1
|
Rolhauser AG, Windfeld E, Hanson S, Wittman H, Thoreau C, Lyon A, Isaac ME. A trait-environment relationship approach to participatory plant breeding for organic agriculture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1018-1031. [PMID: 35510804 PMCID: PMC9322327 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extent of intraspecific variation in trait-environment relationships is an open question with limited empirical support in crops. In organic agriculture, with high environmental heterogeneity, this knowledge could guide breeding programs to optimize crop attributes. We propose a three-dimensional framework involving crop performance, crop traits, and environmental axes to uncover the multidimensionality of trait-environment relationships within a crop. We modeled instantaneous photosynthesis (Asat ) and water-use efficiency (WUE) as functions of four phenotypic traits, three soil variables, five carrot (Daucus carota) varieties, and their interactions in a national participatory plant breeding program involving a suite of farms across Canada. We used these interactions to describe the resulting 12 trait-environment relationships across varieties. We found one significant trait-environment relationship for Asat (taproot tissue density-soil phosphorus), which was consistent across varieties. For WUE, we found that three relationships (petiole diameter-soil nitrogen, petiole diameter-soil phosphorus, and leaf area-soil phosphorus) varied significantly across varieties. As a result, WUE was maximized by different combinations of trait values and soil conditions depending on the variety. Our three-dimensional framework supports the identification of functional traits behind the differential responses of crop varieties to environmental variation and thus guides breeding programs to optimize crop attributes from an eco-evolutionary perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G. Rolhauser
- Department of Physical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONM1C 1A4Canada
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de InformaciónFacultad de AgronomíaUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresC1417DSEArgentina
- Facultad de AgronomíaIFEVAUniversidad de Buenos AiresCONICETBuenos AiresC1417DSEArgentina
| | - Emma Windfeld
- Department of GeographyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3G3Canada
- School of Public PolicySimpson CentreUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABT2P 1H9Canada
| | - Solveig Hanson
- Center for Sustainable Food SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z2Canada
| | - Hannah Wittman
- Center for Sustainable Food SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z2Canada
| | - Chris Thoreau
- Center for Sustainable Food SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z2Canada
| | - Alexandra Lyon
- Center for Sustainable Food SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z2Canada
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Food SystemsKwantlen Polytechnic UniversityRichmondBCV6X 3X7Canada
| | - Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONM1C 1A4Canada
- Department of GeographyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3G3Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Are Organic Certified Carrots Richer in Health-Promoting Phenolics and Carotenoids than the Conventionally Grown Ones? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134184. [PMID: 35807431 PMCID: PMC9268348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of polyphenols and carotenoids by means of HPLC/UV-Vis in certified organic and non-organic carrots (Daucus carota L.) of two cultivars (Flacoro and Nantejska). The analyzed carrot root samples contained, on average, 4.29 ± 0.83 mg/100g f.w. of carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) and 9.09 ± 2.97 mg/100g f.w. of polyphenols, including 4.44 ± 1.42 mg/100g f.w. of phenolic acids and 4.65 ± 1.96 mg/100g f.w. of flavonoids. Significant effects of the production system on the carotenoids (total) and β-carotene concentration were found, with higher concentrations of these compounds generally identified in conventionally cultivated roots (4.67 ± 0.88 mg/100g f.w.) vs. organically grown ones (4.08 ± 0.74 mg/100g f.w.). There was a noticeable inter-sample (inter-farm) variation in the concentration of polyphenols in carrot roots. Despite a general trend towards higher concentrations of these compounds in the organic carrots (9.33 ± 3.17 mg/100g f.w.) vs. conventional carrots (8.64 ± 2.58 mg/100g f.w.), and in those of Nantejska (9.60 ± 2.87 mg/100g f.w.) vs. Flacoro (8.46 ± 3.02 mg/100g f.w.) cultivar, no consistent, statistically significant impact of the production system and/or cultivar on the level of these bioactive compounds was identified. More efforts should be encouraged to ensure that organic crops reaching the market consistently contain the expected high levels of health-promoting bioactive compounds, which could be brought through their shelf-life and all processing steps, in order to meet consumers’ expectations and provide the expected health benefits.
Collapse
|
3
|
Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Surmounting the off-flavor challenge in plant-based foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10585-10606. [PMID: 35603719 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based food products have been receiving an astronomical amount of attention recently, and their demand will most likely soar in the future. However, their unpleasant, intrinsic flavor and odor are the major obstacles limiting consumer's acceptance. These off-flavors are often described as "green," "grassy," "beany," "fatty" and "bitter." This review highlights the presence and formation of common off-flavor volatiles (aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, pyrazines, furans) and nonvolatiles (phenolics, saponins, peptides, alkaloids) from a variety of plant-based foods, including legumes (e.g. lentil, soy, pea), fruits (e.g. apple, grape, watermelon) and vegetables (e.g. carrot, potato, radish). These compounds are formed through various pathways, including lipid oxidation, ethanol fermentation and Maillard reaction (and Strecker degradation). The effect of off-flavor compounds as received by the human taste receptors, along with its possible link of bioactivity (e.g. anti-inflammatory effect), are briefly discussed on a molecular level. Generation of off-flavor compounds in plants is markedly affected by the species, cultivar, geographical location, climate conditions, farming and harvest practices. The effects of genome editing (i.e. CRISPR-Cas9), various processing technologies, such as antioxidant supplementation, enzyme treatment, extrusion, fermentation, pressure application, and different storage and packaging conditions, have been increasingly studied in recent years to mitigate the formation of off-flavors in plant foods. The information presented in this review could be useful for agricultural practitioners, fruits and vegetables industry, and meat and dairy analogue manufacturers to improve the flavor properties of plant-based foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morpho-Biometrical, Nutritional and Phytochemical Characterization of Carrot Landraces from Puglia Region (Southern Italy). SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13073940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The explorations as a part of the regional BiodiverSO Programme of vegetable genetic resource rescue revealed that in the arenili (sandy shores) of “Salterns of Margherita di Savoia” (SMS), a coastal landscape area of Puglia region (southern Italy), along the commercial genotypes of small rooting species, landraces are still cultivated. The morpho-biometrical, nutritional and phytochemical properties of two carrot landraces (“Carota a punta lunga” and “Carota a punta tonda”) and a commercial carrot hybrid (“Presto”) collected from the SMS area are examined. The study highlighted that the pedological conditions of the arenili of the SMS area are the main driving force in controlling the nutritional and nutraceutical characteristics of carrot, conferring to genotypes grown in this area a high profile in comparison with literature data. In the site of cultivation of arenili, a large variability in the morpho-qualitative traits emerged among carrot genotypes. “Carota a punta tonda” stands for a promising genotype being very rich in phenols (209.8 mg kg−1 fw) (mainly di-caffeic acid derivative and chlorogenic acid), ß-carotene (21,512 µg 100 g−1 fw), and high antioxidative proprieties. “Carota a punta tonda” could be considered as a healthy product for consumers and also amenable to selection for breeding purpose. Increasing the knowledge about nutritional and nutraceutical properties of local landraces may push the preference of consumers beyond the local community and, at the same time, farmers can be stimulated to continue their cultivation. Thus, the promotion of their on-farm/in situ conservation (cultivation) could represent an efficient strategy for agro-biodiversity preservation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Koudela M, Schulzova V, Krmela A, Chmelarova H, Hajslova J, Novotny C. Effect of Agroecological Conditions on Biologically Active Compounds and Metabolome in Carrot. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040784. [PMID: 33916284 PMCID: PMC8066420 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrot serves as a source of health-beneficial phytochemicals for human diet whose content is affected by agroecological conditions. The effect of conventional, integrated and organic farming on ascorbic acid (AA) and α,β-carotene levels of new carrot cultivars Cortina F1 and Afalon F1 was investigated and their metabolomic profiles were measured by direct analysis in real time ion source coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer (DART-HRMS). Cortina and Afalon exhibited high levels of AA and total carotenes under all agroecological conditions tested that fluctuated in broad ranges of 215–539 and 173–456 mg AA.kg−1 dry biomass and 1069–2165 and 1683–2165 mg carotene.kg−1 dry biomass, respectively. The ratio of β- to α-carotene in both cultivars was about 1.3. The most important variable for the PCA and the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models for ethyl acetate extracts measured in positive and negative ionization mode was 6-methoxymellein (6-MM). Total carotene content and 6-MM levels were higher in the organic carrot compared to the conventional one and were correlated with a higher level of spontaneous infection. Other important compounds identified were sitosterol, hexose and various organic acids including antioxidant ferulic and coumaric acids. The findings allow comparison of metabolomic profiles and the AA and carotene contents of both cultivars with those of other commercially used carrots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koudela
- Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vera Schulzova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (A.K.); (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Ales Krmela
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (A.K.); (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Hana Chmelarova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (A.K.); (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.S.); (A.K.); (H.C.); (J.H.)
| | - Cenek Novotny
- Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-029-644-2767
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Chen F, Li Z, Cocq KL, Liu Y, Wu L. Impacts of nitrogen practices on yield, grain quality, and nitrogen-use efficiency of crops and soil fertility in three paddy-upland cropping systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2218-2226. [PMID: 33006396 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global food security faces a number of challenges due to increasing population, climate change, and urbanization, while excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers has become a major challenge for sustainable, intensive agriculture. Assessing the impact of agronomic management practices on seed yield, grain quality, and soil fertility is a critical step in understanding nutrientuse efficiency. RESULT The comprehensive evaluation index had good fitness to that of single attribute (i.e. seed yield, crop quality and soil fertility), indicating that the comprehensive evaluation index was reliable. Applying controlled-release urea (rice in wheat and oilseed rape field: 150 kg N ha-1 , other crops: 120 kg N ha-1 ) plus common urea (30 kg N ha-1 ) incorporating straw from the previous season across the growing season for cereal and oilseed crops showed a slight improvement in seed productivity and Nuse efficiency among three cropping systems in the traditional evaluation method. Compared with local farm practice (applying common urea of 150 kg N ha-1 ), applying these practices in combination based on the outcome of the comprehensive evaluation index method decreased the seed yield by -1.27 ~ 29.8% but improved quality and soil fertility for the paddy-upland cropping system, respectively. CONCLUSION Properly managing N application by applying partial and fully controlled release of urea with or without straw incorporation for a specific crop system has the potential to provide a better compromise among yield, grain quality, and soil fertility in southern China. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kate Le Cocq
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stefanson AL, Tsao R, Liu R, Duizer L, Bakovic M, Martin RC. Effect of variety, soil fertility status and agronomic treatments on carrot mineral and phytochemical composition and consumer liking of flavor traits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5457-5474. [PMID: 31087364 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of variety (Nantes and Imperator), soil fertility status (high and low) and agronomic treatments on yield and quality traits of carrot composition and sensory factors. The treatments compared synthetic nitrogen at conventionally recommended amounts with compost-sourced nitrogen (high and low rates) and a range of amendments (compost, compost tea, micronutrients and foliar treatments). Additionally, we intended to identify factors affecting polyacetylene accumulation in carrots, owing to the growing interest in their health effects and paucity of agronomic information on their bioaccumulation in carrots. RESULTS Imperator accumulated more minerals, produced more phytochemicals and had higher antioxidant capacity than Nantes, which had more carotenoids. However, consumers preferred the flavor of Nantes over Imperator. High-fertility soil produced carrots of superior nutritional quality than did low-fertility soil, regardless of year-of-application amendments, the effects of which were often variety-dependent. High soil biological activity was able to overcome low fertility status and stimulate greater yield. Carrot phosphorus was correlated with falcarindiol biosynthesis. Chlorogenic acid and falcarindiol were correlated with antioxidant capacity, but not falcarinol or total phenolic compounds. CONCLUSION Carrots were not strongly affected by agronomic treatments in terms of yield or phytochemical status; however, soil biological activity overcame a soil nutrient deficit in terms of yield. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant status were generally higher in the high-fertility site, whereas polyacetylenes were variety-dependent. Chlorogenic acid and falcarindiol were associated with antioxidant capacity, but not total phenolic compounds and carotenoids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Stefanson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Duizer
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ralph C Martin
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bach V, Kidmose U, Kristensen HL, Edelenbos M. Eating Quality of Carrots (Daucus carota L.) Grown in One Conventional and Three Organic Cropping Systems over Three Years. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9803-9811. [PMID: 26513153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The eating quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.) was investigated to evaluate the impact of cropping systems (one conventional and three organic systems) and growing years (2007, 2008, and 2009) on root size, chemical composition, and sensory quality. The content of dry matter, sugars, polyacetylenes, and terpenes as well as the sensory quality and root size were related to the climate during the three growing years. A higher global radiation and a higher temperature sum in 2009 as compared to 2007 and 2008 resulted in larger roots, higher contents of dry matter, sucrose, total sugars, and total polyacetylenes, and lower contents of terpenes, fructose, and glucose. No differences were found between conventional and organic carrots with regard to the investigated parameters. This result shows that organically grown carrots have the same eating quality as conventionally grown carrots, while being produced in a more sustainable way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Bach
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Hanne L Kristensen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Merete Edelenbos
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Raffo A, Baiamonte I, Bucci R, D'Aloise A, Kelderer M, Matteazzi A, Moneta E, Nardo N, Paoletti F, Peparaio M. Effects of different organic and conventional fertilisers on flavour related quality attributes of cv. Golden Delicious apples. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Seljåsen R, Kristensen HL, Lauridsen C, Wyss GS, Kretzschmar U, Birlouez-Aragone I, Kahl J. Quality of carrots as affected by pre- and postharvest factors and processing. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2611-2626. [PMID: 23744724 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an update on factors contributing to quality of carrots, with special focus on the role of pre- and postharvest factors and processing. The genetic factor shows the highest impact on quality variables in carrots, causing a 7-11-fold difference between varieties in content of terpenes, β-carotene, magnesium, iron and phenolics as well as a 1-4-fold difference in falcarindiol, bitter taste and sweet taste. Climate-related factors may cause a difference of up to 20-fold for terpenes, 82% for total sugars and 30-40% for β-carotene, sweet taste and bitter taste. Organic farming in comparison with conventional farming has shown 70% higher levels for magnesium and 10% for iron. Low nitrogen fertilisation level may cause up to 100% increase in terpene content, minor increase in dry matter (+4 to +6%) and magnesium (+8%) and reduction in β-carotene content (-8 to -11%). Retail storage at room temperature causes the highest reduction in β-carotene (-70%) and ascorbic acid (-70%). Heat processing by boiling reduces shear force (-300 to -1000%) and crispiness (-67%) as well as content of phenolics (-150%), terpenes (-85%) and total carotenes (-20%) and increases the risk of furan accumulation. Sensory and chemical quality parameters of carrots are determined mainly by genetic and climate-related factors and to a minor extent by cultivation method. Retail temperature and storage atmosphere as well as heating procedure in processing have the highest impact in quality reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randi Seljåsen
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886, Grimstad, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kahl J. Organic food quality: from field to fork. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2751-2752. [PMID: 23077006 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|