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Archaea as a Model System for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010114. [PMID: 36671499 PMCID: PMC9855744 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Archaea represents the third domain of life, displaying a closer relationship with eukaryotes than bacteria. These microorganisms are valuable model systems for molecular biology and biotechnology. In fact, nowadays, methanogens, halophiles, thermophilic euryarchaeota, and crenarchaeota are the four groups of archaea for which genetic systems have been well established, making them suitable as model systems and allowing for the increasing study of archaeal genes' functions. Furthermore, thermophiles are used to explore several aspects of archaeal biology, such as stress responses, DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation and its regulation mechanisms, CRISPR systems, and carbon and energy metabolism. Extremophilic archaea also represent a valuable source of new biomolecules for biological and biotechnological applications, and there is growing interest in the development of engineered strains. In this review, we report on some of the most important aspects of the use of archaea as a model system for genetic evolution, the development of genetic tools, and their application for the elucidation of the basal molecular mechanisms in this domain of life. Furthermore, an overview on the discovery of new enzymes of biotechnological interest from archaea thriving in extreme environments is reported.
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YÜCEL H, EKİNCİ K. Carbohydrate active enzyme system in rumen fungi: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2022. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.1075030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions of carbohydrates, which are used as energy raw materials by all living things in nature, are controlled by Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy) systems. These enzymes are also used in different industrial areas today. There are different types of microorganisms that have the CAZy system and are used in the industrial sector. Apart from current organisms, there are also rumen fungi within the group of candidate microorganisms with the CAZy system. It has been reported that xylanase (EC3.2.1.8 and EC3.2.1.37) enzyme, a member of the glycoside hydrolase enzyme family obtained from Trichoderma sp. and used especially in areas such as bread, paper, and feed industry, is more synthesized in rumen fungi such as Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. Therefore, this study reviews Neocallimastixsp., Orpinomyces sp., Caecomyces sp., Piromyces sp., and Anaeromyces sp., registered in the CAZy and Mycocosm database for rumen fungi to have both CAZy enzyme activity and to be an alternative microorganism in the industry. Furthermore the CAZy enzyme activities of the strains are investigated. The review shows thatNeocallimax sp. and Orpinomyces sp. areconsidered as candidate microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit YÜCEL
- KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ
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Liu X, Yan Q, Xue Y, Wang S, Yang H, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Chaetomium sp. suitable for bread making. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu Z, Wen S, Wu G, Wu H. Heterologous expression and characterization of Anaeromyces robustus xylanase and its use in bread making. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Verma D. Extremophilic Prokaryotic Endoxylanases: Diversity, Applicability, and Molecular Insights. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728475. [PMID: 34566933 PMCID: PMC8458939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophilic endoxylanases grabbed attention in recent years due to their applicability under harsh conditions of several industrial processes. Thermophilic, alkaliphilic, and acidophilic endoxylanases found their employability in bio-bleaching of paper pulp, bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into xylooligosaccharides, bioethanol production, and improving the nutritious value of bread and other bakery products. Xylanases obtained from extremophilic bacteria and archaea are considered better than fungal sources for several reasons. For example, enzymatic activity under broad pH and temperature range, low molecular weight, cellulase-free activity, and longer stability under extreme conditions of prokaryotic derived xylanases make them a good choice. In addition, a short life span, easy cultivation/harvesting methods, higher yield, and rapid DNA manipulations of bacterial and archaeal cells further reduces the overall cost of the product. This review focuses on the diversity of prokaryotic endoxylanases, their characteristics, and their functional attributes. Besides, the molecular mechanisms of their extreme behavior have also been presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay Verma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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Biochemical characterization of a GH10 xylanase from the anaerobic rumen fungus Anaeromyces robustus and application in bread making. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:406. [PMID: 34471589 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaeromyces robustus is an anaerobic rumen microorganism which can produce plant cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, a new GH10 xylanase gene xylAr10 from A. robustus was identified, cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The recombinant protein ArXyn10 was characterized after being purified by Ni-NTA. The optimal pH and temperature of ArXyn10 was determined at 5.5 and 40 °C, respectively. ArXyn10 was stable at the pH range of 4.0-8.0, and could maintain high stability from 35 to 45 °C. The hydrolysis products released from beechwood xylan by ArXyn10 showed chromatographic mobility similar to xylobiose and xylotriose according to thin-layer chromatography analysis. It was shown that the addition of 7.5 mg of ArXyn10 in 100 g high-gluten wheat flour during bread making could increase the reducing sugar content by 10.80%, indicating that xylo-oligosaccharides were produced. With the addition of ArXyn10, the hardness and chewiness of the bread decreased and the quality was improved. The new discovered xylanase ArXyn10 have potential application prospect in bread making.
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Li G, Zhou X, Li Z, Liu Y, Liu D, Miao Y, Wan Q, Zhang R. Significantly improving the thermostability of a hyperthermophilic GH10 family xylanase XynAF1 by semi-rational design. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4561-4576. [PMID: 34014347 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases have a broad range of applications in industrial biotechnologies, which require the enzymes to resist the high-temperature environments. The majority of xylanases have maximum activity at moderate temperatures, which limited their potential applications in industries. In this study, a thermophilic GH10 family xylanase XynAF1 from the high-temperature composting strain Aspergillus fumigatus Z5 was characterized and engineered to further improve its thermostability. XynAF1 has the optimal reaction temperature of 90 °C. The crystal structure of XynAF1 was obtained by X-ray diffraction after heterologous expression, purification, and crystallization. The high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structure of the protein-product complex was obtained by soaking the apo-state crystal with xylotetraose. Structure analysis indicated that XynAF1 has a rigid skeleton, which helps to maintain the hyperthermophilic characteristic. The homologous structure analysis and the catalytic center mutant construction of XynAF1 indicated the conserved catalytic center contributed to the high optimum catalytic temperature. The amino acids in the surface of xylanase XynAF1 which might influence the enzyme thermostability were identified by the structure analysis. Combining the rational design with the saturation mutation at the high B-value regions, the integrative mutant XynAF1-AC with a 6-fold increase of thermostability was finally obtained. This study efficiently improved the thermostability of a GH10 family xylanase by semi-rational design, which provided a new biocatalyst for high-temperature biotechnological applications. KEY POINTS: • Obtained the crystal structure of GH10 family hyperthermophilic xylanase XynAF1. • Shed light on the understanding of the GH10 family xylanase thermophilic mechanism. • Constructed a 6-fold increased thermostability recombinant xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wan
- College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Alokika, Singh B. Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8763-8784. [PMID: 31641815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microbial xylanases have gathered great attention due to their biotechnological potential at industrial scale for many processes. A variety of lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, corn cob, and ragi bran, are used for xylanase production which also solved the great issue of solid waste management. Both solid-state and submerged fermentation have been used for xylanase production controlled by various physical and nutritional parameters. Majority of xylanases have optimum pH in the range of 4.0-9.0 with optimum temperature at 30-60 °C. For biochemical, molecular studies and also for successful application in industries, purification and characterization of xylanase have been carried out using various appropriate techniques. Cloning and genetic engineering are used for commercial-level production of xylanase, to meet specific economic viability and industrial needs. Microbial xylanases are used in various biotechnological applications like biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. This review describes production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alokika
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Life Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
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Oves M, Rauf MA, Hussain A, Qari HA, Khan AAP, Muhammad P, Rehman MT, Alajmi MF, Ismail IIM. Antibacterial Silver Nanomaterial Synthesis From Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens and Targeting Biofilm Formation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:801. [PMID: 31427961 PMCID: PMC6688106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the significance of biological and eco-friendly nanomaterials, in the present study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles from the exopolysaccharide of recently recovered bacterial strain CEES51 from the Red Sea coastal area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the isolated bacteria, and it was identified as Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens and assigned an accession number MH707257.1 GenBank. The bacterial strain is an excellent exopolysaccharide producer and survived at hypersaline (30%) and high-temperature (50°C) conditions. The bacterial exopolysaccharides were employed for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. UV-visible spectrophotometer optimized the synthesized nanoparticles, and their size was determined by Nanophox particle size analyzer and dynamic light scattering. Additionally, the X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies also approved its crystalline nature and the involvement of organic functional groups in their formation. The synthesized nanomaterials were tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial property showed time, and dose-dependent response with a maximum of zone inhibition was observed at around 22 and 18 mm at a dose of 50 µg/well against B. subtilis and S. aureus and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 and 10 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized silver nanoparticles possessed a substantial antibiofilm property and were also found to be biocompatible as depicted by red blood cell lysis assay and their interaction with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Therefore, Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens is found to be an excellent source for exopolysaccharide synthesis that assists in the silver nanoparticle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Oves
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- International Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Phamocognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda A Qari
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Pir Muhammad
- International Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of Phamocognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Fahad Alajmi
- Department of Phamocognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal I M Ismail
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz, University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Atalah J, Cáceres-Moreno P, Espina G, Blamey JM. Thermophiles and the applications of their enzymes as new biocatalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 280:478-488. [PMID: 30826176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ecological and efficient alternatives to industrial processes have sparked interest for using microorganisms and enzymes as biocatalysts. One of the difficulties is finding candidates capable of resisting the harsh conditions in which industrial processes usually take place. Extremophiles, microorganisms naturally found in "extreme" ecological niches, produce robust enzymes for bioprocesses and product development. Thermophiles like Geobacillus, Alyciclobacillus, Anoxybacillus, Pyrococcus and Thermoccocus are some of the extremophiles containing enzymes showing special promise for biocatalysis. Glutamate dehydrogenase used in food processes, laccases and xylanases in pulp and paper processes, nitrilases and transaminases for pharmaceutical drug synthesis and lipases present in detergents, are examples of the increasing use of enzymes for biocatalytic synthesis from thermophilic microorganisms. Some of these enzymes from thermophiles have been expressed as recombinant enzymes and are already in the market. Here we will review recent discoveries of thermophilic enzymes and their current and potential applications in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Atalah
- Fundación Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas 2280, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Giannina Espina
- Fundación Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas 2280, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny M Blamey
- Fundación Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas 2280, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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