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Kitamura A, Yamamoto M, Hirouchi H, Watanabe G, Taniguchi S, Sekiya S, Ishizuka S, Jeong J, Higa K, Yamashita S, Abe S. Downregulation of SOX9 expression in developing entheses adjacent to intramembranous bone. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301080. [PMID: 38728328 PMCID: PMC11086909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Entheses are classified into three types: fibrocartilaginous, fibrous, and periosteal insertions. However, the mechanism behind the development of fibrous entheses and periosteal insertions remains unclear. Since both entheses are part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), this study analyzes the TMJ entheses. Here, we show that SOX9 expression is negatively regulated during TMJ enthesis development, unlike fibrocartilage entheses which are modularly formed by SCX and SOX9 positive progenitors. The TMJ entheses was adjacent to the intramembranous bone rather than cartilage. SOX9 expression was diminished during TMJ enthesis development. To clarify the functional role of Sox9 in the development of TMJ entheses, we examined these structures in TMJ using Wnt1Cre;Sox9flox/+ reporter mice. Wnt1Cre;Sox9flox/+ mice showed enthesial deformation at the TMJ. Next, we also observed a diminished SOX9 expression area at the enthesis in contact with the clavicle's membranous bone portion, similar to the TMJ entheses. Together, these findings reveal that the timing of SOX9 expression varies with the ossification development mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Kitamura
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Department of Anatomy, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Hirouchi
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sayo Sekiya
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Ophthalmology/Cornea Center, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamashita
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Suito H, Fujikawa K, Ohsako M. ENPP1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation in growth-related calcification of the tibial tuberosity in rats. J Anat 2024; 244:333-342. [PMID: 37814911 PMCID: PMC10780148 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During tibial tuberosity growth, superficial and deep portions can be observed; however, the deep portion is not observed after the growth period, as it develops into bone tissues. Calcification in vivo is known to be constitutively suppressed by ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) but promoted by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). FGF23 promotes calcification of enthesis. Gene expression of FGF23 increased rapidly at 13W in this study. Therefore, the tibial tuberosity is speculated to develop via Enpp1 downregulation and Tnap upregulation; however, the understanding of these processes remains unclear. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to explore the age-related structural changes and underlying gene expression changes in the tibial tuberosity of rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (3-, 7-, and 13-week-old; eight each). The tibial tuberosity superficial and deep portions were clearly observed in 3- and 7-week-old rats, but the presence of the deep portion was not confirmed in 13-week-old rats. The extracellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes was calcified. Furthermore, the Enpp1 expression was the highest in 3-week-old rats and decreased with growth. The TNAP expression did not differ significantly among the groups. The deep portion area was significantly lower in 3-week-old rats than in 7-week-old rats. Generally, the extracellular matrix of the immature chondrocytes is not calcified. Therefore, we speculated that the cartilaginous tibial tuberosity calcifies and ossifies with growth. The Enpp1 expression decreased with growth, whereas the Tnap expression remained unchanged. Thus, we surmise that the tibial tuberosity calcifies with growth and that this process involves Enpp1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation. As Osgood-Schlatter disease is closely related to the calcification of the tibial tuberosity, these findings may help clarify the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirai Suito
- Graduate School of Human Life Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellowships DC, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohsako
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Subramanian A, Kanzaki LF, Schilling TF. Mechanical force regulates Sox9 expression at the developing enthesis. Development 2023; 150:dev201141. [PMID: 37497608 PMCID: PMC10445799 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Entheses transmit force from tendons and ligaments to the skeleton. Regional organization of enthesis extracellular matrix (ECM) generates differences in stiffness required for force transmission. Two key transcription factors co-expressed in entheseal tenocytes, scleraxis (Scx) and Sox9, directly control production of enthesis ECM components. Formation of embryonic craniofacial entheses in zebrafish coincides with onset of jaw movements, possibly in response to the force of muscle contraction. We show dynamic changes in scxa and sox9a mRNA levels in subsets of entheseal tenocytes that correlate with their roles in force transmission. We also show that transcription of a direct target of Scxa, Col1a, in enthesis ECM is regulated by the ratio of scxa to sox9a expression. Eliminating muscle contraction by paralyzing embryos during early stages of musculoskeletal differentiation alters relative levels of scxa and sox9a in entheses, primarily owing to increased sox9a expression. Force-dependent TGF-β (TGFβ) signaling is required to maintain this balance of scxa and sox9a expression. Thus, force from muscle contraction helps establish a balance of transcription factor expression that controls specialized ECM organization at the tendon enthesis and its ability to transmit force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lauren F. Kanzaki
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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