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Huo X, Zhou Y, Zhu N, Guo X, Luo W, Zhuang Y, Leng F, Wang Y. Soil Organic Matter and Total Nitrogen Reshaped Root-Associated Bacteria Community and Synergistic Change the Stress Resistance of Codonopsis pilosula. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01217-3. [PMID: 38890219 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The stress resistance of medicinal plants is essential to the accumulation of pharmacological active ingredients, but the regulation mechanism of biological factors and abiotic factors on medicinal plants is still unclear. To investigate the mechanism of soil nutrient and microecology on the stress resistance of C. pilosula, rhizosphere soil and roots were collected across the four seasons in Minxian, Gansu, and their physicochemical properties, as well as root-associated microorganisms, were examined. The results showed that the bacterial α-diversity indexes increased in the endosphere and rhizosphere from summer to autumn. At the same time, the community composition and function changed considerably. The stability of the endophytic bacterial community was higher than that rhizospheric bacteria, and the complexity of the endophytic bacterial community was lower than rhizospheric bacteria. Soil organic matter (OM), water content (WC), total potassium (TK), and total nitrogen (TN) have been identified as the key factors affecting bacterial community diversity and stress resistance of C. pilosula. WC, TN, and OM showed significant differences from summer to autumn (P < 0.5). Four key soil physiochemical factors changed significantly between seasons (P < 0.01). TN and OM change the stress resistance of C. pilosula mainly by changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Changes of OM and endophytic bacterial diversity affect the accumulation of soluble sugars to alter stress resistance. These four key soil physicochemical factors significantly influenced the diversity of endophytic bacteria. WC and OM were identified as the most important factors for endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria, respectively. This study provided the research basis for the scientific planting of C. pilosula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Huo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiaopeng Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Wen Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Feifan Leng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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2
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Zhang CW, Zou YF, Zou Y, JiZe XP, Li CY, Fu YP, Huang C, Li LX, Yin ZQ, Wu FM, Rise F, Inngjerdingen KT, Zhang SQ, Zhao XH, Song X, Zhou X, Ye G, Tian ML. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Paeoniae Radix alba: Extraction optimization, structural characterization and antioxidant mechanism in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131816. [PMID: 38677682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Paeoniae Radix alba is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, immunomodulatory, cancer, and other diseases. In the current study, the yield of Paeoniae Radix alba polysaccharide (PRP) was significantly increased with optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction compared to hot water extraction. Further, an acidic polysaccharide (PRP-AP) was isolated from PRP after chromatographic separation and was characterized as a typical pectic polysaccharide with side chains of arabinogalactans types I and II. Moreover, it showed antioxidant effects on LPS-induced damage on IPEC-J2 cells determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, including decreasing the pro-inflammatory factors' expressions and increasing the antioxidant enzymes activities, which was shown to be related to the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway modulated by PRP-AP. The metabolites change (such as itaconate, cholesterol sulfate, etc.) detected by untargeted metabolomic analysis in cells was also shown to be modulated by PRP-AP, and these metabolites were further utilized and protected cells damaged by LPS. These results revealed the cellular active mechanism of the macromolecular PRP-AP on protecting cells, and supported the hypothesis that PRP-AP has strong benefits as an alternative dietary supplement for the prevention of intestinal oxidative stress by modulating cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ping JiZe
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu-Ping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | | | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Tvete Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sha-Qiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meng-Liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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3
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Zhou J, Wang J, Li D, Zhang Z, Wang C, Zhang X, Xu X, Gao J. An inulin-type fructan CP-A from Codonopsis pilosula alleviates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis based on serum-untargeted metabolomics. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G216-G227. [PMID: 38193197 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00214.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool as the main symptoms. Several studies have confirmed that polysaccharides are effective against UC. It is commonly accepted that the traditional benefits of Radix Codonopsis can be attributed to its polysaccharide contents, and inulin-type fructan CP-A is the main active monomer in the polysaccharide components. Herein, we established a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced UC rat model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model (NCM460) to investigate the effect of CP-A on UC. Untargeted metabolomics studies were conducted to identify differential metabolites using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and enrich metabolic pathways in rat serum. The in vivo assays demonstrated that CP-A reduces colonic macroscopic injury, disease activity index (DAI), histopathological score, interleukin (IL)-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, as well as the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules. On the other hand, CP-A increases IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels. The in vitro experiments indicated that CP-A treatment could reduce nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β after LPS stimulation. The metabolomics results suggested that CP-A therapy for UC may be related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The in vitro and in vivo validation of the pathway showed similar results, indicating that CP-A alleviates UC by preventing the activation of mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. These findings offer a fresh approach to treating UC and a theoretical foundation for the future advancement of CP-A.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that an inulin-type fructan from Codonopsis pilosula CP-A exhibits a therapeutic effect on experimental colitis. Its mechanism may be to alleviate intestinal inflammation by preventing the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6K signaling pathway. These findings offer a fresh approach to treating ulcerative colitis (UC) and a theoretical foundation for the future advancement of CP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Zhang
- Urology Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiexin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Fu YP, Li CY, Zou YF, Peng X, Paulsen BS, Wangensteen H, Inngjerdingen KT. Bioactive polysaccharides in different plant parts of Aconitum carmichaelii. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:746-758. [PMID: 37670420 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aconitum carmichaelii is an industrially cultivated medicinal plant in China and its lateral and mother roots are used in traditional Chinese medicine due to the presence of alkaloids. However, the rootlets and aerial parts are discarded after collection of the roots, and the non-toxic polysaccharides in this plant have attracted less attention than the alkaloids and poisonous features. In this study, five neutral and 14 acidic polysaccharide fractions were isolated systematically from different plant parts of A. carmichaelii, and their structural features and bioactivity were studied and compared. RESULTS The neutral fraction isolated from the rootlets differed from those isolated from the lateral and mother roots. It consisted of less starch and more possible mannans, galactans, and/or xyloglucans, being similar to those of the aerial parts. Pectic polysaccharides containing homogalacturonan and branched type-I rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) were present in all plant parts of A. carmichaelii. However, more arabinogalactan (AG)-II side chains in the RG-I backbone were present in the aerial parts of the plants, while more amounts of arabinans were found in the roots. Various immunomodulatory effects were observed, determined by complement fixation activity and anti-inflammatory effects on the intestinal epithelial cells of all polysaccharide fractions. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the diversity of polysaccharides present in A. carmichaelii, especially in the unutilized plant parts, and showed their potential medicinal value. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Fu
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Berit Smestad Paulsen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Wangensteen
- Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Kang J, Sha XX, Geng CJ, Li LX, Chen J, Ren FC, Tian ML. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterization of Penthorum chinense polysaccharide with anti-inflammatory effects. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106593. [PMID: 37696214 PMCID: PMC10498194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Penthorum chinense has been used in both food and medication for many years, and polysaccharide of which was considered as one of the bioactive compounds. However, the extraction process of polysaccharide from P. chinense (PCP) was not well optimized. Ultrasound-assisted extractionhas been widely employed in the extraction of natural products for its compliance with the concept of green and economic chemistry. To better investigate the structure and biology activity of PCP, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of PCP. The optimum extraction for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of PCP were obtained as ratio of solvent to material 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power 380 W, and extraction time of 50 min. The yield of PCP reached 8.71% under these optimized conditions. PCP was further purified by using anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, an acidic fraction PCP-AP-1 was hereby obtained. The results of structural elucidation indicated that PCP-AP-1 was a typical pectic polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 66360 Da, mainly composed of galacturonic acid (68.5 mol%), followed by arabinose (9.8 mol%), rhamnose (9.4 mol%), glucose (7.7 mol%), with homogalacturonan region and rhamnogalacturonan I regions. In vitro study showed that PCP-AP-1 could improve the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells, which was probably performed through the inhibition of multiple signaling pathways including the inhibition of TLR4, NOD1/2 and NF-κB pathway, as well as the reduction of NLRP3 inflammasome. This study defined the type of polysaccharide present in P. chinense and revealed a potential of application this plant in the prevention of intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xi Sha
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Cai-Juan Geng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Feng-Chun Ren
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Meng-Liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
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6
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Zou Y, Yan H, Li C, Wen F, Jize X, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Li L, Liu F, Chen J, Li R, Chen X, Tian M. A Pectic Polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula Alleviates Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress of Aging Mice via Modulating Intestinal Microbiota-Related Gut-Liver Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1781. [PMID: 37760084 PMCID: PMC10525188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process that leads to the progressive deterioration and loss of physiological functions in the human body and results in an increase in morbidity and mortality, and aging-related disease is a major global problem that poses a serious threat to public health. Polysaccharides have been shown to delay aging by reducing oxidative damage, suppressing inflammatory responses, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Our previous studies have shown that polysaccharide CPP-1 extracted from the root of Codonopsis pilosula possesses noticeable anti-oxidant activity in vitro. Thus, in our study, we tested the anti-aging effect of CPP-1 in naturally aging mice (in vivo). Eighteen C57/BL mice (48-week-old, male) were divided into a control group, high-dose CPP-1 group (20 mg/mL), and low-dose CPP-1 group (10 mg/mL). We discovered that CPP-1 can exert a reparative effect on aging stress in the intestine and liver, including alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. We revealed that CPP-1 supplementation improved the intestinal microbiota composition and repaired the intestinal barrier in the gut. Furthermore, CPP-1 was proved to modulate lipid metabolism and repair hepatocyte injury in the liver by influencing the enterohepatic axis associated with the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we concluded that CPP-1 prevents and alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the intestine and liver of aging mice by modulating the intestinal microbiota-related gut-liver axis to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Hong Yan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Cenyu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Fang Wen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Xiaoping Jize
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Chaowen Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Yuzhe Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Yuping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (L.L.)
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Rui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Xingfu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
| | - Mengliang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.L.)
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Zou YF, Li CY, Fu YP, JiZe XP, Zhao YZ, Peng X, Wang JY, Yin ZQ, Li YP, Song X, Li LX, Zhao XH, Feng B, Huang C, Ye G, Tang HQ, Chen J, Li R, Chen XF, Tian ML. Angelica sinensis aboveground part polysaccharide and its metabolite 5-MT ameliorate colitis via modulating gut microbiota and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124689. [PMID: 37148926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Angelica sinensis have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. However, tons of aerial parts of this herb (aboveground part) are commonly discarded during the process of root preparations. A polysaccharide (ASP-Ag-AP) in the aboveground parts of A. sinensis was isolated and preliminarily characterized as typical plant pectin. ASP-Ag-AP exhibited noticeable protective effects against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, including reduction of colonic inflammation, modulation of barrier function, and alteration of gut microbiota and serum metabolite profile. Anti-inflammatory effects of ASP-Ag-AP were observed by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the level of serum metabolite 5-methyl-dl-tryptophan (5-MT) was reduced by DSS and restored by ASP-Ag-AP, which also negatively correlated with Bacteroides, Alistipes, Staphylococcus and pro-inflammatory factors. The protection from inflammatory stress on intestinal porcine enterocytes cells (IPEC-J2) of 5-MT was observed through the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Besides, 5-MT also exhibited robust anti-inflammatory effect in colitis mice with improving colitis symptoms, barrier function and gut microbiota, which was the same as presented by ASP-Ag-AP. Therefore, ASP-Ag-AP could be a promising agent for colitis prevention and 5-MT could be the signal metabolite of ASP-Ag-AP on defending against intestinal inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping JiZe
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhe Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, China College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Meng-Liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
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8
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Liu M, Zhang G, Zhou K, Wen J, Zheng F, Sun L, Ren X. Structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and the effects of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides on the solubility and stability of flavonoids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115368. [PMID: 37001273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula (CP) possesses properties related to nourishing the spleen and stomach, and tonifying Qi of the stomach and mind in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPPS), which are the primary active components of CP, are thought to be in charge of their extensive use. Rutin, quercetin, luteoloside, and luteolin, are common and pharmacologically significant flavonoids with many pharmacological activities, but their oral bioavailability is limited by poor solubility and stability. In this study, high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) estimated the molecular weight of CPPS to be 9.7 × 105 Da. Sugar analysis revealed that CPPS is composed of D-mannose, D-glucose, and D-xylose with a molar ratio of 5.8:1.9:1.0. Moreover, the antioxidant test showed that CPPS had good antioxidant activity. It is worth noting that CPPS integrated the four flavonoids to form a spongy compound that significantly increased the solubilities and stabilities of flavonoids. The bonding constants of the CPPS and flavonoid-derived inclusion complexes ranged from 60 L mol-1 to 2,030,816 L mol-1, which demonstrated the capacity of CPPS to interact with flavonoids intermolecularly to form a drug complex system, resulting in potentially enhanced biopharmaceutical properties of flavonoids. This finding could provide a reference point for further applications of polysaccharides from herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guoqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jinli Wen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Fuxiang Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lili Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Luo JH, Li J, Shen ZC, Lin XF, Chen AQ, Wang YF, Gong ES, Liu D, Zou Q, Wang XY. Advances in health-promoting effects of natural polysaccharides: Regulation on Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1102146. [PMID: 36875839 PMCID: PMC9978827 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides (NPs) possess numerous health-promoting effects, such as liver protection, kidney protection, lung protection, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, gastrointestinal protection, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic, and anti-aging. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway is an important endogenous antioxidant pathway, which plays crucial roles in maintaining human health as its protection against oxidative stress. Accumulating evidence suggested that Nrf2 antioxidant pathway might be one of key regulatory targets for the health-promoting effects of NPs. However, the information concerning regulation of NPs on Nrf2 antioxidant pathway is scattered, and NPs show different regulatory behaviors in their different health-promoting processes. Therefore, in this article, structural features of NPs having regulation on Nrf2 antioxidant pathway are overviewed. Moreover, regulatory effects of NPs on this pathway for health-promoting effects are summarized. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship of NPs for health-promoting effects by regulating the pathway is preliminarily discussed. Otherwise, the prospects on future work for regulation of NPs on this pathway are proposed. This review is beneficial to well-understanding of underlying mechanisms for health-promoting effects of NPs from the view angle of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, and provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of NPs in promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hong Luo
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zi-Chun Shen
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Lin
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ao-Qiu Chen
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Er-Sheng Gong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zou
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health of Ganzhou, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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10
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Yu Y, Ding S, Xu X, Yan D, Fan Y, Ruan B, Zhang X, Zheng L, Jie W, Zheng S. Integrating Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics to Explore the Effects of Dangshen ( Codonopsis pilosula) Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Validation Based on the Active Compound Luteolin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:659-673. [PMID: 36883114 PMCID: PMC9985903 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s386941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the pharmacological mechanism of Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on network pharmacology and bioinformatics, and to verify the anticancer effect of luteolin, the active ingredient of Codonopsis pilosula, on HCC cells. Methods The effective compounds and potential targets of Codonopsis pilosula were established using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database. The genes related to HCC were obtained through the GeneCards database. The interactive genes were imported into the Visualization and Integrated Discovery database for Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signal enrichment, and the hub genes were screened out. The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to construct a prognosis model, and the prognosis and clinicopathological correlation were analyzed. In in vitro experiments, we verified the effects of luteolin, an active compound of Codonopsis pilosula, on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and migration of HCC cells. Results A total of 21 effective compounds of Codonopsis pilosula and 98 potential downstream target genes were screened through the TCMSP database, and 1406 HCC target genes were obtained through the GeneCards database. Finally, 53 interacting genes between the two databases were obtained, among which, the 10 key node genes were CASP3, TP53, MDM2, AKT1, ESR1, BCL2L1, MCL1, HSP90AA1, CASP9, and CCND1, involving 77 typical GO terms and 72 KEGG signals. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the model group showed that the overall survival of the low-risk group was significantly higher than that of the high-risk group. Luteolin significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC cells, induced apoptosis, and increased the G2/M phase ratio. Mechanistically, luteolin significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK-JNK and Akt (Thr308) and subsequently led to upregulation of ESR1. Pharmacological inhibition of ESR1 with fulvestrant enhanced cell viability and migration and attenuated apoptosis. Conclusion Codonopsis pilosula has potential for clinical development due to its anti-HCC properties. Luteolin, the effective component of Codonopsis pilosula, plays anti-HCC role through AKT- or MAPK-JNK signaling mediated ESR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghao Fan
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Banzhan Ruan
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital & Tumor Institute, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zou YF, JiZe XP, Li CY, Zhang CW, Fu YP, Yin ZQ, Li YP, Song X, Li LX, Zhao XH, Feng B, Huang C, Ye G, Tang HQ, Li NY, Chen J, Chen XF, Tian ML. Polysaccharide from aerial part of Chuanminshen violaceum alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory response in aging mice through modulating intestinal microbiota. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159291. [PMID: 37153605 PMCID: PMC10162438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process of progressive deterioration of physiological functions, which poses a serious threat to individual health and a heavy burden on public health systems. As population aging continues, research into anti-aging drugs that prolong life and improve health is of particular importance. In this study, the polysaccharide from stems and leaves of Chuanminshen violaceum was obtained with water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and then separated and purified with DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration to obtain CVP-AP-I. We gavaged natural aging mice with CVP-AP-I and performed serum biochemical analysis, histological staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA kit assays to analyze inflammation and oxidative stress-related gene and protein expression in tissues, and 16SrRNA to analyze intestinal flora. We found that CVP-AP-I significantly improved oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of the intestine and liver, restored the intestinal immune barrier, and balanced the dysbiosis of intestinal flora. In addition, we revealed the potential mechanism behind CVP-AP-I to improve intestinal and liver function by regulating intestinal flora balance and repairing the intestinal immune barrier to regulate the intestinal-liver axis. Our results indicated that C. violaceum polysaccharides possessed favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-aging effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ping JiZe
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-Wen Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Ping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Fu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Liang Tian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Meng-Liang Tian,
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12
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Wang S, Yang X, Hou X, Zhu Z. Structural characterization and protective effect on PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage of a polysaccharide from Isaria cicadae Miquel mycelium and its zinc derivative. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Zou YF, Li CY, Fu YP, Jiang QX, Peng X, Li LX, Song X, Zhao XH, Li YP, Chen XF, Feng B, Huang C, Jia RY, Ye G, Tang HQ, Yin ZQ. The comparison of preliminary structure and intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of polysaccharides from different root parts of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115446. [PMID: 35675860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Angelica sinensis, has been commonly used in gynecology for centuries, and is normally applied divided into different parts in various clinical applications. At present, the majority of existing studies focus on the volatile oil and ferulic acid extracted from different parts of A. sinensis, but there is a dearth of scientific information on its water-soluble polysaccharides. AIM OF THE STUDY The structures of polysaccharides from plants, have been reported contributing to multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and liver protection. Therefore, the focus of this study was on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, which would be based on the various polysaccharides with distinct structures obtained from different parts of the A. sinensis root. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four parts of A. sinensis root were separated according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia: head, body, tail and whole body. Crude polysaccharides were obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation method, and were further fractionated by DEAE Sepharose chromatographic column and gel filtration. The comparison of ASPs from different root parts were performed, including chemical compositions determined by colorimetric analysis, monosaccharide compositions measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), glycosidic linkage units determined by methylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), organic functional groups determined by FT-IR, molecular weight (Mw) demarcated by gel permeation chromatography, and the viscosities and solubilities were measured according to method published in the previous report with minor modification. In vitro biological activities of APSs were compared on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress models on IPEC-J2 cells. RESULTS Four purified polysaccharides, ASP-H-AP, ASP-B-AP, ASP-T-AP and ASP-Hb-AP from the root of A. sinensis, were obtained, and consisted of various contents of protein and the polyphenol. They were possibly pectic polysaccharides with a long homogalacturonan region as the main backbone and ramified with rhamnogalacturonan I region, but they were differed by subregions and the relative contents of glycosidic units. The Mw of four pectic polysaccharides were ranged from 67.9-267.7 kDa. The infrared spectrum also showed that the four polysaccharide fractions contained the characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. Their distinct primary structure could lead to a variety of biological activities. In vitro biological assays suggested that four polysaccharide fractions can protect IPEC-J2 cells against the LPS-induced inflammation by down-regulating inflammation factors and related genes on IPEC-J2 cells. These polysaccharides also could alleviate oxidative stress on IPEC-J2 cells by up-regulating the gene and protein expressions of antioxidant enzymes. It was concluded that ASP-H-AP possessed better anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, while those of ASP-T-AP was relatively poor among the four polysaccharide fractions. CONCLUSION All results indicated that the structure of pectic polysaccharides from different root parts of A. sinensis differed, which lead to their distinct anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. This may also be one of the factors why different parts of A. sinensis showed various pharmacological activities and applied independently in traditional use. In addition, it would be valuable for further studies on structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides obtained by different root parts of A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Cen-Yu Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Quan-Xing Jiang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xi Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bing Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Ren-Yong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Hua-Qiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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14
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Fu YP, Li CY, Peng X, Zou YF, Rise F, Paulsen BS, Wangensteen H, Inngjerdingen KT. Polysaccharides from Aconitum carmichaelii leaves: Structure, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Li LX, Chen MS, Zhang ZY, Paulsen BS, Rise F, Huang C, Feng B, Chen XF, Jia RY, Ding CB, Feng SL, Li YP, Chen YL, Huang Z, Zhao XH, Yin ZQ, Zou YF. Structural features and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from different parts of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937581. [PMID: 36091763 PMCID: PMC9449496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three acidic polysaccharides from different plant parts of Codonopsis pilosula var. Modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen were obtained by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography, and the yields of these three polysaccharides were different. According to the preliminary experimental results, the antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides from rhizomes and fibrous roots (CLFP-1) were poor, and was thus not studied further. Due to this the structural features of polysaccharides from roots (CLRP-1) and aerial parts (CLSP-1) were the object for this study and were structurally characterized, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. As revealed by the results, the molecular weight of CLRP-1and CLSP-1 were 15.9 kDa and 26.4 kDa, respectively. The monosaccharide composition of CLRP-1 was Ara, Rha, Fuc, Xyl, Man, Gal, GlcA, GalA in a ratio of 3.8: 8.4: 1.0: 0.8: 2.4: 7.4: 7.5: 2.0: 66.7, and Ara, Rha, Gal, GalA in a ratio of 5.8: 8.9: 8.0: 77.0 in for CLSP-1. The results of structural elucidation indicated that both CLRP-1 and CLSP-1 were pectic polysaccharides, mainly composed of 1, 4-linked galacturonic acid with long homogalacturonan regions. Arabinogalactan type I and arabinogalactan type II were presented as side chains. The antioxidant assay in IPEC-J2 cells showed that both CLRP-1 and CLSP-1 promoted cell viability and antioxidant activity, which significantly increase the level of total antioxidant capacity and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and decrease the content of malondialdehyde. Moreover, CLRP-1 and CLSP-1 also showed powerful antioxidant abilities in Caenorhabditis elegans and might regulate the nuclear localization of DAF-16 transcription factor, induced antioxidant enzymes activities, and further reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde contents to increase the antioxidant ability of Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, these finding suggest that CLRP-1 and CLSP-1 could be used as potential antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Si Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-Yong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Bang Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Shi-Ling Feng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yang-Ping Li
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Long Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Ecology Restoration and Conservation on Forestry and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Long Chen, ; Yuan-Feng Zou,
| | - Zhen Huang
- Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Ecology Restoration and Conservation on Forestry and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing-Hong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Qiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Long Chen, ; Yuan-Feng Zou,
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Hu Y, Liu L, Wang Z, Jiang CP, Zhu Z, Li H, Zeng Q, Xue Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Yi Y, Zhu H, Shen C, Liu Q. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the molecular mechanism of licorice green tea beverage to scavenge oxygen free radicals. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14315. [PMID: 35855584 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive oxygen free radicals can lead to aging, cancer, and other diseases. Therefore, searching for effective antioxidants to scavenge oxygen free radicals has become the focus of modern medicine. In this study, the molecular mechanism of Licorice Green Tea Beverage (LGTB) in scavenging oxygen free radicals was investigated by means of network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification. Network pharmacology studies have shown that paeonol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, swertisin, rutin, glycyrrhetinic acid, oleic, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin, kaferempol were the main active components of LGTB, and SOD and CAT are important targets for LGTB in scavenging oxygen free radicals. The results of molecular docking showed that these representative compounds had good affinity to SOD and CAT target proteins. In vitro free radical scavenging experiments showed that LTGB had significant scavenging effects on both DPPH and ABTS radicals, and had strong total reducing power. In vitro cell experiments showed that LGTB could protect HaCaT cells from oxidative stress induced by H2 O2 . The mechanism of LGTB was related to the increase of SOD and CAT activity. Western blotting showed that LGTB could inhibit PI3K/AKT/HIF-1 signaling pathway and improve the antioxidant capacity of HaCaT cells. In vivo experiments showed that LGTB could significantly increase mouse visceral index, increase serum SOD and GSH-Px activity, decrease the content of MDA, and improve liver and kidney pathological state. This study reported the molecular mechanism of LTGB scavenging oxygen free radicals, which provided scientific basis for the treatment and clinical research of aging and other diseases caused by excessive free radicals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Free radicals are produced by the normal response of cells during aerobic respiration and perform various functions, such as signaling and providing protection against infection. However, excessive free radicals can lead to aging, cancer, and other diseases. The antioxidant can overcome the harm caused by excessive free radicals. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of scavenging oxygen free radicals of Licorice Green Tea Beverage (LGTB) through network pharmacology and molecular docking, and its efficacy was verified by free radical scavenging experiment in vitro, HaCaT cell oxidative stress injury induced by H2 O2 , D-galactose to establish an aging model in mice and Western blotting experiment. It not only elucidates its mechanism at the system level, but also proves its validity at the biological level. It provides the theoretical basis and experimental evidence for the follow-up research and promotion of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuxian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Ping Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfu Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Xue
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankui Yi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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The Effect and Mechanism of New Processing Method of Codonopsis pilosula on Endocrine Physique Index in Rats. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7703612. [PMID: 35479189 PMCID: PMC9038400 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7703612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To explore the effect and mechanism of a new processing method of Codonopsis pilosula (CP) on the endocrine physique index in rats. Methods. The rats were randomly assigned into the control group, model group, CP group (3.75 g/kg crude drug), rice-fried CP group (3.75 g/kg crude drug), and honey-roasted CP group (3.75 g/kg), with 10 rats in each group. All rats were gavaged according to the body weight of 1 mL/100 g every morning for 3 weeks. The water extracts of different processed products of CP were given to the drug group, the blank group, and the model group which were given the same volume of normal saline during the experiment. The model group and each administration group were fed every other day and drank freely for 21 days, during which the weight was weighed every 2 days. The changes of the organ index; the contents of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol (Cor); and the activity of sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphate (Na+K+-ATP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP2) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results. Effect on the organ index: the organ index of the control group, CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that of the model group, and the organ index of the honey moxibustion group was the highest (
). The level of cAMP and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in the model group were significantly higher compared to those of the control group (
); CGMP in the model group decreased significantly (
). Compared with the model group, the level of cAMP in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased significantly, while the ratio of cGMP and cAMP/cGMP increased significantly (
). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the level of cAMP and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP in the honey moxibustion group were lower compared to those in the other two groups, and the ratio of cGMP in the honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that in the other two groups (
). The contents of ACTH and Cor in the model group were significantly higher compared to those in the control group (
). Compared with the model group, the contents of ACTH and Cor in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group were significantly lower compared to those in the model group (
). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the contents of ACTH and Cor in the honey moxibustion group were higher compared to those in the other two groups (
). The content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the model group was significantly higher compared to that in the control group (
). Compared with the model group, the content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased significantly (
). Compared with the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group, the content of the Na+K+-ATP enzyme in the honey moxibustion group was higher compared to that in the other two groups (
). The expression of AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA in the kidney tissue of the kidney yin deficiency model group was significantly higher compared to that of the control group (
). Compared with the model group, the expression levels of AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA in the renal tissue of rats in the CP group, rice-fried group, and honey moxibustion group decreased in different degrees (
). There was no statistical difference between the CP group, rice stir-frying group, and honey moxibustion group. Conclusion. This study proves that the new processing method of CP can improve the endocrine physique index of rats, enhance their organ quality, and regulate the disorder of water metabolism in kidney yin deficiency syndrome and has a certain therapeutic effect on kidney yin deficiency syndrome. Different new processing methods of CP have different effects on promoting endocrine physique indexes of rats. It is concluded that honey-roasted CP has the best effect on promoting spleen deficiency, which may be through glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism, increasing ATP energy metabolism, so as to strengthen the symptoms of spleen deficiency in rats. The experimental data of this study indicate that the effect of honey-roasted CP is better compared to that of other processed products, which provides an experimental basis for the rational clinical application of the new processed products.
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Cui F, Zhang Q, Song P, Li B, Tang Z, Hu F, Shi X. Characterization of chemical composition variations in raw and processed Codonopsis Radix by integrating metabolomics and glycomics based on multiple chromatography‐mass spectrometry technology. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2375-2393. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jing‐jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zi‐xia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Fang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Qian‐nian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Ping‐ping Song
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zhuo‐shi Tang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Fang‐di Hu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine Lanzhou University 199 Dong‐gang Road West Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiao‐feng Shi
- Gansu Provincial Academy of Medical Science 2 Xiaoxihu East Street Lanzhou 730050 China
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Chinese Herbal Medicines: Links between Traditional Characters and the Skin Lipoperoxidation “Western” Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040611. [PMID: 35453296 PMCID: PMC9030610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lipid peroxidation and inflammation has been accepted as a paradigm in the field of topical inflammation. The underlying biochemical mechanisms may be summarised as unspecific oxidative damage followed by specific oxidative processes as the physio pathological response in skin tissues. In this experimental review we hypothesise that the characteristics attributed by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to herbal drugs can be linked to their biomolecular activities within the framework of the above paradigm. To this end, we review and collect experimental data from several TCM herbal drugs to create 2D-3D pharmacological and biochemical spaces that are further reduced to a bidimensional combined space. When multivariate analysis is applied to the latter, it unveils a series of links between TCM herbal characters and the skin lipoperoxidation “Western” model. With the help of these patterns and a focused review on their chemical, pharmacological and antioxidant properties we show that cleansing herbs of bitter and cold nature acting through removal of toxins—including P. amurense, Coptis chinensis, S. baicalensis and F. suspensa—are highly correlated with strong inhibition of both lipid peroxidation and eicosanoids production. Sweet drugs—such as A. membranaceus, A. sinensis and P. cocos—act through a specific inhibition of the eicosanoids production. The therapeutic value of the remaining drugs—with low antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity—seems to be based on their actions on the Qi with the exception of furanocoumarin containing herbs—A. dahurica and A. pubescens—which “expel wind”. A further observation from our results is that the drugs present in the highly active “Cleansing herbs” cluster are commonly used and may be interchangeable. Our work may pave the way to a translation between two medical systems with radically different philosophies and help the prioritisation of active ingredients with specific biomolecular activities of interest for the treatment of skin conditions.
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Marks H, Grześkowiak Ł, Martinez-Vallespin B, Dietz H, Zentek J. Porcine and Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models for Screening Phytogenic Feed Additives—Chances and Limitations in Use as Alternatives to Feeding Trials. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030629. [PMID: 35336204 PMCID: PMC8951747 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects. However, the use of IPEC-J2 is limited due to its purely epithelial origin and some differences in its morphology and functionality compared to the in vivo situation. With regard to chickens, the development of a reliable intestinal epithelial cell model has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Although a promising model was presented lately, further studies are needed to enable the standardized use of a chicken cell line for testing phytogenic feed additives. Finally, co-cultivation of the currently available cell lines with other cell lines and the development of organoids will open up further application possibilities. Special emphasis was given to the IPEC-J2 cell model. Therefore, all publications that investigated plant derived compounds in this cell line were considered. The section on chicken cell lines is based on publications describing the development of chicken intestinal epithelial cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marks
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Vallespin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Heiko Dietz
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
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