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Wright I, Minshall G, Young N, Riggs C. Fractures in Thoroughbred racing and the potential for pre-race identification of horses at risk. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:424-436. [PMID: 38200406 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Risk rates for and predisposing factors to fractures occurring in Thoroughbred racing that have been published in peer reviewed journals are documented. The potential for currently available techniques to identify horses at increased risk for fracture is discussed on the bases of principles, practicalities, advantages, disadvantages and current data. All are reviewed in light of justifiable decision making and importance of fractures to horseracing's social license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wright
- Newmarket Equine Referrals, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Riggs
- Equine Welfare Research Foundation, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Noordwijk KJ, Chen L, Ruspi BD, Schurer S, Papa B, Fasanello DC, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Porter IR, Basran PS, Donnelly E, Reesink HL. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050827. [PMID: 36899684 PMCID: PMC10000193 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture is the leading cause of fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong and the US. Efforts are underway to investigate diagnostic modalities that could help identify racehorses at increased risk of fracture; however, features associated with PSB fracture risk are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate third metacarpal (MC3) and PSB density and mineral content using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), Raman spectroscopy, and ash fraction measurements, and (2) investigate PSB quality and metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) pathology using Raman spectroscopy and CT. Forelimbs were collected from 29 Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers (n = 14 PSB fracture, n = 15 control) for DXA and CT imaging, and PSBs were sectioned for Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements. Bone mineral density (BMD) was greater in MC3 condyles and PSBs of horses with more high-speed furlongs. MCPJ pathology, including palmar osteochondral disease (POD), MC3 condylar sclerosis, and MC3 subchondral lysis were greater in horses with more high-speed furlongs. There were no differences in BMD or Raman parameters between fracture and control groups; however, Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements revealed regional differences in PSB BMD and tissue composition. Many parameters, including MC3 and PSB bone mineral density, were strongly correlated with total high-speed furlongs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J. Noordwijk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Leyi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bianca D. Ruspi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sydney Schurer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brittany Papa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diana C. Fasanello
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sean P. McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott E. Palmer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian R. Porter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Parminder S. Basran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
| | - Heidi L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (H.L.R.)
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Consoli FMA, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Arbelo M, Fulle S, Marchisio M, Encinoso M, Fernandez A, Rivero MA. Cetaceans Humerus Radiodensity by CT: A Useful Technique Differentiating between Species, Ecophysiology, and Age. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141793. [PMID: 35883340 PMCID: PMC9311750 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans are mammals that underwent a series of evolutionary adaptations to live in the aquatic environment, including morphological modifications of various anatomical structures of the skeleton and their bone mineral density (BMD); there are few studies on the latter. BMD is related to the radiodensity measured through computed tomography (CT) in Hounsfield units (HU). This work aimed to test and validate the usefulness of studying humeral bone radiodensity by CT of two cetacean species (the Atlantic spotted dolphin and the pygmy sperm whale) with different swimming and diving habits. The radiodensity was analysed at certain levels following a new protocol based on a review of previous studies. Humeral radiodensity values were related to four aspects: species, diving behaviour, swimming activity level, and age. We observed that the consistent differences in the radiodensity of the cortical bone of the distal epiphysis between animals of different life-history categories suggest that this bone portion could be particularly useful for future ontogenetic studies. Hence, this technique may be helpful in studying and comparing species with different ecophysiologies, particularly distinguishing between swimming and diving habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maria Achille Consoli
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.M.A.C.); (M.A.); (A.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.M.A.C.); (M.A.); (A.F.); (M.A.R.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.M.A.C.); (M.A.); (A.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Stefania Fulle
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University G. D’Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Mario Encinoso
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Las Palmas, Spain;
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.M.A.C.); (M.A.); (A.F.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Miguel A. Rivero
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Atlantic Center for Cetacean Research, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35400 Las Palmas, Spain; (F.M.A.C.); (M.A.); (A.F.); (M.A.R.)
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Luedke LK, Ilevbare P, Noordwijk KJ, Palomino PM, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Basran PS, Donnelly E, Reesink HL. Proximal sesamoid bone microdamage is localized to articular subchondral regions in Thoroughbred racehorses, with similar fracture toughness between fracture and controls. Vet Surg 2022; 51:952-962. [PMID: 35672916 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) microdamage and fracture toughness differ between Thoroughbred racehorses sustaining PSB fracture and controls. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric case-control. ANIMALS Twenty-four Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 12 PSB fracture, n = 12 control). METHODS Proximal sesamoid bones were dissected, and gross pathological changes and morphological measurements were documented. High-speed exercise history data were evaluated. Microdamage was assessed in fracture, fracture-contralateral limb (FXCL) and control PSBs using whole bone lead uranyl acetate (LUA) staining with micro-CT imaging or basic fuchsin histological analysis. Fracture toughness mechanical testing was carried out in 3-point-bending of microbeams created from PSB flexor cortices. Data were analyzed using ordinal logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS Microdamage was detected most commonly in the articular subchondral region of PSBs via LUA micro-CT and basic fuchsin histology. There were no differences in microdamage between FXCL and control PSBs. Fracture toughness values were similar for FXCL (1.31 MPa√m) and control (1.35 MPa√m) PSBs. Exercise histories were similar except that horses sustaining fracture spent a greater percentage of their careers in rest weeks. CONCLUSION Microdamage was detected in the articular region of PSBs but was not greater in horses sustaining catastrophic PSB fracture. Fracture toughness of PSB flexor cortices did not differ between FXCL and control PSBs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although uncommon, microdamage is localized to the articular region of Thoroughbred racehorse PSBs. Catastrophic PSB failure is not associated with lower PSB flexor cortex fracture toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Luedke
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Phoebe Ilevbare
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kira J Noordwijk
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pablo M Palomino
- Cornell University College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Scott E Palmer
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Parminder S Basran
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Cornell University College of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Requist MR, Sripanich Y, Rolvien T, Lenz AL, Barg A. Micro-CT analysis of the Lisfranc complex reveals higher bone mineral density in dorsal compared to plantar regions. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1457-1469. [PMID: 34406675 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the Lisfranc complex may require surgical fixation, the stability of which may be correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). However, there is limited research on regional BMD variations in the Lisfranc complex. This study used quantitative micro-CT to characterize regional BMD in the four bones (medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, first metatarsal, and second metatarsal) of this complex. Twenty-four cadaveric specimens were imaged with a calibration phantom using micro-CT. Each bone was segmented and divided into eight regions based on an anatomical coordinate system. BMD for each octant was calculated using scan-specific calibration equations and average image intensity. Differences between regions were analyzed using ANOVA with post hoc analysis and differences between groups of four octants in each plane were analyzed with t-tests with significance level α = 0.05. The highest density region in the medial cuneiform was the distal-dorsal-lateral and dorsal regions showed significantly higher BMD than plantar regions. The intermediate cuneiform had the highest density in the distal-dorsal-medial region and the dorsal and medial regions had higher BMD than the plantar and lateral regions, respectively. The densest region of the first metatarsal was the distal-dorsal-lateral and distal regions had significantly higher BMD than proximal regions. In the second metatarsal, the distal-dorsal-medial region had the highest density, and the distal, dorsal, and medial regions had significantly higher BMD than the proximal, plantar, and lateral regions, respectively. The predominant finding was a pattern of increased density in the dorsal bone regions, which may be relevant in the surgical management of Lisfranc injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Requist
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yantarat Sripanich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amy L Lenz
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexej Barg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Ayodele BA, Hitchens PL, Wong ASM, Mackie EJ, Whitton RC. Microstructural properties of the proximal sesamoid bones of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1169-1177. [PMID: 33244781 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proximal sesamoid bone fractures are common catastrophic injuries in racehorses. Understanding the response of proximal sesamoid bones to race training can inform fracture prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES To describe proximal sesamoid bone microstructure of racehorses and to investigate the associations between microstructure and racing histories. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Proximal sesamoid bones from 63 Thoroughbred racehorses were imaged using micro-computed tomography. Bone volume fraction (BVTV) and bone material density (BMD) of the whole bone and four regions (apical, midbody dorsal, midbody palmar and basilar) were determined. Generalised linear regression models were used to identify the associations between bone parameters and race histories of the horses. RESULTS The mean sesamoid BVTV was 0.79 ± 0.08 and BMD was 806.02 ± 24.66 mg HA/ccm. BVTV was greater in medial sesamoids compared with lateral sesamoids (0.80 ± 0.07 vs 0.79 ± 0.08; P < .001) predominantly due to differences in the apical region (medial-0.76 ± 0.08 vs lateral-0.72 ± 0.07; P < .001). BVTV in the midbody dorsal region (0.86 ± 0.06) was greater than other regions (midbody palmar-0.79 ± 0.07, basilar-0.78 ± 0.06 and apical-0.74 ± 0.08; P < .001). BVTV was greater in sesamoids with more microcracks on their articular surface (Coef. 0.005; 95% CI 0.001, 0.009; P = .01), greater extent of bone resorption on their abaxial surface (Grade 2-0.82 ± 0.05 vs Grade 1-0.80 ± 0.05 or Grade 0-0.79 ± 0.06; P = .006), in horses with a low (0.82 ± 0.07) or mid handicap rating (0.78 ± 0.08) compared with high rating (0.76 ± 0.07; P < .001), in 2- to 5-year-old horses (0.81 ± 0.07) compared with younger (0.68 ± 0.08) or older horses (0.77 ± 0.08; P < .001) and in horses that commenced their racing career at less than 4 years of age (0.79 ± 0.08 vs 0.77 ± 0.77; P < .001). BMD was greater in the midbody dorsal (828.6 ± 19.6 mg HA/ccm) compared with other regions (apical-805.8 ± 21.8, midbody palmar-804.7 ± 18.4 and basilar-785.0 ± 17.1; P < .001), in horses with a handicap rating (low-812.1 ± 20.0, mid-821.8 ± 21.3 and high-814.6 ± 19.4) compared with those with no rating (791.08 ± 24.4, P < .001), in females (806.7 ± 22.0) and geldings (812.2 ± 22.4) compared with entires (792.7 ± 26.2; P = .02) and in older horses (<2-year-old-763.7 ± 24.8 vs 2- to 5-year-old-802.7 ± 23.4, and 6- to 12-year-old-817.8 ± 20.0; P = .002). MAIN LIMITATIONS Data were cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS Densification of the proximal sesamoid bones is associated with the commencement of racing in younger horses and the presence of bone fatigue-related pathology. Lower sesamoid BVTV was associated with longevity and better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde A Ayodele
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peta L Hitchens
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adelene S M Wong
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Christopher Whitton
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Basran PS, Gao J, Palmer S, Reesink HL. A radiomics platform for computing imaging features from µCT images of Thoroughbred racehorse proximal sesamoid bones: Benchmark performance and evaluation. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:277-286. [PMID: 32654167 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fractures are the most common fatal musculoskeletal injury in North American racehorses. Computed tomography has the potential to detect morphological changes in bone structure but can be challenging to analyse reliably and quantitatively. OBJECTIVES To develop a radiomics platform that allows the comparison of features from micro-CTs (µCT) of PSBs in horses that sustained catastrophic fractures with horses that did not. To compare features calculated with a radiomics approach with features calculated from a previously published study that used quantitative µCT in the same specimens. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of cadaver specimens of µCT images of PSBs using prospectively applied radiomics. METHODS Radiomics features were computed on standardised CT datasets to benchmark the software. Features from µCT images of PSBs from eight horses that sustained PSB fracture and eight controls were computed using the contralateral, intact forelimb from horses sustaining PSB fracture (cases, n = 19) and all available forelimbs for controls (n = 30). Two-hundred and fifteen radiomic features were calculated, and similar or comparable features were compared with those reported in a previous study that used the same specimens. RESULTS Morphologic features computed with the radiomics approach, such as volume, minor axis dimensions and anisotropy were highly correlated with previously published data. A high number of imperceptible radiomic features, such as entropy, coarseness and histogram features were also found to be significantly different (P < .01). The extent of the differences in image features for the cases and controls PSBs depends on radiomic calculation settings. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only datasets obtained from cadaver specimens were included in the study. CONCLUSIONS A radiomics approach for analysing µCT images of PSBs was able to identify and reproduce differences in image features in cases and controls. Furthermore, radiomics revealed many more imperceptible image features between cases and control PSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Gao
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Scott Palmer
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Equine and Farm Animal Hospital, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Reesink HL, Palmer SE. Letter to the Editor: Selection of appropriate controls for studying fatal musculoskeletal injury in racehorses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:559-560. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. L. Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. E. Palmer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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9
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Cresswell EN, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Hernandez CJ, Reesink HL. Can quantitative computed tomography detect bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses? Equine Vet J 2018; 51:123-130. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. P. McDonough
- Biomedical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - S. E. Palmer
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - C. J. Hernandez
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
| | - H. L. Reesink
- Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
- Equine and Farm Animal Hospital; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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10
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Volumetric changes in cerebellar regions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with healthy controls. Spine J 2013; 13:1904-11. [PMID: 23988458 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformation that affects adolescents, especially girls. The etiopathogenesis of this disease remains uncertain, and studies have been carried out to understand its cause and related organs. Previous studies suggest that AIS is probably related to the cerebellum dysfunction, which could also be related to the abnormality in morphology of the cerebellum. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between AIS and the volume and morphology of cerebellum. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING The study design of the cerebellum segmentation and volume quantification involved the following four steps: whole-brain normalization, cerebellum isolation, mapping with the statistical cerebellum template, and cerebellum regional volume correction. PATIENT SAMPLE In particular, high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of 50 AIS patients with the right-thoracic curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) and 40 age-matched normal controls were acquired. The exclusion criteria included history of head injury, back injury, severe headache, weakness or numbness in any limbs, urinary incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and any space-occupying lesion found on magnetic resonance (MR) images. OUTCOME MEASURES The AIS subjects were all with moderate-to-severe curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) (9 moderate and 41 severe; mean Cobb angle 48.7°, range 20°-90°). METHODS The cerebellum was parcellated to 28 regions by mapping with a well-recognized probabilistic MR cerebellum atlas. Student t test of each cerebellar region and the correction for multiple comparisons were performed. RESULTS The volumes of four regions, namely right VIIIa, right VIIIb, left X, and right X, were significantly increased by approximately 7.43% to 8.25% in the AIS compared with the control group. Statistically, the results suggested that the cerebellar volume in AIS patients was larger compared with normal controls in the cerebellum regions of prepyramidal-prebiventer and intrabiventer fissures, intrabiventer and secondary fissures, and floccular-nodular (X)-posterolateral fissure to the inferior hemispheric margin. CONCLUSIONS The functions of the affected regions involve motor control, somatosensory, working memory, language, and response to visual stimulation. We conclude that the volume difference could be compensatory consequences in the central nervous system because of the persistent effort in AIS patients to maintain the body balance given the asymmetric spine.
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