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Sekiya I, Katano H, Guermazi A, Miura Y, Okanouchi N, Tomita M, Masumoto J, Kitazume Y, Koga H, Ozeki N. Association of AI-determined Kellgren-Lawrence grade with medial meniscus extrusion and cartilage thickness by AI-based 3D MRI analysis in early knee osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20093. [PMID: 37973855 PMCID: PMC10654518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The associations among Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade, medial meniscus extrusion (MME), and cartilage thickness in knee osteoarthritis (OA) remain insufficiently understood. Our aim was to determine these associations in early to moderate medial tibiofemoral knee OA. We included 469 subjects with no lateral OA from the Kanagawa Knee Study. KL grade was assessed using artificial intelligence (AI) software. The MME was measured by MRI, and the cartilage thickness was evaluated in 18 subregions of the medial femorotibial joint by another AI system. The median MME width was 1.4 mm in KL0, 1.5 mm in KL1, 2.4 mm in KL2, and 6.0 mm in KL3. Cartilage thinning in the medial femur occurred in the anterior central subregion in KL1, expanded inwardly in KL2, and further expanded in KL3. Cartilage thinning in the medial tibia occurred in the anterior and middle external subregions in KL1, expanded into the anterior and middle central subregions in KL2, and further expanded in KL3. The absolute correlation coefficient between MME width and cartilage thickness increased as the KL grade increased in some subregions. This study provides novel insights into the early stages of knee OA and potentially has implications for the development of early intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hisako Katano
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yugo Miura
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriya Okanouchi
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tomita
- School of Data Science, Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Kitazume
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Ozeki
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yokoe T, Ouchi K, Matsumoto T, Tajima T, Chosa E. Effect of the volume of resected discoid lateral meniscus on the contact stress of the tibiofemoral joint: A finite element analysis. Knee 2023; 42:57-63. [PMID: 36905825 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial meniscectomy is commonly performed for symptomatic patients with discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) if conservative treatment fails. However, the development of knee osteoarthritis and osteochondral lesion are detrimental postoperative complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the volume of resected DLM on the contact stress of the tibiofemoral joint using a finite element analysis. METHODS Subject-specific finite-element models of the knee joint of a patient with DLM were developed from computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images. To evaluate the effect of partial meniscectomy on the contact stress in the lateral tibiofemoral joint, six knee models were created in the study (the native DLM, and five partially meniscectomized DLMs (according to the preserved width of the meniscus: 12 mm, 10 mm, 8 mm, 6 mm, and 4 mm)). RESULTS As the volume of resected DLM increased, higher contact stress was applied to the lateral tibiofemoral joint. Greater contact stress was applied to the preserved lateral meniscus than to the native DLM. CONCLUSIONS From a biomechanical viewpoint, the native DLM was the most protective against lateral tibiofemoral contact stress in comparison to partially meniscectomized DLMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Yokoe
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koki Ouchi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Taisei Matsumoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Tajima
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Etsuo Chosa
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Gigout A, Harazin D, Topping LM, Merciris D, Lindemann S, Brenneis C, Nissim A. Early detection of osteoarthritis in the rat with an antibody specific to type II collagen modified by reactive oxygen species. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:113. [PMID: 33853645 PMCID: PMC8045329 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the whole joint, with articular cartilage breakdown as a major characteristic. Inflammatory mediators, proteases, and oxidants produced by chondrocytes are known to be responsible for driving cartilage degradation. Nevertheless, the early pathogenic events are still unclear. To investigate this, we employed an antibody that is specific to oxidative post-translationally modified collagen type II (anti-oxPTM-CII) to detect early cartilage pathogenic changes in two rat models of OA. METHODS The animals underwent surgery for destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) and were sacrificed after 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. Alternatively, anterior cruciate ligament transection with partial meniscectomy (ACLT+pMx) was performed and animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. Joints were stained with toluidine blue and saffron du Gatinais for histological scoring, anti-oxPTM-CII, and anti-collagen type X antibodies (anti-CX). RESULTS We observed positive oxPTM-CII staining as early as 1 or 3 days after ACLT+pMx or DMM surgeries, respectively, before overt cartilage lesions were visible. oxPTM-CII was located mostly in the deep zone of the medial tibial cartilage, in the pericellular and territorial matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes, and co-localized with CX staining. Staining was weak or absent for the lateral compartment or the contralateral knees except at later time points. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that oxidant production and chondrocyte hypertrophy occur very early in the onset of OA, possibly initiating the pathogenic events of OA. We propose to use anti-oxPTM-CII as an early biomarker for OA ahead of radiographic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gigout
- Osteoarthritis Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Louise M Topping
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Chaterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ahuva Nissim
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Chaterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Fang Y, Huang H, Zhou G, Wang Q, Gao F, Li C, Liu Y, Lin J. An animal model study on the gene expression profile of meniscal degeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21469. [PMID: 33293598 PMCID: PMC7722855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscal degeneration is a very common condition in elderly individuals, but the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence are not completely clear. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of meniscal degeneration. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the right rear limbs of seven Wuzhishan mini-pigs were resected (meniscal degeneration group), and the left rear legs were sham-operated (control group). After 6 months, samples were taken for gene chip analysis, including differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, gene ontology (GO) analysis, clustering analysis, and pathway analysis. The selected 12 DEGs were validated by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The two groups showed specific and highly clustered DEGs. A total of 893 DEGs were found, in which 537 are upregulated, and 356 are downregulated. The GO analysis showed that the significantly affected biological processes include nitric oxide metabolic process, male sex differentiation, and mesenchymal morphogenesis, the significantly affected cellular components include the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and the significantly affected molecular functions include transition metal ion binding and iron ion binding. The pathway analysis showed that the significantly affected pathways include type II diabetes mellitus, inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels, and AMPK signaling pathway. The results of RT-PCR indicate that the microarray data accurately reflects the gene expression patterns. These findings indicate that several molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of meniscal degeneration, thus improving our understanding of meniscal degeneration and provide molecular therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehan Fang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Nursing, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopy Surgery, National Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA and Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Maglio M, Tschon M, Sicuro L, Lolli R, Fini M. Osteochondral tissue cultures: Between limits and sparks, the next step for advanced in vitro models. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5420-5435. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Maglio
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Matilde Tschon
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Sicuro
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Roberta Lolli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation IRCCS IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
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Shaktivesh, Malekipour F, Lee PVS. Shock absorbing ability in healthy and damaged cartilage-bone under high-rate compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 90:388-394. [PMID: 30445365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a soft tissue that distributes the loads in joints and transfers the compressive load to the underlying bone. At high rate and magnitudes of mechanical loading, cartilage and subchondral bone together are susceptible to damage. In addition, any disruption to the cartilage's structure, caused by injury, trauma or disorder such as osteoarthritis (OA), can alter the mechanism of load transfer from the cartilage to the underlying bone. Changes in the cartilage structure can also alter the ability of cartilage-bone to absorb and dissipate the impact energy. To investigate the effects of cartilage degradation on cartilage-bone shock absorption ability, the top 50% of the cartilage thickness was removed (modified cartilage) to mimic the cartilage thickness reduction in Grade III cartilage lesion and the remaining cartilage-bone unit (modified cartilage-bone) was compressed at high-rate (4% strain at 5 Hz). High-speed camera and microscope were used to capture microscopic deformation, and digital image correlation technique (DIC) employed to quantify the deformation of cartilage and bone. The mechanical properties (i.e. stiffness, strain, absorbed and dissipated energies) of cartilage and bone were calculated before and after the removal of the top 50% of the cartilage thickness, consisting of both the superficial tangential zone (STZ) and part of the middle zone of the cartilage. The results showed a significant degradation in the mechanical properties of the cartilage-bone unit after the removal of the top 50% cartilage thickness. The stiffness of the modified cartilage reduced significantly (by ~39%) and energy absorption in underlying bone increased by 32%, which can make the bone more vulnerable to damage in the modified cartilage-bone unit. In addition, the energy dissipation in the modified cartilage-bone unit was also increased by approximately 14%. These changes in mechanical properties suggest a crucial role of the STZ and middle zone (within the top 50% cartilage thickness) in protecting the underlying bone from the severe compressive impact loading. Results also indicated that under physiological contact stress of 7 MPa, strain in damaged cartilage was increased by 3.22% without affecting the mechanical behaviour of the underlying bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaktivesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Malekipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Iijima H, Aoyama T, Ito A, Tajino J, Nagai M, Zhang X, Yamaguchi S, Akiyama H, Kuroki H. Destabilization of the medial meniscus leads to subchondral bone defects and site-specific cartilage degeneration in an experimental rat model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1036-43. [PMID: 24857975 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate subchondral bone changes using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and regional differences in articular cartilage degeneration, focusing on changes of cartilage covered by menisci, in the early phase using a destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model. METHOD The DMM model was created as an experimental rat osteoarthritis (OA) model (12 weeks old; n = 24). At 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery, the rats were sacrificed, and knee joints were scanned using a Micro-CT system. Histological sections of the medial tibial plateau, which was divided into inner, middle, and outer regions, were prepared and scored using the modified OARSI scoring system. The cartilage thickness was also calculated, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), Col2-3/4c, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was assessed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Subchondral bone defects were observed in the middle region, in which the cartilage thickness decreased over time after surgery, and these defects were filled with MMP13- and VEGF-expressing fibrous tissue. The OARSI score increased over time in the middle region, and the score was significantly higher in the middle region than in the inner and outer regions at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. Col2-3/4c and MMP13 expression was observed primarily in the meniscus-covered outer region, in which the cartilage thickness increased over time. CONCLUSION Loss of meniscal function caused cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone defects in the early phase site-specifically in the middle region. Furthermore, our results might indicate cartilage covered by menisci is easily degraded resulting in osmotic swelling of the cartilage in early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iijima
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - T Aoyama
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - A Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - J Tajino
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - M Nagai
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - S Yamaguchi
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - H Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Japan.
| | - H Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Malekipour F, Whitton C, Oetomo D, Lee PVS. Shock absorbing ability of articular cartilage and subchondral bone under impact compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 26:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moody HR, Heard BJ, Frank CB, Shrive NG, Oloyede AO. Investigating the potential value of individual parameters of histological grading systems in a sheep model of cartilage damage: the Modified Mankin method. J Anat 2012; 221:47-54. [PMID: 22591160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A total histological grade does not necessarily distinguish between different manifestations of cartilage damage or degeneration. An accurate and reliable histological assessment method is required to separate normal and pathological tissue within a joint during treatment of degenerative joint conditions and to sub-classify the latter in meaningful ways. The Modified Mankin method may be adaptable for this purpose. We investigated how much detail may be lost by assigning one composite score/grade to represent different degenerative components of the osteoarthritic condition. We used four ovine injury models (sham surgery, anterior cruciate ligament/medial collateral ligament instability, simulated anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and meniscal removal) to induce different degrees and potentially 'types' (mechanisms) of osteoarthritis. Articular cartilage was systematically harvested, prepared for histological examination and graded in a blinded fashion using a Modified Mankin grading method. Results showed that the possible permutations of cartilage damage were significant and far more varied than the current intended use that histological grading systems allow. Of 1352 cartilage specimens graded, 234 different manifestations of potential histological damage were observed across 23 potential individual grades of the Modified Mankin grading method. The results presented here show that current composite histological grading may contain additional information that could potentially discern different stages or mechanisms of cartilage damage and degeneration in a sheep model. This approach may be applicable to other grading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R Moody
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kure-Hattori I, Watari I, Takei M, Ishida Y, Yonemitsu I, Ono T. Effect of functional shift of the mandible on lubrication of the temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:987-94. [PMID: 22325029 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lubrication of synovial joints reduces the coefficient of friction of the articular cartilage surface. To investigate the effect of malocclusion on the lubrication of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we evaluated lubricin expression in the rat TMJ immunohistochemically, under conditions of functional lateral shift of the mandible, during period of growth. Thirty 5-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into experimental, recovery, and control groups. Each rt in the experimental and recovery groups was fitted with an acrylic-plate guiding appliance. The rats in the experimental and control groups were killed at 14 and 28 days after the appliance was attached. Each rat in the recovery group was detached from the appliance at 14 days, and was killed 14 days after the appliance was removed. In the experimental group, the expression of lubricin staining in TMJ cartilage was significantly decreased during the experimental period. In the recovery group, the expression of lubricin staining in TMJ cartilage was significantly greater than in the experimental group, and there was no significant difference at 28 days between the control and recovery groups. Analysis of these data suggests that a functional lateral shift of the mandible during the growth period influences lubrication of the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kure-Hattori
- Orthodontic Science, Department of Orofacial Development and Function, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lim NSJ, Hamed Z, Yeow CH, Chan C, Huang Z. Early detection of biomolecular changes in disrupted porcine cartilage using polarized Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:017003. [PMID: 21280924 DOI: 10.1117/1.3528006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the feasibility of applying polarized Raman spectroscopy in probing the early biochemical compositions and orientation changes in impacted porcine cartilage explants. We divide 100 fresh tibial cartilage explants into four groups: control (unimpacted) and 3 groups of single impact at 15, 20, and 25 MPa. Each group is examined for biochemical changes using Raman microscopy, cell viability changes using confocal fluorescence microscopy, and histological changes using the modified Mankin score. For the 15-MPa impact group, the modified Mankin score (p>0.05, n=15) and cell viability test (p>0.05, n=5) reveal no significant changes when compared to the control, but polarized Raman spectroscopy detects significant biochemical changes. A significant decrease in the parallel polarized intensity of the pyranose ring band at 1126 cm(-1) suggests a possible decrease in the glycoaminoglycan content in early cartilage damage (one-way analysis of variance with a post hoc Bonferonni test, p<0.05, n=10). For impacts greater than 15 MPa, cell viability and modified Mankin score are consistent with the changes in the observed polarized Raman signals. This suggests that the polarized Raman spectroscopy technique has potential for diagnosis and detection of early cartilage damage at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sheng Jie Lim
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119074
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Yeow CH, Lee PVS, Goh JCH. Extent and distribution of tibial osteochondral disruption during simulated landing impact with axial tibial rotation restraint. J Biomech 2010; 43:2010-6. [PMID: 20398906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic knee osteochondral injuries are often coupled with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms during landing. However, it is not well understood whether restraining axial tibial rotation during landing would influence the extent and distribution of osteochondral disruption. Using ski landing as an example, this study subjected knee specimens to simulated landing impact without and with axial tibial rotation restraint, and investigated the extent and distribution of osteochondral disruption at the tibial plateau. Twenty-one porcine knee specimens were randomly divided into three test conditions, namely: (1) control, (2) impact only (I), and 3) impact with restraint (IR). Simulated landing impact was applied to the specimens based on a single 10 Hz haversine. Osteochondral explants were obtained from anterior, middle and posterior regions of medial and lateral tibial compartments. The extent of cartilage and trabecular disruption in these explants was examined based on histology, SEM and microCT. Only specimens in unrestrained condition incurred ACL failure upon impact. Restraining axial tibial rotation during simulated impact generally inflicted cartilage damage and deformation, and further caused trabecular disruption. Axial tibial rotation restraint did not necessarily restrict anterior tibial translation, as indicated by the presence of relative posterior femoral translation and osteochondral disruption at anterior-posterior tibial regions. While the results obtained in the current study may not be completely translatable to human models, there is likelihood that restraining axial tibial rotation during landing may help to prevent ACL failure, but will also induce osteochondral disruption in most tibial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Yeow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yeow CH, Ng YH, Lee PVS, Goh JCH. Tibial cartilage damage and deformation at peak displacement compression during simulated landing impact. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:816-23. [PMID: 20093423 DOI: 10.1177/0363546509350465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural changes of articular cartilage at the point of peak displacement compression during a landing impact are unknown. HYPOTHESIS Extent of damage and deformation is significantly different for superficial, middle, and deep cartilage zones at peak displacement compression during simulated landing impact compared with after impact. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Explants were extracted from porcine tibial cartilages and divided into 3 test conditions: nonimpact control, impact and release, and impact and hold. Impact compression, with peak deformation of 2 mm, was applied based on a single 10-Hz haversine to simulate landing impact. For impact and release, explants were subjected to formalin fixation on removal of load after impact. For impact and hold, explants were immediately immersed in formalin with peak deformation maintained at 2 mm. After fixation, the explants underwent histology, whereby Mankin scores and cartilage thicknesses were obtained. RESULTS Peak stresses of 9.8 to 28.1 MPa were noted during impact compression. For impact and release, substantial cartilage defects such as surface fraying and fissures were observed. For impact and hold, explants exhibited less severe matrix damage, such as superficial irregularities and tidemark disruption. Mankin scores were lower (indicating less damage; P <.05) in impact and hold than in impact and release condition. Superficial cartilage zone thickness was reduced (P <.05) in both impact and hold and impact and release conditions, relative to nonimpact control. CONCLUSION Not only does the loading phase of impact compression play a role in introducing substantial damage and deformation to cartilage, the unloading phase contributes to overall cartilage damage by exacerbating fissure propagation from surface lesions. Clinical Relevance Imaging of clinical injuries may underestimate the magnitude of cartilage compression that occurred during injury. Cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds must be designed to cope with the effects of loading and unloading phases, especially at the superficial zone, so that the repair site can function as well as does the neighboring native cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hua Yeow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yeow C, Lee P, Goh J. Direct contribution of axial impact compressive load to anterior tibial load during simulated ski landing impact. J Biomech 2010; 43:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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