FTIR spectroscopy for prediction of quality parameters and antimicrobial activity of commercial vinegars with chemometrics

Diversity and Functional Roles of Microorganisms in Anatolian Black Pine Cone Vinegar Fermentation

The parts of some pine species are a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be used in various food products. The current work, the physicochemical, bioactive, antimicrobial, sensory, and aromatic properties of traditional vinegar produced from Anatolian Black Pine Cones from different provinces of Turkey were determined, as well as the cultivable microbial diversity and metagenomic analysis. The total phenolic content of the vinegars ranged from 163.88 to 174.79 mg GAE/L. Antioxidant activity, measured via DPPH and ABTS assays, varied among the samples. CnB vinegar, made from Burdur province cones, stood out for its bioactive compounds, including terpenes, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, and the highest α-terpineol content (3.13%). CnB also exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, with the largest inhibition zone (44.91 mm) against E. coli type A, while CnM showed the lowest activity. Sensory evaluations favored CnB for its balanced flavor, while CnV was criticized for excessive sharpness, and CnM was deemed too mild. The bacterial microbiome of CnB was predominantly composed of acetic acid bacteria, with an average concentration of 7.36 log CFU/mL in the enumeration of culturable microorganisms. The dominant bacterial taxa at the phyla level included Proteobacteria (72.296%), Firmicutes (22.062%), Bacteroidota (3.665%), followed by Acetobacteraceae (71.47%), Clostridia (13.187%), Bacilli (5.066%), Bacteroidetes (3.665%), and C. negativicutes (3.737%) at the phylum level. The fungal microbiome was mainly represented by Ascomycota (78.717%) and Eukaryota Incertae sedis (15.840%). The findings demonstrate that pine cone vinegar can be employed in a multitude of applications, including food preservation and health promotion.

Vinegar postbiotic solutions obtained from five red fruits processed using traditional methods exhibit different biochemical properties and antimicrobial and antioxidant effects

Pomegranate, hawthorn, gilaburu, blackberry, and rosehip vinegar postbiotic solutions (VPS) were produced by traditional methods. The bioactive components of VPS, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activities, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were determined. While rosehip VPS has the highest amount of lactic acid, phenolic and flavonoids, gilaburu VPS has the highest butyric acid. The highest antimicrobial activities were observed for hawthorn VPS on C. albicans and S. aureus, for gilaburu VPS on S. poona and S. aureus, for blackberry VPS on C. albicans mold and S. agalactiae, for pomegranate VPS on E. coli and S. agalactiae and for rosehip VPS on C. albicans and S. agalactiae. Moreover, the mortality values were reported as MBCs: hawthorn for S. aureus (94.6% at 0.03 mg mL-1) and S. paratyphii A (94.1% at 0.03 mg mL-1), gilaburu for S. aureus (93.4% at 0.06 mg mL-1) and P. aeruginosa (93.2% at 0.13 mg mL-1), rosehip for S. agalactiace and E. coli (93.7-91.7% at 0.06 mg mL-1), pomegranate for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (96.0% at 0.5 mg mL-1), and blackberry for S. aureus (91.3% at 0.25 mg mL-1) and P. aeruginosa (92.1% at 0.13 mg mL-1), in addition to an equal mixture of the five VPSs for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (85.6% at 0.06 mg mL-1). The MICs for VPS were generally found in a 0.5 mg mL-1dilution of each vinegar. Remarkably, common and local fruits can be rich sources of bioactive components without the need for imported products or expensive processing methods or equipment. This study demonstrated that rosehip VPS has the greatest potential as both a nutrient and a natural disinfectant.

Exploring the Impact of Infusion Parameters and In Vitro Digestion on the Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) Tea Using Liquid Chromatography, Diode Array Detection, and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Guayusa tea is derived from the leaves of the Ilex guayusa Loes. plant, which is native to the Amazon rainforest. Beyond its pleasant sensory properties, Guayusa tea is rich in antioxidants, phenolics, and minerals. In this study, the effects of infusion time, temperature, and solvent conditions on the color, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, phenolic profile, and antimicrobial activity of Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes.) tea were investigated. Guayusa tea samples were prepared using two different solvents, ethanol and water, with 4, 6, and 8-h infusions at 60 and 70 °C. Liquid chromatography, diode array detection, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) were used to determine a comprehensive profile of phenolic compounds and to detect differences due to infusion conditions. Moreover, after the Guayusa tea infusion with the highest bioactive properties was determined, the effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds of the Guayusa tea infusion were measured. Phenolic profile analysis identified 29 compounds, among which chlorogenic acid and its derivatives were predominant. The increase in infusion time was correlated with an elevation in total phenolic content. Significant differences were observed between water and ethanol infusions of Guayusa in terms of phenolics and antioxidants. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the samples prepared with both solvents was found to increase after oral intake, depending on the digestion stage; meanwhile, the amounts of flavonoid compounds and di-O-caffeoylquinic acid derivatives decreased during digestion.

Sweet and sour synergy: exploring the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acetic acid and vinegar combined with medical-grade honeys

Oxymel, a combination of honey and vinegar, has been used as a remedy for wounds and infections in historical and traditional medical settings. While honey is now clinically used to treat infected wounds, this use of a complex, raw natural product (NP) mixture is unusual in modern western medicine. Research into the antimicrobial activity of NPs more usually focuses on finding a single active compound. The acetic acid in vinegar is known to have antibacterial activity at low concentrations and is in clinical use to treat burn wound infections. Here, we investigated the potential for synergistic activity of different compounds present in a complex ingredient used in historical medicine (vinegar) and in an ingredient mixture (oxymel). We conducted a systematic review to investigate published evidence for antimicrobial effects of vinegars against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. No published studies have explicitly compared the activity of vinegar with that of a comparable concentration of acetic acid. We then characterized selected vinegars by HPLC and assessed the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the vinegars and acetic acid, alone and in combination with medical-grade honeys, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that some vinegars have antibacterial activity that exceeds that predicted by their acetic acid content alone, but that this depends on the bacterial species being investigated and the growth conditions (media type, planktonic vs. biofilm). Pomegranate vinegars may be particularly interesting candidates for further study. We also conclude that there is potential for acetic acid, and some vinegars, to show synergistic antibiofilm activity with manuka honey.

High-Quality Bioethanol and Vinegar Production from Saudi Arabia Dates: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Value and Antioxidant Efficiency

Dates are very rich in various nutritious compounds, especially reducing sugars. Sugars ensure both anaerobic and aerobic fermentation, carried out respectively for the production of bioethanol and vinegar. Currently, the world production of dates is constantly increasing owing to the significant improvement in production conditions following the continuous scientific and technological development of this field. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most important world producers of dates, occupying the second place by producing 17% of the total world production. This is why it has become a national priority to find new ways to exploit and further valorize dates and palm waste in the development of new and sustainable products. The present study was designed to explore the possible study of a variety of date palm by-products in the production of bioethanol and vinegar via Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Different parameters of bioethanol and vinegar production, including pH, time, fermentation temperature, and yeast concentration, were studied and optimized. Chemical, physicochemical, purity behavior, and antioxidant performance were carried out via NMR, FTIR, and antioxidant activity essays (TPC, DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching test) with the aim to evaluate the potential of the bioethanol and vinegar samples extracted from date palm by-products. Khalas date vinegar revealed significantly more phenolic content (5.81 mg GAE/mL) (p < 0.05) than the different kinds of vinegar tested (Deglet Nour and Black dates; 2.3 and 1.67 mg GAE/mL, respectively) and the commercial vinegar (1.12 mg GAE/mL). The Khalas date vinegar generally showed a higher carotenoid value and better antioxidant activity than the other vinegars extracted from other date varieties and commercially available vinegar. The results confirmed the high quality of the bioethanol and vinegar products, and the efficiency of the developed production processes.

Evaluation of quality the pumpkin, wild plum, pear, cabbage traditional homemade vinegars using the spectroscopy and rheology methods

In this study, the quality evaluation of homemade pumpkin, pear, wild plum and cabbage vinegar produced by traditional methods was carried out using the ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, rheology technique and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method. The measurement of UV spectra, flow behaviours and infrared spectral fingerprints of all the vinegars were performed in the wavelength range of 190 nm to 600 nm, shear rate of 10^-3 s^-1 to 10² s^-1 and wavenumber of 4200 c^-1 to 400 cm^-1 at room temperature, respectively. The quality of homemade vinegars was correlated with the UV spectra peaks, which took values with acetic acid and phenolic compound concentrations. It was determined that the absorption coefficient and optical energy gaps (E_g) which were caused by the release time, depends on the organic acids content. It was observed that the UV spectra and forbidden energy gaps of all the vinegars compatible with the Lambert-Beer-Bouguer and Tauc laws, respectively. The flow behaviour of homemade vinegars was consistent with the non-Newtonian flow, which is the signature behaviour of the dilatant (thickening) and pseudo-plastic (thinning) liquids. Moreover, it was determined that the spectral fingerprint peaks obtained from FTIR spectroscopy were caused by the mixture of acetic acid and water forming the structure of the vinegar. As a result of spectroscopy and rheological analyses, which yields compatible results with commercial tests, it is predicted that it can be safely used as health test.

Using least angular regression to model the antibacterial potential of metronidazole complexes

Imidazole has anti-inflammatory, antituberculotic, antimicrobial, antimycotic, antiviral, and antitumor properties in the human body, to name a few. Metronidazole [1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole] is a widely used antiprotozoan and antibacterial medication. Using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the current study models the antibacterial activity of already synthesised Metronidazole (MTZ) complexes (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Cu$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Cu, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Cu-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Cu-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ$$\end{document}MTZ, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Cu$$\end{document}MTZ-Cu, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Cu-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Cu-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Ag$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Ag, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Benz-Ag-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Benz-Ag-Cl2CHCOOH, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Ag$$\end{document}MTZ-Ag and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$MTZ-Ag-Cl_2CHCOOH$$\end{document}MTZ-Ag-Cl2CHCOOH) against E. coli, B. bronceptica, S. epidermidis, B. pumilus and S. aureus. To characterise the Metronidazole complexes for antibacterial activity against 05 microbes, the least angular regression and least absolute shrinkage selection operators were used. Asymmetric Least Squares was used to correct the spectrum baseline. Least angular regression outperforms cross-validated root mean square error in the fitted models. Using Least angular regression, influential wavelengths that explain the variation in antibacterial activity of Metronidazole complexes were identified and mapped against functional groups.

Potential of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy for the Differentiation of Spanish Vinegars According to the Geographical Origin and the Prediction of Their Functional Properties

High-quality wine vinegars with unique organoleptic characteristics are produced in southern Spain under three Protected Designations of Origin (PDO), namely "Jerez", "Condado de Huelva" and "Montilla-Moriles". To guarantee their authenticity and avoid frauds, robust and low-cost analytical methodologies are needed for the quality control and traceability of vinegars. In this study, we propose the use of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy in combination with multivariate statistical tools to discriminate Spanish wine vinegars according to their geographical origin, as well as to predict their physicochemical and functional properties. Linear discriminant analysis provided a clear clustering of vinegar samples according to the PDO with excellent classification performance (98.6%). Furthermore, partial least squares regression analysis demonstrated that spectral data can serve as accurate predictors of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of vinegars. Accordingly, UV-Vis spectroscopy stands out as a suitable analytical tool for simple and rapid authentication and traceability of vinegars.

Analysis of Antioxidant Capacity and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Polish Grape Vinegars Obtained by Spontaneous Fermentation

Nowadays, products of natural origin with health-promoting properties are increasingly more common. Research shows that fruit vinegars can be a source of compounds with antioxidant activity. Research on the total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans of grape vinegars were conducted. Moreover, gas chromatography was used to measure acetic acid content in the vinegars. The research material consisted of vinegars produced from five different grape varieties. For each variety, two variants were prepared: with and without the addition of sugar in the fermentation process. The highest antimicrobial activity against all micro-organisms was observed in vinegar produced from Solaris grapes with added sugar. The highest polyphenol content was observed in vinegar produced from the Prior grape variety with added sugar and the highest total antioxidant capacity is the Johanniter grape variety with added sugar. The vinegars examined in this study differed, depending on grape variety, in terms of antimicrobial properties, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, as well as acetic acid content. Sugar addition caused significant differences in the antioxidant capacity of vinegar samples.

Health Promoting Properties of Cereal Vinegars

Vinegar has been used for its health promoting properties since antiquity. Nowadays, these properties are investigated, scientifically documented, and highlighted. The health benefits of vinegar have been associated with the presence of a variety of bioactive components such as acetic acid and other organic acids, phenolic compounds, amino acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, vitamins, minerals, and alkaloids, etc. These components are known to induce responses in the human body, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory effects. The diversity and levels of bioactive components in vinegars depend on the raw material and the production method used. Cereal vinegars, which are more common in the Asia-Pacific region, are usually made from rice, although other cereals, such as millet, sorghum, barley, malt, wheat, corn, rye, oats, bran and chaff, are also used. A variety of bioactive components, such as organic acids, polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, melanoidins, butenolides, and specific compounds such as γ-oryzanol, tetramethylpyrazine, γ-aminobutyric acid, etc., have been associated with the health properties of cereal vinegars. In this work, the bioactive components and the related health effects of cereal vinegars are reviewed, and the most recent scientific literature is presented and discussed.

Sensorial, antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of vinegars from surpluses of physalis (Physalis pubescens L.) and red pitahaya (Hylocereus monacanthus)

BACKGROUND

To reduce postharvest losses, substandard fruit and agricultural surpluses can productively be used as raw material for vinegar production. The present study aimed to prepare vinegars from surpluses of physalis (Physalis pubescens L.) and red pitahaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) and then evaluate their sensorial characteristics, antimicrobial activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods.

RESULTS

Two vinegars were produced by submerged fermentation using physalis and red pitahaya fruits surpluses. Physalis and red pitahaya vinegars had 47 and 45 g L^-1 acetic acid, respectively, and both vinegars contained approximately 1 g L^-1 ethanol. Both vinegars displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. The TPC of physalis and red pitahaya vinegar was 0.5638 and 0.3656 g L^-1 g gallic acid L^-1 for physalis and red pitahaya, respectively. A similar antioxidant activity was detected in both the wines and vinegars. The sensorial analysis revealed that the consumers 'like moderately' each vinegar, and citric aroma was noted in the physalis vinegar.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, vinegars with sensorial characteristics approved by consumers were developed using fruit surpluses, adding value through a new product making use of a simple methodology that is both inexpensive and demonstrates a good yield. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.