Moment arm function dictates patella sagittal height anatomy: Rabbit epiphysiodesis model alters limb length ratios and subsequent patellofemoral anatomical development

Increased lower limb length ratio in patients with patellar instability

PURPOSE

Patellar height is a risk factor for patellar instability, correlated with the tibia length/femur length (T/F) ratio. This study aimed to explore the changes in the T/F ratio in patients with patella instability and the potential correlation with the morphology of the patellofemoral joint and extensor moment arm.

METHOD

A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the ratio of lower limb length morphological characteristics of the patellofemoral by full weight-bearing long-leg standing radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography in 75 patients with patellar instability and 75 participants from a randomly selected control group from January 2020 to September 2021. A total of eight parts were measured, including mechanical tibia length/femur length (mT/F) ratio, anatomical tibia length/femur length (aT/F) ratio, hip-knee-ankle angle, femoral neck-shaft angle, femoral valgus cut angle, patellar height, Dejour classification, sulcus angle, trochlear angle, medial trochlear inclination, lateral trochlear inclination, patella tilt angle and patellar tendon moment arm to evaluate the difference of morphology between patient group and control groups.

RESULTS

The mT/F (0.840 ± 0.031 vs. 0.812 ± 0.026, p < 0.001) and aT/F (0.841 ± 0.033 vs. 0.808 ± 0.028, p < 0.001) ratios in the patient group were significantly greater than that in the control group. There was a significant correlation between patellar height and increased mT/F and aT/F ratios (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Patients with patellar instability had a larger lower limb length ratio, and the change in lower limb length ratio was correlated with patellar height.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV