperative functional recoveries. At 3-month follow-up, all clinical outcomes were significantly better in the AIM than ATLPS group ( P < 0.05) except for VAS pain scores. However, at 6-month follow-up, the differences were no longer significant, indicating similar results for both types of fixation. Patients in the AIM group developed significantly more complications ( P = 0.037). Sick leave was significantly longer in the AIM group ( P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

AIM outperforms ATLPS in the treatment of unstable metacarpal and phalangeal fractures in the early, but not the later, postoperative period; the latter is associated with significantly more complications. Patients treated by ATLPS require shorter sick leave, which is of particular benefit to workers with specialized manual skills.

Metacarpal Neck Fractures: A Review of Surgical Indications and Techniques

CONTEXT

Hand injuries are a common emergency department presentation. Metacarpal fractures account for 40% of all hand fractures and can be seen in the setting of low or high energy trauma. The most common injury pattern is a metacarpal neck fracture. In this study, the authors aim to review the surgical indications for metacarpal neck fractures, the fixation options available along with the risk and benefits of each.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Literature review of the different treatment modalities for metacarpal neck fractures. Review focuses on surgical indications and the risks and benefits of different operative techniques.

RESULTS

The indications for surgery are based on the amount of dorsal angulation of the distal fragment. The ulnar digits can tolerate greater angulation as the radial digits more easily lose grip strength. The most widely utilized fixation techniques are pinning with k-wires, dorsal plating, or intramedullary fixation. There is currently no consensus on an optimal fixation technique as surgical management has been found to have a complication rate up to 36%. Plate and screw fixation demonstrated especially high complication rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Metacarpal neck fractures are a common injury in young and active patients that results in substantial missed time from work. While the surgical indications are well-described, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment modality because of high complication rates. Dorsal plating has higher complication rates than closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, but is necessary in comminuted fractures. The lack of an ideal fixation construct suggests that further study of the commonly utilized techniques as well as novel techniques is necessary.

What is the real angle of deviation of metacarpal neck fractures on oblique views? A radiographic study

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish an indirect, easy-to-use, predictable and safe means of obtaining the true degree of displacement of fractures of the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone, through oblique radiographic views.

Methods

An anatomical specimen from the fifth human metacarpal was dissected and subjected to ostectomy in the neck region. A 1-mm Kirschner wire was fixed to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bone and parallel to the ground. Another six Kirschner wires of the same diameter were bent over and attached to the ostectomized bone to simulate fracture displacement. Axial rotation of the metacarpus was used to create oblique radiographic views. Radiographic images were generated with different angles and at several degrees of rotation of the bone.

Results

We deduced a mathematical formula that showed the true displacement of fractures of the neck of the fifth metacarpal bone by means of oblique radiographs.

Conclusions

Oblique radiographs at 30̊ of supination provided the best view of the bone and least variation from the real value of the displacement of fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone. The mathematical formula deduced was concordant with the experimental model used.

Fifth metacarpal neck fractures treated with soft wrap/buddy taping compared to reduction and casting: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial

INTRODUCTION

The majority of fifth metacarpal neck fractures (boxers fracture) are treated conservatively without surgery. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, multicenter trial was to determine if the outcomes of soft wrap and buddy taping (SW) was noninferior to reduction and cast (RC) in boxer's fracture with palmar angulation ≤70° and no rotational deformity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-eight patients with similar characteristics were prospectively enrolled and randomized at four institutions. Our primary outcome was measured by the shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (quickDASH) questionnaire at 4 months. Noninferiority was claimed if there was no more than +10 points difference in the quickDASH. Other secondary radiographic and clinical outcomes were measured.

RESULTS

At 4 months, mean difference in the quickDASH between the two groups was -10.4 (95 % confidence interval, -27.0; +6.2) which was under the pre-specified margin. There was no significant difference between both groups' secondary outcomes of pain, satisfaction with the esthetic appearance, mobility of the metacarpophalangeal-joint at flexion and extension, or power grip. Increased fracture angulation, as measured on follow-up radiographs, was not significantly different between both groups. The degree of palmar fracture angulation was not related to work leave or profession. Duration of time off from work was 11 days shorter in SW compared to RC (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

This study supports the use of soft wrap and buddy taping for treatment of boxer's fracture with palmar angulation ≤70° and no rotational deformity. Although there was no statistical difference in satisfaction with the esthetic appearance, the patient must be willing to accept the loss of the "knuckle" with this treatment method.

Measurement of the radiographic anatomy of the small and ring metacarpals using computerized tomographic scans

BACKGROUND

To date, only plain radiographic definitions of normal anatomical parameters have been described. Our study aims to describe normal anatomic measurements of small and ring metacarpals using a novel digital reconstruction technique based on raw CT image data. We hypothesize that current plain radiographic data incorrectly describes normal metacarpal anatomy in the lateral plane.

METHODS

Thirty-five scans of the small and 30 scans of the ring metacarpals form the basis for this study. Using a custom digital 3D image reformatting software, CT sections were reconstructed in the plane of each studied metacarpal. The 3D images were converted to sagittal and coronal weighted projections to represent lateral and posteroanterior (PA) 2D images that are equivalent to "perfect orthogonal" radiographs. Using a customized image measurement program, shaft lengths, shaft-bending angle (SBA), and capital-axis angle (CAA) were measured.

RESULTS

Our results show that CAA averaged 14 and 12° in the ring and small metacarpals, respectively. Apex dorsal SBA averaged 12 and 10° in the ring and small metacarpals, respectively. On the PA images, the shafts are nearly straight. In contrast to prior reported values, we found the CAA to be less acute and the metacarpal curvature less pronounced on the lateral projection. We also demonstrated that much of the metacarpal apex dorsal bend is in the shaft itself.

CONCLUSION

Normal anatomic parameters of metacarpals are based primarily on radiographic data, and as such are limited due to bony overlap in the lateral plane, as well as imperfect radiographic projections that are known to distort anatomical relationships. This novel method of image reconstruction eliminates metacarpal overlap and defines precise anatomical reference for metacarpals.

The Effect of Closed Reduction of Small Finger Metacarpal Neck Fractures on the Ultimate Angular Deformity

PURPOSE

To assess whether or not attempted closed reduction of fifth metacarpal neck fractures results in decreased fracture angulation at final follow-up.

METHODS

Retrospective chart review of all patients aged 18 and older managed for isolated fifth metacarpal neck fractures between 2004 and 2014.

RESULTS

Sixty-six patients managed for an isolated boxer fracture met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three patients underwent attempted reduction and 43 patients did not. Patients undergoing attempted reduction had a statistically significant improvement in fracture angulation following reduction compared with patients not undergoing attempted reduction. At final follow-up, there was no difference in fracture angle between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Closed reduction and splint immobilization of fifth metacarpal neck fractures was not an effective means of maintaining a significant improvement in fracture alignment upon healing. Other means, such as closed reduction with pin fixation or open reduction internal fixation, should be considered when maintenance of reduction is desired.

TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic III.

Antegrade intramedullary pinning versus retrograde intramedullary pinning for displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures

BACKGROUND

Severe angulation or shortening can be a surgical indication for fifth metacarpal neck fracture. In a previous meta-analysis, antegrade intramedullary pinning was shown to produce better hand function outcomes than percutaneous transverse pinning or miniplate fixation for treatment of fifth metacarpal neck fractures. However, the outcomes of retrograde intramedullary pinning, to our knowledge, have not been compared with those of antegrade intramedullary pinning.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

We asked whether the clinical and radiographic outcomes of antegrade intramedullary pinning are different from those of percutaneous retrograde intramedullary pinning for treating patients with displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures.

METHODS

Forty-six patients with displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures with an apex dorsal angulation greater than 30° were enrolled in our prospective study. Subjects were treated randomly by antegrade intramedullary pinning (antegrade group) or by percutaneous retrograde intramedullary pinning (retrograde group). Clinical evaluations, which included active ROM of the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint, VAS for pain, grip strength, and DASH score, were performed at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. Radiographic evaluations of apex dorsal angulation and axial shortening were performed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

Patients in the antegrade group achieved better outcomes than patients in the retrograde group for all clinical parameters at 3 months postoperatively (ROM: antegrade median 80° [range, 57°-90°] versus retrograde 69° [range, 45°-90°], difference of medians 11°, p < 0.001; VAS: antegrade median of 2 [range, 0-5] versus retrograde 4 [range, 0-7], difference of medians 2, p < 0.001; grip strength: antegrade median 81% [range, 60%-100%] versus retrograde 71% [range, 49%-98%], differences of medians 10%, p < 0.001; DASH: antegrade median 4.3 [range, 0-15.8] versus retrograde 10.3 [range, 0-28.4], difference of medians 6, p < 0.001), but these differences, with the numbers available, were not observed at 6 months postoperatively for any clinical parameters (ROM: antegrade median 88° [range, 81°-90°] versus retrograde 87° [range, 80°-90°], difference of medians 1°, p = 0.35; VAS: antegrade median 1 [range, 0-2] versus retrograde 1[range, 0-3], difference of medians 0, p = 0.67; grip strength: antegrade median 93% [range, 78%-104%] versus retrograde 91% [range, 76%-101%], difference of medians 2%, p = 0.41; DASH: antegrade median 3 [range, 0-12.5] versus retrograde of 4.3 [range, 0-15.8], difference of medians 1.3, p = 0.48). At 6 months postoperatively, there also were no differences, with the numbers available, in radiographic parameters between the antegrade and retrograde fixation groups. Residual angulation was not different (antegrade median: 7° [range, 2°-11°], retrograde: 9° [range, 3°-13°], difference of medians 2°, p = 0.56). Shortening between the two groups also was not different (antegrade median: 1 mm [range, 0 mm-2 mm], retrograde median: 1 mm [range, 0 mm-2 mm], difference of medians 0, p = 0.78).

CONCLUSION

Our study findings suggest antegrade intramedullary pinning has some clinical advantages during the early recovery period over percutaneous retrograde intramedullary pinning for treatment of displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures, but the advantages are not evident at 6 months postoperatively. In addition, our study showed no differences in radiographic outcomes between antegrade and retrograde techniques. For patients who require an early return of hand function, such as athletes, antegrade intramedullary pinning can be recommended. Otherwise, treatment could be decided according to the surgeon's preference and patient status, and based on consideration of the need for an accessory procedure for pin removal after antegrade intramedullary pinning.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level I, therapeutic study.

Conservative treatment has comparable outcome with bouquet pinning of little finger metacarpal neck fractures: a multicentre randomized controlled study of 85 patients

Current literature gives few guidelines regarding indication for operative treatment of little finger metacarpal neck fractures, and some surgeons choose operative treatment when the palmar angulation exceeds 30°. The objective of this study was to determine whether conservative treatment produces comparable outcomes with bouquet pinning in a randomized, controlled trial. Eighty-five patients with little finger metacarpal neck fractures with ≥30° palmar angulation in the lateral view were included. Patients were randomized to two groups: conservative treatment without reduction of the fracture (43 patients); and closed reduction and bouquet pinning (42 patients). After 1 year, there were no statistical differences between the groups in QuickDASH score, pain, satisfaction, finger range of motion, grip strength, or quality of life. There was a trend versus better satisfaction with hand appearance (p = 0.06), but longer sick leave (p < 0.001) and more complications (p = 0.02) in the operative group.

Assessment of volar angulation and shortening in 5th metacarpal neck fractures: an inter- and intra-observer validity and reliability study

Four methods for measuring volar angulation in 5th metacarpal neck fractures were tested for validity and reliability. Mid-medullary canal measurement in the lateral view (method MC-90) has previously been proven valid in a cadaveric study, hence used as a reference to test validity of the latter three. These three yielded a significant different mean fracture angle compared with MC-90, with only minor enhancement in reliability. Therefore, none of these three methods is recommended as a better standard method than the MC-90, where reliability was found to be substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.53-0.81). Two methods for measuring shortening in 5th metacarpal neck fractures were compared, and stipulation of shortening by drawing a line through the most distal point of the heads of the neighbouring 3rd and 4th metacarpals (method SH-Stip) is a simple method with excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.81-0.96) for estimating shortening, requiring only radiological examination of the injured hand.

[Soft tissue protective and minimally invasive osteosynthesis for metacarpal fractures II-V]

OBJECTIVES

Soft tissue protection, closed reduction or short open reconstruction of length, rotation and articulation of metacarpals. Aftercare: early active exercises protected by additive orthesis.

INDICATIONS

Closed or grade 1 open fractures with significant dislocation, deviation of rotation or loss of length. Fractures of the metacarpal, metaphyseal and extensive oblique or spiral fractures. Intra-articular fractures of the distal metacarpal that can be reduced without a step in articular surface. Proximal partial articular fractures that can be reduced without a step in articular surface in the mini-open technique.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Grade 2 and 3 open fractures, extensive bending fractures in the middle third and absence of the palmar bony restraint. Multifragmentary proximal and distal metaphyseal fractures that cannot be reduced by closed methods. Intra-articular fractures that cannot be reduced without a step in articular surface.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

Intramedullary antegrade or percutaneous K-wires or mini-open repair screw/K-wire osteosynthesis.

POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Two or three finger forearm cast for about 3-4 days, subsequent metacarpal orthesis, an integrated hard cast Longuette (Combicast) SoftCast™ is preferred beginning with active and passive exercises of the fingers.

RESULTS

In this retrospective study we analyzed metacarpal (MC) fractures that were treated with minimally invasive osteosynthesis during the period 2009-2010 and 65 patients (mean age 34.8 years, female/male 13/52) with 75 metacarpal fractures were enrolled. Fractures affected MC-2 (n=9), MC-3 (n=5), MC-4 (n=15) and MC-5 (n=46). Removal of implant was performed after 6-12 weeks in 44 patients. All fractures except one showed bony healing in x-ray. At 2-months follow-up 61 patients could be evaluated and at 27-months (15-37) follow-up 34 patients could be evaluated according to the DASH score. Median DASH score results were 16 points (SD 49, n = 61) after 2 months and median DASH score results were 5 points (SD 23, n = 34) after 27 months (15-37). Range of motion was limited in 6 patients after 8 weeks (range 6-12 weeks) with a deficit in flexion of finger to distal palmar crease of 1.0 cm (range 0.5-1.5 cm), 2 patients showed a deficit in finger extension of 10° in the metacarpophalangeal joint. One patient showed restricted finger extension of 15° in the proximal phalangeal joint after tendon rupture and tendon reconstruction. Complications were observed, such as circumscribed redness in two patients at the entry point of k-wires which was managed by early removal of the implant. Perforation of the k-wire occurred in one patient with subcapital and diaphyseal fracture and was managed by plate osteosynthesis. One diaphyseal transverse refracture healed after plate osteosynthesis, three circumscribed cases of paresthesia occurred, one at the entry point of the K-wires and two at the level of fracture.

Introduction of an alternative standardized radiographic measurement method to evaluate volar angulation in subcapital fractures of the 5th metacarpal

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to compare the intra- and interobserver reliability of two different measurement methods for volar angulation of the 5th metacarpal (MC) in an attempt to establish a new standard measurement method to reduce interobserver discrepancies for therapeutic decisions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty patients with subcapital fractures of the 5th MC were radiologically investigated. Imaging consisted of a radiographs in antero-posterior and precise lateral view in addition to a CT scan of the 5th MC. Measurement of volar angulation was accomplished using the conventional and the shaft articular surface (SAS) method. The measurements of five investigators were exported to a spreadsheet for statistical analysis to evaluate the intra-and interobserver reliability.

RESULTS

The conventional technique showed large differences among the investigators and poor interobserver reliability (W = 0.328 and 0.307) both at injury (p = 0.001) and at follow-up (p = 0.189). The intraobserver concordance of all investigators showed better results with the SAS than with the conventional technique. With the SAS technique, no statistically significant difference among the investigators could be detected at either the time of injury (p = 0.418) or at follow-up (p = 0.526) with excellent interobserver reliability (W = 0.051 and W = 0.041). Evaluation of volar angulation at follow-up using CT scans did not show any statistically significant difference between the techniques with better correlation among the observers with the SAS technique (p = 0.838).

CONCLUSIONS

The interobserver correlation of volar angulation with lateral radiographs using the conventional technique was insufficient. Therefore, we recommend the use of the novel SAS technique as standardized measurement method which showed higher accuracy and interobserver reliability in order to facilitate the choice of adequate treatment option.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

A CT scan should be performed in cases with ambivalent treatment options.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Evidence-Based Medicine Level II.

Intramedullary splinting or conservative treatment for displaced fractures of the little finger metacarpal neck? A prospective study

Forty patients with a 30° to 70° palmar displacement of a little finger metacarpal neck fracture were treated either with closed reduction and intramedullary splinting, or conservatively without reduction. Functional mobilization was started after 1 week in both groups. A radiological and clinical assessment of flexion and extension of the small finger metacarpophalangeal joint was done at 2 and 6 weeks, and at 3, 6 and 12 months. In addition patient satisfaction and grip strength were recorded at 12 months. No statistically significant differences in range of motion and grip strength were found between the two groups. Patient satisfaction and the appearance were superior in the surgically treated group. We conclude that intramedullary splinting for displaced fractures of the little finger metacarpal neck offers an aesthetic, but not a functional advantage.

Non-operative treatment of common finger injuries

Finger fractures are common injuries with a wide spectrum of presentation. Although a vast majority of these injuries may be treated non-operatively with gentle reduction, appropriate splinting, and careful follow-up, health care providers must recognize injury patterns that require more specialized care. Injuries involving unstable fracture patterns, intra-articular extension, or tendon function tend to have suboptimal outcomes with non-operative treatment. Other injuries including terminal extensor tendon injuries (mallet finger), stable non-articular fractures, and distal phalanx tuft fractures are readily treated by conservative means, and in general do quite well. Appropriate understanding of finger fracture patterns, treatment modalities, and injuries requiring referral is critical for optimal patient outcomes.

The width:thickness ratio of the patella: an aid in knee arthroplasty

Establishing the appropriate size of the patellar implant-bone composite is one of the important steps ensuring functional success in arthroplasty. Conventionally, the patella is measured intraoperatively and its thickness is used to guide the depth of resection. However, in a diseased joint, this may not reflect the native patellar thickness. We studied the relationship between the patellar thickness and various patellar dimensions on three-dimensional reconstructed computed tomographic scans from 37 normal adult knees. Patellar width correlated with thickness. The average patellar width:thickness ratio was 2.0 (standard deviation, 0.106; 95% confidence interval, 1.96-2.03). The cartilage thickness was on average 2.5 mm (standard deviation, 1.0). The width:thickness ratio was similar in 79 digital radiographs taken before TKA of knees without patellofemoral disease (mean, 2.1; standard deviation, 0.28). When compared with the two other methods for calculating patellar resection described in the literature, the width:thickness ratio was more reliable. The width:thickness ratio appears anatomically constant and may be a useful guide for estimating premorbid patellar thickness.

An evaluation of a clinical method to assess malunion of little finger metacarpal fractures

This study assessed the reliability, responsiveness and validity of two clinical measurements for the assessment of malunion of little finger metacarpal neck and shaft fractures. Both compared the relative lengths of the ring and little fingers in the injured and contralateral hands. One measurement was taken with the metacarpophalangeal joints extended (straight-MCP), and the other with them flexed to 90 degrees (90-MCP). Ninety-five percent of the differences between the relative lengths of the ring and little fingers in the two hands of 50 normal subjects were less than 3mm and the 95% limits of agreement for repeat measurements (intra-observer reproducibility) was +/- 1 mm for both measurements. Both measurements were significantly altered in a group of 218 patients with a past history of a metacarpal shaft or neck fracture. Although both measurements correlated with the patient's assessment of the cosmetic result (p = 0.01), neither measurement correlated with the severity of palmar angulation of the fracture at presentation. It is concluded that these measurements are reliable and responsive, but their validity is uncertain.