Determination of orally coadministered nadolol and its deuterated analogue in human serum and urine by gas chromatography with selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry

Clinical pharmacokinetics of nadolol: A systematic review

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Nadolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist that is used for the treatment of hypertension and angina. The primary route for its administration is oral. It is given once daily as it has a longer half-life (t½). The purpose of conducting this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive view of all the available pharmacokinetic (PK) data on nadolol in humans. This review aimed to systematically collate and analyze publish data on the clinical PK of nadolol in humans and this can be beneficial for the clinicians in dosage adjustments.

METHODS

Two electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were used for conducting a systematic literature search. All the relevant articles containing PK data of nadolol in humans were retrieved. A total of 1275 articles were searched from both databases and after applying eligibility criteria finally, 22 articles were included for conducting the systematic review.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C_max ) of nadolol increased in a dose-dependent manner. The t½ of nadolol was increased to double (18.2-68.6 h) in the patients with chronic kidney disease while the serum t½ became shorter (3.2-4.3 h) when administered to the children. The bioavailability of nadolol was greatly reduced by the coadministration of green tea. Nadolol can be effectively removed by hemodialysis. It undergoes enterohepatic circulation thus activated charcoal decreased its bioavailability.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

Since, there is no previous report of a systematic review on the PK of nadolol, the current review encompasses all the relevant published articles on nadolol in humans. The analysis and understanding of PK parameters (AUC, C_max , and t½) of nadolol may be helpful in the development and evaluation of PK models.

Determination of nadolol diastereomers in dog plasma using chiral derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of four diastereomers of nadolol in plasma. After the nadolol diastereomers were extracted from plasma using an Extrelut-1 solid-phase extraction cartridge, they were derivatized with (R)-(-)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylisocyanate to form urea derivatives. These derivatives were then separated on a YMC-AM-303 ODS column using water-acetonitrile (60:40, v/v). The calibration curves of (SR)-, (RS)-, (SS)-, and (RR)-nadolol were linear over the range 2.5-200 ng/ml, and the correlation coefficient (r) of the curves were higher than 0.9991 for each diastereomer. The limit of quantification was 2.5 ng/ml for each diastereomer in plasma. This method was used for a pharmacokinetic study in four dogs after oral administration of nadolol (1 mg/kg). The plasma concentrations of nadolol diastereomers showed no significant differences in Cmax, Tmax or AUC values. The assay appears to be readily applicable to the study of diastereoselective nadolol pharmacokinetics in animals and humans.