Effect of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on substrates supplemented with herb residues on yield characteristics, substrates degradation, and fruiting bodies' properties

Effect of steam cooking and particle size on the nutritional composition, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) powder

In this study raw and steamed Pleurotus ostreatus were dried and ground and fractionated by sieving into four granulometric classes (< 200 µm, 200-250 µm, 250-355 µm and > 355 µm) and unsieved powders. The combined steam cooking and sieving improved the content of total polyphenols (+ 59.45%), flavonoids (+ 76.47%), condensed tannins (+ 68.75%) and trace elements (+ 45.51% Fe, + 63.63% Cu, + 62.42% Mn, + 121.11% Zn, and + 53.52% Se) as well as in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activities in the finest fraction < 200 µm compared to the raw powder. It was found that the intake at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight of the finest fractions of raw and steamed powders by the stressed rats had more of a hepatoprotective effect marked by a reduction in the level of transaminases ALAT and ASAT. This work opens a new approach for valuing edible mushrooms in the development of new food products with high antioxidant value.

Microbial Inoculation during the Short-Term Composting Process Enhances the Nutritional and Functional Properties of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)

In recent years, short-term composting techniques have been widely applied in oyster mushroom cultivation, but there is still a lack of systematic research on their impact on the nutritional and functional properties of fruiting bodies. In this study, the microbial inoculant Streptomyces thermoviolaceus BUA-FM01 (ST) was applied in the short-term composting process for oyster mushroom cultivation. The agronomic traits, nutritional composition, flavor compounds, and antioxidant activity of fruiting bodies from the first three flushes were evaluated. The results show that microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total carbon content and C/N ratio of the composted substrates and, furthermore, increased the total yield of the fruiting bodies. Moreover, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the crude protein, crude polysaccharide, total amino acid, and essential amino acid contents of the fruiting bodies. The fruiting bodies of the first flush of ST treatment possessed the highest umami amino acid content and equivalent umami concentration value. Furthermore, microbial inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the scavenging ability of crude polysaccharides toward free radicals. The results indicate that microbial inoculation has many benefits for the composting cultivating process of oyster mushrooms and good application prospects.

Recycling utilization of Chinese medicine herbal residues resources: systematic evaluation on industrializable treatment modes

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an indispensable part of the world health and medical system and plays an important role in treatment, prevention, and health care. These TCM produce a large amount of Chinese medicine herbal residues (CHMRs) during the application process, most of which are the residues after the decoction or extraction of botanical medicines. These CMHRs contain a large number of unused components, which can be used in medical, breeding, planting, materials, and other industries. Considering the practical application requirements, this paper mainly introduces the low-cost treatment methods of CHMRs, including the extraction of active ingredients, cultivation of edible fungi, and manufacture of feed. These methods not only have low upfront investment, but also have some income in the future. Furthermore, other methods are briefly introduced. In conclusion, this paper can provide a reference for people who need to deal with CMHRs and contribute to the sustainable development of TCM.

Nutritional qualities and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus floridanus grown on composted peach sawdust substrate with different composting time

Recently, composting cultivation method is widely used in oyster mushroom production. In this study, we focused on the effects of composting processes on nutritional qualities and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus floridanus mushroom fruiting bodies. Three treatments of different composting time (2, 4, and 5 days) were performed with an atmospheric sterilization treatment as the control. The results showed that the pH value, total carbon content, and total nitrogen content of substrate were critical parameters which would significantly affect mushroom qualities and bioactivities. Fruiting bodies of the control demonstrated significantly higher crude protein content, total amino acid content, and essential amino acid content than that of composting treatments. Moreover, fruiting bodies of treatment D4 and D5 manifested significantly higher crude polysaccharide contents. Crude polysaccharide of treatment D4 represented the highest scavenging ability toward both radical 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS·⁺ ) and Hydroxyl radical (OH·). It suggests that composting processes is suitable for oyster mushroom cultivation based on nutritional and antioxidant qualities of fruiting bodies.

Optimization of White-Rot Fungi Mycelial Culture Components for Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical-Derived Pollutants

White-rot fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of environmental pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, which are not efficiently removed from wastewater by conventional methods, e.g., the activated sludge method. However, the treatment of wastewater with the use of fungal cultures (mycoremediation) also has significant limitations: among others, the need to use appropriate, often-expensive culture media. We aimed to screen 18 media ingredients, including seven agrifood byproducts for Armillaria mellea, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged cultures to select the low-cost medium optimal for biomass production and laccase activity. We screened nine mathematic models to describe the relation of fungal growth and the amount of the selected byproduct in media. Finally, we tested the ability of the strain with the highest mycelial growth and enzyme-producing ability in the selected medium to degrade eight drug contaminants. Three media variants composed of byproducts provided both efficient growth and laccase production: corn steep liquor + poplar, dried distillers grains with solubles + poplar and corn steep liquor 50%. Among the investigated growth models, the Han–Levenspiel equation described well the specific growth rate in function of the nominal substrate concentration in one-component media. Pleurotus ostreatus, the fungus with the highest ligninolytic enzyme activity, cultured in medium composed of corn steep liquor, removed six of eight drug contaminants with a removal degree of 20–90% in 48 h. The obtained data on the optimal culture media consisting of insoluble components provide initial data for upscaling the process and designing an appropriate type of bioreactor for the process of removing drug contaminants from water.

Assessment role of total phenols and flavonoids extracted from Pleurotus columbinus mushroom on the premature ovarian failure induced by chemotherapy in rats

BACKGROUND

Many species of mushroom contain an assortment of free radical scavengers (Phenolics and Flavonoids compounds) that have made them nutritionally beneficial and a source of expansion of drug production. In this study, we examined the preventive and remedial role of total phenol extract from Pleurotus columbines (TP) in alleviating the consequences of cyclophosphamide (CTX) on the ovaries of female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy controls, cyclophosphamide (CTX), received a TP (100 mg/kg) orally daily for 14 days and curative group: CTX-TP, we determined and identified a total phenol from a mushroom extract and examined it as an antioxidant agent. To investigate the therapeutic influence, it was administrated 2 weeks after CTX. To assess the impact of TP on ovarian damage caused by CTX, ovarian hormone tests were performed such as luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Besides, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum was evaluated, and histopathological analysis of the ovary was examined.

RESULTS

This study indicates that treatment with TP decreased the severity of cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury by reducing inflammation and apoptotic effects and increasing the activity of antioxidants.

CONCLUSIONS

TP could be used to alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced ovary injury.

Chemical composition and chromatographic fingerprint of three strains of Agaricus subrufescens cultivated with handmade and commercial supplements

Exploratory factor analysis was applied to determine the chemical differences between fruitbodies of three Agaricus subrufescens mushroom strains [from Japan (JP), Brazil (ABZ), and Belgium (T2)] grown with handmade and commercial supplements. The composition of the ABZ strain cultivated with agro-industrial waste supplement presented a high nutritional composition regarding the amounts of fibre and protein, similar to mushrooms cultivated with the commercial supplement. The chromatographic fingerprints obtained for T2 and JP strains grown with commercial supplements presented similar profiles compared to those cultivated with the supplement based on peanut and the mix of supplements. The chromatographic analysis also showed that the similarities are correlated with the relative abundance of antioxidant compounds annotated by HPLC-MS, such as vanillic acid deoxyhexoside, caffeic acid hexoside, catechin hexosemalonate, digallic acid, cinnamic acid derivative, and p-coumaroylmalic acid. This study showed that handmade supplements based on agro-industrial waste could be viable alternatives for replacing high-cost supplements.

The yield and quality of Pleurotus abieticola grown on nematode-infected Pinus massoniana chips

In this study, we investigated the use of nematode-infected Pinus massoniana chips (NPC) as the main ingredient in Pleurotus abieticola substrate. The effects of different substrate formulas on nutritional parameters, including total sugars, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and fatty acids were assessed. The results indicated that NPC was suitable for P. abieticola cultivation. However, the addition of certain amounts of corncobs (CC) and cottonseed hulks (CH) improved the yield. Substrate T5 (45% NPC, 6% CC, and 27% CH) had the greatest yield (121.38 g per bag), 34.56% greater than the yield of the control (78% poplar chips), which was 79.43 g per bag. Across the 11 substrate formulas tested, the total sugar, polysaccharide, crude protein, and crude lipid contents were 16.60-28.90%, 2.71-3.73%, 36.49-45.42%, and 1.03-4.34%, respectively. On all substrates, the fruiting bodies contained 17 amino acids, primarily glutamine (2.42-4.11%), followed by proline (2.56-3.73%), leucine (2.09-3.19%), phenylalanine (1.56-2.61%), and glycine (1.76-2.55%). The fruiting bodies contained 12 fatty acids, of which linoleic acid was the most abundant (82.36%-84.03%), followed by palmitic acid (6.42%-6.89%) and oleic acid (5.50%-7.34%). The fatty acid content was closely associated with the NPC content, which might indicate that NPC promoted fatty acid accumulation. Thus, NPC represents a new substrate suitable for P. abieticola cultivation.