1
|
Cullen JT, Lawlor PG, Viard F, Lourenco A, Gómez-Mascaraque LG, O'Doherty JV, Cormican P, Gardiner GE. Optimising the hygiene of a liquid feeding system to improve the quality of liquid feed for pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16516. [PMID: 39019905 PMCID: PMC11255203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor feeding system hygiene may contribute to uncontrolled spontaneous fermentation in liquid pig feed and its associated undesirable effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of an intensive sanitisation programme in a grow-finisher liquid feeding system by monitoring microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of liquid feed and microbial colonisation of the feeding system surfaces. The sanitisation programme involved a combination of physical and chemical cleaning between batches of grow-finisher pigs, combined with nightly rinsing of the system with an organic acid blend. Improved hygiene of the internal surfaces of the mixing tank and feed pipeline, particularly until week 5 post-cleaning, was evidenced by reduced counts of lactic acid bacteria, total aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds and decreased adenosine triphosphate concentrations. Enterobacteriaceae and moulds remained undetectable on pipeline surfaces for 10 weeks. Scanning electron microscopy of the feed pipelines confirmed these findings. Conversely, the impact on liquid feed microbiology was minimal and short-lived. However, acetic acid, ethanol and biogenic amine concentrations decreased in the feed post-cleaning and no gross energy losses were observed. Therefore, by controlling surface microbial communities on liquid feeding systems via implementation of the sanitisation programme developed in the current study, on-farm liquid feed quality should be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Cullen
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - P G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - F Viard
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - A Lourenco
- Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - L G Gómez-Mascaraque
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - J V O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - P Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - G E Gardiner
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alternatives to antibiotics and trace elements (copper and zinc) to improve gut health and zootechnical parameters in piglets: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Keller B, Kuder H, Visscher C, Siesenop U, Kamphues J. Yeasts in Liquid Swine Diets: Identification Methods, Growth Temperatures and Gas-Formation Potential. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E337. [PMID: 33291632 PMCID: PMC7761980 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid feed is susceptible to microbiological growth. Yeasts are said to cause sudden death in swine due to intestinal gas formation. As not all animals given high yeast content feed fall ill, growth and gas formation potential at body temperature were investigated as possible causally required properties. The best identification method for these environmental yeasts should be tested beforehand. Yeasts derived from liquid diets without (LD - S) and liquid diets with maize silage (LD + S) were examined biochemically (ID32C-test) and with MALDI-TOF with direct smear (DS) and an extraction method (EX). Growth temperature and gas-forming potential were measured. With MALDI-EX, most yeast isolates were identified: Candida krusei most often in LD - S, and C. lambica most often in LD + S, significantly more than in LD - S. Larger colonies, 58.75% of all yeast isolates, were formed at 25 °C rather than at 37 °C; 17.5% of all isolates did not grow at 37 °C at all. Most C. krusei isolates formed high gas amounts within 24 h, whereas none of the C. lambica, C. holmii and most other isolates did. The gas pressure formed by yeast isolates varied more than tenfold. Only a minority of the yeasts were able to produce gas at temperatures common in the pig gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Keller
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (H.K.); (C.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Henrike Kuder
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (H.K.); (C.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (H.K.); (C.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Ute Siesenop
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (H.K.); (C.V.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar S, Mandal RS, Bulone V, Srivastava V. Identification of Growth Inhibitors of the Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica Using in silico Subtractive Proteomics, Computational Modeling, and Biochemical Validation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571093. [PMID: 33178154 PMCID: PMC7596660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Stramenopile species belonging to oomycetes from the genus Saprolegnia infect fish, amphibians, and crustaceans in aquaculture farms and natural ecosystems. Saprolegnia parasitica is one of the most severe fish pathogens, responsible for high losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. Most of the molecules reported to date for the control of Saprolegnia infections either are inefficient or have negative impacts on the health of the fish hosts or the environment resulting in substantial economic losses. Until now, the whole proteome of S. parasitica has not been explored for a systematic screening of novel inhibitors against the pathogen. The present study was designed to develop a consensus computational framework for the identification of potential target proteins and their inhibitors and subsequent experimental validation of selected compounds. Comparative analysis between the proteomes of Saprolegnia, humans and fish species identified proteins that are specific and essential for the survival of the pathogen. The DrugBank database was exploited to select food and drug administration (FDA)-approved inhibitors whose high binding affinity to their respective protein targets was confirmed by computational modeling. At least six of the identified compounds significantly inhibited the growth of S. parasitica in vitro. Triclosan was found to be most effective with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC100) of 4 μg/ml. Optical microscopy showed that the inhibitors affect the morphology of hyphal cells, with hyper-branching being commonly observed. The inhibitory effects of the compounds identified in this study on Saprolegnia’s mycelial growth indicate that they are potentially usable for disease control against this class of oomycete pathogens. Similar approaches can be easily adopted for the identification of potential inhibitors against other plant and animal pathogenic oomycete infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Shubhra Mandal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Missotten JA, Michiels J, Degroote J, De Smet S. Fermented liquid feed for pigs: an ancient technique for the future. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:4. [PMID: 25838899 PMCID: PMC4383217 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1:1.5 to 1:4. By mixing with water, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow’s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Am Missotten
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lastauskienė E, Zinkevičienė A, Girkontaitė I, Kaunietis A, Kvedarienė V. Formic acid and acetic acid induce a programmed cell death in pathogenic Candida species. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:303-10. [PMID: 24752490 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections are common and widespread. Antifungal agents used for the treatment of these infections often have undesirable side effects. Furthermore, increased resistance of the microorganisms to the antifungal drugs becomes the growing problem. Accordingly, the search for natural antifungal compounds continues to receive attention. Apoptosis is highly regulated programmed cell death. During yeast cell apoptosis, amino acids and peptides are released and can stimulate regeneration of human epithelium cells. Thus, detection of chemical compounds inducing apoptosis in yeast and nontoxic for humans is of great medical relevance. The aim of this study was to detect chemical compound inducing apoptosis in pathogenic Candida species with the lowest toxicity to the mammalian cells. Five chemical compounds--acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium acetate, and formic acid--were tested for evaluation of antifungal activity on C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. The results showed that acetic acid and formic acid at the lowest concentrations induced yeast cells death. Apoptosis analysis revealed that cells death was accompanied by activation of caspase. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of potassium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate induced Candida cells necrosis. Toxicity test with mammalian cell cultures showed that formic acid has the lowest effect on the growth of Jurkat and NIH 3T3 cells. In conclusion, our results show that a low concentration of formic acid induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in the Candida yeast and has a minimal effect on the survivability of mammalian cells, suggesting potential applications in the treatment of these infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Lastauskienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio str. 21/27, LT-03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Greetham D, Wimalasena T, Kerruish DWM, Brindley S, Ibbett RN, Linforth RL, Tucker G, Phister TG, Smart KA. Development of a phenotypic assay for characterisation of ethanologenic yeast strain sensitivity to inhibitors released from lignocellulosic feedstocks. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:931-45. [PMID: 24664516 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors released by the breakdown of plant cell walls prevent efficient conversion of sugar into ethanol. The aim of this study was to develop a fast and reliable inhibitor sensitivity assay for ethanologenic yeast strains. The assay comprised bespoke 96-well plates containing inhibitors in isolation or combination in a format that was compatible with the Phenotypic Microarray Omnilog reader (Biolog, hayward, CA, USA). A redox reporter within the assay permits analysis of inhibitor sensitivity in aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions. Results from the assay were verified using growth on spot plates and tolerance assays in which maintenance of viability was assessed. The assay allows for individual and synergistic effects of inhibitors to be determined. It was observed that the presence of both acetic and formic acid significantly inhibited the yeast strains assessed, although this impact could be partially mitigated by buffering to neutral pH. Scheffersomyces stipitis, Candida spp., and Pichia guilliermondii demonstrated increased sensitivity to short chain weak acids at concentrations typically present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. S. cerevisiae exhibited robustness to short chain weak acids at these concentrations. However, S. stipitis, Candida spp., and P. guilliermondii displayed increased tolerance to HMF when compared to that observed for S. cerevisiae. The results demonstrate that the phenotypic microarray assay developed in the current study is a valuable tool that can be used to identify yeast strains with desirable resistance to inhibitory compounds found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Greetham
- Bioenergy and Brewing Science, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 6RD, UK,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anti-Candida activity of spent culture filtrate of Lactobacillus plantarum strain LR/14. J Mycol Med 2013; 24:e25-34. [PMID: 24316318 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to understand the effect of antimicrobial compounds produced by an environmental isolate of lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum strain LR/14, on growth, viability and biofilm forming ability of the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans SC5314 and to identify the mode of action of such compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS L. plantarum LR14 was grown at 37°C for 18 h in MRS broth. The spent culture filtrate (SCF) was collected by centrifugation and checked for anti-Candida activity. Live/dead staining followed by fluorescence microscopy was done to study the membrane damage. Increased membrane permeability was confirmed by measuring the release of ions and macromolecules (ATP) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and luminometer, respectively. Effect on biofilm formation was quantified by MTT reduction assay. RESULTS The viability of yeast cells was affected by SCF LR14 treatment in a dose-dependent manner, exerting a fungicidal effect. The active compound was identified as a pH-dependent thermostable proteinaceous metabolite. The fungicidal activity was further confirmed by PI staining, suggesting compromised membrane as the cause of cell death. Leakage of intracellular contents such as, K+ ions and ATP, as a cause of its inhibitory action further confirmed the membrane disruption. Moreover, significant reduction in biofilm formation was also confirmed. CONCLUSIONS SCF LR14 showed potent anti-Candida activity, affecting cell viability, membrane permeability, and biofilm formation and leading to cell death, thereby suggested a probable candidate as a natural therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
9
|
Plumed-Ferrer C, Uusikylä K, Korhonen J, von Wright A. Characterization of Lactococcus lactis isolates from bovine mastitis. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Jandric Z, Gregori C, Klopf E, Radolf M, Schüller C. Sorbic acid stress activates the Candida glabrata high osmolarity glycerol MAP kinase pathway. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:350. [PMID: 24324463 PMCID: PMC3840799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Weak organic acids such as sorbic acid are important food preservatives and powerful fungistatic agents. These compounds accumulate in the cytosol and disturb the cellular pH and energy homeostasis. Candida glabrata is in many aspects similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, with regard to confrontation to sorbic acid, two of the principal response pathways behave differently in C. glabrata. In yeast, sorbic acid stress causes activation of many genes via the transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4. The C. glabrata homologs CgMsn2 and CgMsn4 are apparently not activated by sorbic acid. In contrast, in C. glabrata the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway is activated by sorbic acid. Here we show that the MAP kinase of the HOG pathway, CgHog1, becomes phosphorylated and has a function for weak acid stress resistance. Transcript profiling of weak acid treated C. glabrata cells suggests a broad and very similar response pattern of cells lacking CgHog1 compared to wild type which is over lapping with but distinct from S. cerevisiae. The PDR12 gene was the highest induced gene in both species and it required CgHog1 for full expression. Our results support flexibility of the response cues for general stress signaling pathways, even between closely related yeasts, and functional extension of a specific response pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljkica Jandric
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mandal V, Sen SK, Mandal NC. Production and partial characterisation of an inducer-dependent novel antifungal compound(s) by Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2445-2453. [PMID: 23423982 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 produces an antifungal compound under in vitro conditions in an inducer-dependent manner. The main objective of the present study was to partially characterise this antifungal compound by UV-visible, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and GC/MS analyses and also to assess its potentiality against a number of food spoilage, plant-pathogenic and human-pathogenic fungal species. RESULTS The strain produced a broad-spectrum antifungal compound(s) that was induced by certain constituent factors of MRS and malt extract media. The production was higher in solid culture than in broth culture. The product was found to be a mixture of lactic acid and a compound of molecular mass 83. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90, 1.32-2.86 g L(-1)) of the active extract were much lower than those of sodium benzoate and calcium propionate. Scanning electron micrographs proved its drastic action on the development of conidial structures. CONCLUSION The chemical analysis indicated a novel compound with fungicidal activity. This compound could be used in fermented foods and feeds to extend their shelf life and also in agricultural crop plants against certain fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivekananda Mandal
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Hooghly Mohsin College, Hooghly, WB, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|