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Donati L, Casagrande Pierantoni D, Conti A, Calzoni E, Corte L, Santi C, Rosati O, Cardinali G, Emiliani C. Water Extracts from Industrial Hemp Waste Inhibit the Adhesion and Development of Candida Biofilm and Showed Antioxidant Activity on HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3979. [PMID: 38612793 PMCID: PMC11011686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regulatory perspectives regarding the health and nutritional properties of industrial hemp-based products (Cannabis sativa L.) has pushed research to focus on the development of new methods for both the extraction and formulation of the bioactive compounds present in hemp extracts. While the psychoactive and medicinal properties of hemp-derived cannabinoid extracts are well known, much less has been investigated on the functional and antimicrobial properties of hemp extracts. Within the hemp value chain, various agricultural wastes and by-products are generated. These materials can be valorised through eco-innovations, ultimately promoting sustainable economic development. In this study, we explored the use of waste from industrial light cannabis production for the extraction of bioactive compounds without the addition of chemicals. The five extracts obtained were tested for their antimicrobial activity on both planktonic and sessile cells of pathogenic strains of the Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis species and for their antioxidant activity on HT-29 colon cancer cells under oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that these extracts display interesting properties both as antioxidants and in hindering the development of fungal biofilm, paving the way for further investigations into the sustainable valorisation of hemp waste for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Donati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Debora Casagrande Pierantoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Angela Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Eleonora Calzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.)
| | - Laura Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
- CEMIN Excellence Research Centre, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianluigi Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.D.); (D.C.P.); (A.C.); (C.S.); (O.R.); (G.C.)
- CEMIN Excellence Research Centre, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.)
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Scalabrin E, Radaelli M, Capodaglio G, Pierobon M, Del Vecchio S, Buffa G. Hemp cultivation opportunities for marginal lands development. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299981. [PMID: 38512945 PMCID: PMC10956763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural diversification and high-quality products deriving from sustainable crops such as hemp can represent a solution to revitalize marginal areas and reverse land abandonment. This study aimed at comparing four different hemp cultivars (Carmagnola Selezionata, "CS"; Futura 75, "FUT"; Felina 32, "FEL"; Secuieni Jubileu, "JUB") to provide information to select the best suited cultivar for cultivation in mountain marginal areas and for specific end-use applications. Hemp cultivars were cultivated in a single experimental field to compare their ecological and agronomic behavior (duration of life cycle phases, plant size and biomass allocation, and plant resource-use strategies). Through metabolomic analysis of both vegetative and reproductive parts of the plants we tested the presence of substances of nutraceutical interest and traced seed nutritional profile. The four cultivars had different ecological and agronomic behavior, and nutritional profile. We found several compounds with potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical values in all parts of the plant (leaves, inflorescences, and stems). JUB resulted the most suitable for seed production while CS showed the highest content of bioactive compounds in flowers and leaves. FUT, showed the best suitability for multi-purpose cultivation, while FEL seemed to be not appropriate for the cultivation in mountain area. The multi-disciplinary approach we adopted was effective in distinguish across hemp cultivars and provided information to farmers for the selection of the best hemp cultivar to select. Hemp had a high potential for cultivation in marginal lands, demonstrating to be an economic resource due to its multi-purpose use and to the possibility to generate high-added values products. Our results could serve as a stimulus for the reintroduction of this culture in the study area and in other similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scalabrin
- National Research Council, Polar Science Institute, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Manuela Pierobon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Silvia Del Vecchio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Buffa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca’ Foscari, Venice-Mestre, Italy
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Haddou S, Elrherabi A, Loukili EH, Abdnim R, Hbika A, Bouhrim M, Al Kamaly O, Saleh A, Shahat AA, Bnouham M, Hammouti B, Chahine A. Chemical Analysis of the Antihyperglycemic, and Pancreatic α-Amylase, Lipase, and Intestinal α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cannabis sativa L. Seed Extracts. Molecules 2023; 29:93. [PMID: 38202676 PMCID: PMC10779963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is considered (Cannabis sativa L.) a sacred herb in many countries and is vastly employed in traditional medicine to remedy numerous diseases, such as diabetes. This research investigates the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts from Cannabis sativa L. seeds. Furthermore, the impact of these extracts on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes is evaluated, as well as their antihyperglycemic effect. Analysis of the chemical composition of the aqueous extract was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). In contrast, the ethanol, hexanic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extract compositions have been established. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of ethanolic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extracts on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of HPLC analysis indicate that the most abundant phenolic compound in the aqueous cannabis seed extract is 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, followed by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin acid. Moreover, administration of ethanolic and aqueous extracts at a dose of 150 mg/Kg significantly suppressed postprandial hyperglycemia compared to the control group; the ethanolic, dichloromethane, and aqueous extracts significantly inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase in vitro. The pancreatic α-amylase test exhibited an inhibition with IC50 values of 16.36 ± 1.24 µg/mL, 19.33 ± 1.40 µg/mL, 23.53 ± 1.70 µg/mL, and 17.06 ± 9.91 µg/mL for EAq, EDm, EET, and EHx, respectively. EET has the highest inhibitory capacity for intestinal α-glucosidase activity, with an IC50 of 32.23 ± 3.26 µg/mL. The extracts inhibit porcine pancreatic lipase activity, demonstrating their potential as lipase inhibitors. Specifically, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, the highest inhibition rate (77%) was observed for EDm. To confirm these results, the inhibitory effect of these extracts on enzymes was tested in vivo. The oral intake of aqueous extract markedly reduced starch- and sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in healthy rats. Administration of the ethanolic extract at a specific dose of 150 mg/kg significantly reduced postprandial glycemia compared with the control group. It is, therefore, undeniable that cannabis extracts represent a promising option as a potentially effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Haddou
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofail, University Street, B.P. 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco; (S.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Amal Elrherabi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st, Bd. Med VI B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (A.E.); (R.A.); (M.B.)
| | - El Hassania Loukili
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st, Bd. Med VI B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (E.H.L.)
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), B.P. 15, Fes 30070, Morocco;
| | - Rhizlan Abdnim
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st, Bd. Med VI B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (A.E.); (R.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Asmae Hbika
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st, Bd. Med VI B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (E.H.L.)
| | - Mohamed Bouhrim
- Laboratories TBC, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Team of Functional and Pathological Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Omkulthom Al Kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdelaaty A. Shahat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed 1st, Bd. Med VI B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco; (A.E.); (R.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Belkheir Hammouti
- Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes (UEMF), B.P. 15, Fes 30070, Morocco;
| | - Abdelkrim Chahine
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofail, University Street, B.P. 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco; (S.H.); (A.C.)
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Kotańska M, Wojtaszek K, Kubacka M, Bednarski M, Nicosia N, Wojnicki M. The Influence of Caramel Carbon Quantum Dots and Caramel on Platelet Aggregation, Protein Glycation and Lipid Peroxidation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 38275633 PMCID: PMC10812612 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Caramel, defined as a coloring agent and as an antioxidant, is used in several kinds of food products and is consumed by many people in different amounts. In our research we showed that the caramelization of sucrose under special conditions leads to the formation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs). So, it makes sense that humans also consume this type of CQDs, and it is theoretically possible for these particles to affect the body. Despite an increasing number of studies describing different types of CQDs, their biosafety is still not clearly understood. In our in vitro research, we examined the effects on platelet aggregation, protein glycation and lipid peroxidation of CQDs and caramel formed from a 20% sucrose solution. In vitro aggregation tests were conducted using freshly collected whole rat blood in a multiplate platelet function analyzer and measurer of electric impedance. The cytotoxic effect of the tested solutions on blood platelets was evaluated based on the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The formation of glycated bovine serum albumin was measured as fluorescence intensity and fructosamine level. The reducing power of the solutions was determined in adipose tissue, and their effect on lipid peroxidation in adipose tissue in vitro was also assessed. By measuring the intensity of hemolysis after incubation in solutions with red blood cell, we assessed their influence on the integration of the red blood cell membrane. All tests were performed in comparison with glucose and fructose and other frequently used sweeteners, such as erythritol and xylitol. Our study showed that caramel and CQDs formed from caramel may influence the glycation process and integrity of the red blood cell membrane, but unlike glucose and fructose, they decrease lipid peroxidation and may reduce Fe (III). Additionally, it is unlikely that they affect platelet aggregation. Compared to glucose and fructose, they may be safer for patients with metabolic disorders; however, further research is needed on the safety and biological activity of caramel and CQD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Konrad Wojtaszek
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Noemi Nicosia
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marek Wojnicki
- Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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Mazzara E, Caprioli G, Simonelli G, Mustafa AM, Maggi F, Cespi M. Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity Extraction of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Compounds from Rosehips ( Rosa canina L.). Foods 2023; 12:3051. [PMID: 37628051 PMCID: PMC10453430 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosehips, Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae family), have been used for a long time for their beneficial effects on health, and they are largely exploited in the food and nutraceutical supplement sectors. The aim of this work was to apply and optimize for the first time the microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) extraction of rosehips, as a novel application of solvent-free microwave extraction, previously conducted in a similar way only on mulberry, strawberry, and onion. The optimization was performed through a central composite design (CCD) by evaluating the effect of the experimental parameters on the yield; total polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents; radical scavenging activity; and content of vitamin C in the obtained extracts. As a result, the water moistening pretreatment was clearly revealed to possess a pivotal role in the quality of the rosehip extracts. Among the evaluated responses, the yield, the anthocyanin content, and the antioxidant activity were well described by the statistical model. Notably, the optimized MHG extract was compared with the ones obtained by conventional solvent extraction showing higher amounts of vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, while the traditional extracts performed better in terms of yield. In conclusion, MHG represents a promising alternative to standard extraction methods for obtaining rosehip extracts rich in vitamin C and antioxidant compounds. In this respect, the results of our research support the employment of MHG on an industrial level for the production of rosehip-based food supplements enriched in vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mazzara
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Gianmarco Simonelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Ahmed M. Mustafa
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Cespi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.M.); (M.C.)
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Ahmadi H, Farhadi H, Morshedloo MR, Maggi F. Modeling and optimizing concentration of exogenous application of γ-aminobutyric acid on NaCl-stressed pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens) using response surface methodology: an investigation into secondary metabolites and physiological parameters. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:309. [PMID: 37296388 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity, a severe worldwide issue, compromises the economic production of medicinal plants including mints and causes drug-yield decline. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a tolerance-inducing signaling bio-molecule in various plant physiological processes. Pineapple mint (Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.) is a valuable medicinal herb with an exhilarating scent of citrus fruit. Piperitenone oxide is the major bioactive constituent of its essential oil, having significant demand by pharmaceutical industries. Nonetheless, modeling and optimizing the effective concentration of GABA remain within twin foci of interest. Therefore, a two factor-five level (NaCl 0-150 mM and GABA 0-2.4 mM) central composite design was conducted to model and optimize drug yield and physiological responses of M. suaveolens. Based on the design of experiments (DoE) approach, different linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic models were assigned to the response variables. Change trends of shoot and root dry weights followed a simple linear model, whereas sophisticated models (i.e., multiple polynomial regression) were fitted to the other traits. NaCl stress inevitably reduced root and shoot dry weight, piperitenone oxide content, relative water content, pigments content, and maximum quantum yield of PSII. However, content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total flavonoid, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were increased under salinity. Under severe NaCl stress (150 mM), the essential oil content (0.53%) was increased three times in comparison with control (0.18%). Optimization analysis demonstrated that the highest amount of essential oil (0.6%) and piperitenone oxide (81%) as a drug yield-determining component would be achievable by application of 0.1-0.2 mM GABA under 100 mM NaCl. The highest dry weight of root and shoot was predicted to be achieved at 2.4 mM GABA. Overall, extremely severe NaCl stress (i.e., more than 100 mM) in which a sharp drop in yield components value was observed seemed to be out of M. suaveolens salinity tolerance range. Hence, it is rationale to compensate the decrease of drug yield by foliar application of a dilute GABA solution (i.e., 0.1-0.2 mM) under 100 mM NaCl stress or lower levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Ahmadi
- Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 31587 77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Habib Farhadi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O.Box 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Morshedloo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, P.O.Box 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran.
- Center of International Scientific and Collaborations (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), University of Camerino, Camerino, 62032, Italy
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Suárez-Jacobo Á, Díaz Pacheco A, Bonales-Alatorre E, Castillo-Herrera GA, García-Fajardo JA. Cannabis Extraction Technologies: Impact of Research and Value Addition in Latin America. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072895. [PMID: 37049659 PMCID: PMC10095677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis genus of plants has been widely used in different cultures for various purposes. It is separated into three main species: sativa, indica, and ruderalis. In ancient practices, the plant was used as a multipurpose crop and valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Since methodologies for the extraction, processing, and identification of components have become available, medical, and food applications have been increasing, allowing potential development in the pharmaceutical and healthy functional food industries. Although the growing legalization and adoption of cannabis for the treatment of diseases are key factors pushing the growth of its market, the biggest challenge is to obtain higher-quality products in a time- and cost-effective fashion, making the process of extraction and separation an essential step. Latin American countries exhibit great knowledge of extraction technologies; nevertheless, it is still necessary to verify whether production costs are economically profitable. In addition, there has been an increase in commercial cannabis products that may or may not be allowed, with or without quality fact sheets, which can pose health risks. Hence, legalization is mandatory and urgent for the rest of Latin American countries. In this article, the phytochemical compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds), the current status of legalization, extraction techniques, and research advances in cannabis in Latin America are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Suárez-Jacobo
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico
| | - Edgar Bonales-Alatorre
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Castillo-Herrera
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto García-Fajardo
- Subsede Noreste, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66628, Mexico
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Spinozzi E, Ferrati M, Giudice DL, Felicioni E, Petrelli R, Benelli G, Maggi F, Cespi M. Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation of the Insecticidal Essential Oil from Carlina acaulis: A Fractional Factorial Design Optimization Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:622. [PMID: 36771706 PMCID: PMC9921509 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH) has been reported as an innovative technique leading to increased essential oil (EO) extraction yield, coupled with reduced extraction time and energy costs. The EO of Carlina acaulis L. (Asteraceae), mainly constituted by carlina oxide (>95%) and conventionally obtained through traditional hydrodistillation (HD), has been reported as extremely effective against several arthropod vectors and pests of medical and economic importance with limited impact on non-target species, including mammals. This study aimed to the optimization of the EO extraction through MAH by using a one-step design of experiments (DoE) approach that allowed us to relate the characteristics of the produced EOs with the applied experimental conditions using mathematical models. The preliminary screening allowed us to optimize the protocol only by the extraction time, skipping complex data analysis. Moreover, the comparison of the optimized MAH conditions with traditional HD pointed out the higher efficiency of MAH in terms of EO yield (0.65 and 0.49% for MAH and HD, respectively) and extraction time (210 min for MAH). The results obtained confirmed the promising role that MAH could have in C. acaulis EO extraction, with increased yield and reduced extraction time, water consumption, and energy costs, and being employable on an industrial scale, with special reference to insecticidal and acaricidal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Desiree Lo Giudice
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Felicioni
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 856124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Cespi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9/B, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Cásedas G, Moliner C, Maggi F, Mazzara E, López V. Evaluation of two different Cannabis sativa L. extracts as antioxidant and neuroprotective agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009868. [PMID: 36176449 PMCID: PMC9513154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant that contains numerous chemically active compounds including cannabinoids such as trans-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and flavone derivatives, such as luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and apigenin glucuronide. In particular, the polar fraction of hemp including many phenolic compounds has been overlooked when compared with the more lipophilic fraction containing cannabinoids. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess two extracts of industrial hemp (C. sativa) of different polarity (aqueous and hexane) by evaluating their antioxidant profile and their neuroprotective potential on pharmacological targets in the central nervous system (CNS). Several assays on in vitro antioxidant capacity (DPPH, superoxide radical, FRAP, ORAC), as well as inhibition of physiological enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoaminooxidase A (MAO-A) were carried out in order to find out how these extracts may be helpful to prevent neurodegenerative disorders. Neuro-2a cell line was selected to test the cytotoxic and neuroprotective potential of these extracts. Both extracts showed striking antioxidant capacity in the FRAP and ORAC assays, particularly the hexane extract, and interesting results for the DPPH and superoxide radical uptake assays, with the aqueous extract standing out especially in the latter. In enzyme inhibition assays, the aqueous extract showed AChE and MAO-A inhibitory activity, while the hexane extract only reached IC50 value for AChE inhibitory bioassay. Neuro-2a assays demonstrated that polyphenolic extract was not cytotoxic and exhibited cytoprotective properties against hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant response decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These extracts could be a source of compounds with potential benefit on human health, especially related to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Cásedas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Moliner
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Víctor López,
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Chang T, Li H, Lv H, Tan M, Hou S, Liu X, Lian M, Zhao Q, Zhao B. Extraction, Physicochemical Properties, Anti-Aging, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Industrial Hemp Residues. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185746. [PMID: 36144481 PMCID: PMC9503781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of hemp polysaccharides remain in industrial hemp residues (IHR) after cannabidiol extraction, resulting in the waste of resources. Therefore, the systematic study of hemp polysaccharides is beneficial to the development of IHR in the future. In this study, the extraction of industrial hemp residues polysaccharide (IHRPs) was optimized by single-factor experiment and orthogonal experimental design. The optimum heating extraction conditions were extraction temperature 98 °C, solid–liquid ratio 1:10, extraction time 1 h, number of successive extractions 2, and pH at 4. The extraction ratio and the polysaccharide content were 20.12 ± 0.55% and 12.35 ± 0.26% at the conditions, respectively. Besides, the best alcohol precipitation conditions were pumping with 2 L/h, stirring continuously, and ice-water bath for 4 h. The crude IHRPs was further purified by column chromatography and the polysaccharide/protein contents of purified IHRPs were 34.44% and 1.61%. IHRPs was mainly made up of ten monosaccharides and some non-sugar components including organic acids, flavonoids, steroids, and glycoside. The FT-IR demonstrated the polysaccharide skeleton of IHRPs. Moreover, the DPPH and ABTS scavenging rate of IHRPs were 76.00% and 99.05% at the concentrations of 1 mg/mL. IHRPs could promote the epidermal cells proliferation and healing of cell scratches. Meanwhile, IHRPs could promoted the expression of anti-aging-related genes. Overall, IHRPs could be a desirable natural source of antioxidants and anti-aging products in many aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongning Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shoubu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Kunming 650032, China
| | - Meng Lian
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Kunming 650032, China
| | - Qingsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (B.Z.)
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Ovidi E, Laghezza Masci V, Taddei AR, Torresi J, Tomassi W, Iannone M, Tiezzi A, Maggi F, Garzoli S. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Kompolti cv.) and Hop (Humulus lupulus L., Chinook cv.) Essential Oil and Hydrolate: HS-GC-MS Chemical Investigation and Apoptotic Activity Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080976. [PMID: 36015124 PMCID: PMC9413834 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (Hys) from Italian hemp (Cannabis sativa L. Kompolti cv.) and hop (Humulus Lupulus L., Chinook cv.) supply chains were chemically characterized and tested to investigate their apoptotic potential for the first time. Headspace–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) techniques were performed to describe their volatile chemical profile, highlighting a composition rich in terpene derivatives such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes among which β-myrcene, limonene, β-caryophyllene and α-humulene were the main constituents of EOs; in contrast, linalool, cis-p-menth-2,8-dien-1-ol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol were found in the Hys. The cytotoxicity activity on human leukemia cells (HL60), human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), human metastatic adenocarcinoma breast cells (MCF7), human adenocarcinoma breast cells (MDA), and normal breast epithelial cell (MCF10A) for the EOs and Hys was studied by MTT assay and cytofluorimetric analysis and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed to define ultrastructural changes and the mechanism of cells death for HL 60 cells. An induction of the apoptotic mechanism was evidenced for hemp and hop EOs after treatment with the corresponding EC50 dose. In addition, TEM and SEM investigations revealed typical characteristics induced by the apoptotic pathway. Therefore, thanks to the integration of the applied methodologies with the used techniques, this work provides an overview on the metabolomic profile and the apoptotic potential of hemp and hop EOs and, for the first time, also of Hys. The findings of this preliminary study confirm that the EOs and Hys from Cannabis and Humulus species are sources of bioactive molecules with multiple biological effects yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ovidi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Laghezza Masci
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Jacopo Torresi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - William Tomassi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannone
- Circolo ARCI La Staffetta, Via Don Minzoni 29, 56011 Calci, Italy
| | - Antonio Tiezzi
- Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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