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Farooq S, Xu L, Ullah S, Li J, Nie J, Ping J, Ying Y. Advancements and greenification potential of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for chromatographic analysis of veterinary drug residues in milk. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13399. [PMID: 39072953 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Milk, as a widely consumed nutrient-rich food, is crucial for bone health, growth, and overall nutrition. The persistent application of veterinary drugs for controlling diseases and heightening milk yield has imparted substantial repercussions on human health and environmental ecosystems. Due to the high demand, fresh consumption, complex composition of milk, and the potential adverse impacts of drug residues, advanced greener analytical methods are necessitated. Among them, functional materials-based analytical methods attract wide concerns. The magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs), as a kind of typical functional material, possess excellent greenification characteristics and potencies, and they are easily integrated into various detection technologies, which have offered green approaches toward analytes such as veterinary drugs in milk. Despite their increasing applications and great potential, MMIPs' use in dairy matrices remains underexplored, especially regarding ecological sustainability. This work reviews recent advances in MMIPs' synthesis and application as efficient sorbents for veterinary drug extraction in milk followed by chromatographic analysis. The uniqueness and effectiveness of MMIPs in real milk samples are evaluated, current limitations are addressed, and greenification opportunities are proposed. MMIPs show promise in revolutionizing green analytical procedures for veterinary drug detection, aligning with the environmental goals of modern food production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Farooq
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhou Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Safat Ullah
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering Technology of Shandong Province, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agriculture University/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sorout M, Bhogal S. Current trends of functional monomers and cross linkers used to produce molecularly imprinted polymers for food analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38907585 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2365337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as artificial synthetic receptors are in high demand for food analysis due to their inherent molecular recognition abilities. It is common practice to employ functional monomers with basic or acidic groups that can interact with analyte molecules via hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, and other interactions (π-π, dipole-ion, hydrophobic, and Van der Waals). Therefore, selecting the appropriate functional monomer and cross-linker is crucial for determining how precisely they interact with the template and developing the polymeric network's three-dimensional structure. This study summarizes the advancements made in MIP's functional monomers and cross-linkers for food analysis from 2018 to 2023. The subsequent computational design of MIP has been thoroughly explained. The discussion has concluded with a look at the difficulties and prospects for MIP in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sorout
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Shikha Bhogal
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
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Wang M, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang H. Development of a photothermal-sensing microfluidic paper-based analytical chip (PT-Chip) for sensitive quantification of diethylstilbestrol. Food Chem 2023; 402:134128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li Q, Sun T, Salentijn GI, Ning B, Han D, Bai J, Peng Y, Gao Z, Wang Z. Bifunctional ligand-mediated amplification of polydiacetylene response to biorecognition of diethylstilbestrol for on-site smartphone detection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128692. [PMID: 35316640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polydiacetylene (PDA) is very suited for sensitively detecting large biomolecules, and its unique chromatic properties enable visual read-out. However, application to the selective detection of small molecules remains challenging. Here, bifunctional ligands are studied to amplify the color change of PDA for biorecognition of small molecules for the smartphone-based detection of diethylstilbestrol (DES). PDA is decorated with streptavidin (PDA-SA, blue), and biotin-modified DES (bio-DES) is prepared as a bifunctional ligand to couple with PDA-SA and DES antibody. Since multiple bio-DES can bind to a single SA, then multiple SAs on PDA lead to an increased surface coverage of the vesicle. In samples without DES, PDA-SA-bio-DES-DES antibody complexes will form, leading to a color transition (blue to red); this color transition is greatly amplified by antibody-induced aggregation of the complexes. When DES is present, aggregation is inhibited due to competition for the antibody and PDA-SA-bio-DES retains its blue color. A linear relationship (0.4-1250 ng mL-1) is found between the colorimetric response and the logarithmic DES concentration, with adequate selectivity, accuracy (82.24-118.64%), and precision (below 8.24%). Finally, a paper-based DES PDA biosensor is developed with visual and smartphone-based detection limits of 10 ng mL-1 and 0.85 ng mL-1 in water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tieqiang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Kuang Y, Xia Y, Wang X, Rao Q, Yang S. Magnetic Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Adsorption of 4-Hydroxycoumarin. Front Chem 2022; 10:862777. [PMID: 35464201 PMCID: PMC9022774 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.862777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxyl coumarin (HC), an important intermediate during the synthesis procedure of rodenticide and anti-cardiovascular drug, shows highly medicinal value and economic value. To achieve the efficient adsorption of HC from natural biological samples, a novel magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymer (HC/SMIPs) was constructed by employing methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, organic silane modified magnetic particles as matrix carrier and HC as template molecule. Due to the numerous specific imprinted cavities on the HC/SMIPs, the maximum adsorption capacity of HC/SMIPs for 4-hydroxycoumarin could reach to 22.78 mg g−1 within 20 min. In addition, HC/SMIPs exhibited highly selective adsorption for 4-hydroxycoumarin compared with other active drug molecules (osthole and rutin) and showed excellent regeneration performance. After 8 cycles of adsorption-desorption tests, the adsorption capacity of HC/SMIPs just slightly decreased by 6.64%. The efficient selective removal and easy recycle of 4-hydroxycoumarin from biological samples by HC/SMIPs made a highly promising to advance the application of imprinting polymers in complex practical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingqing Rao
- *Correspondence: Qingqing Rao, ; Shengxiang Yang,
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Cao H, Yang P, Ye T, Yuan M, Yu J, Wu X, Yin F, Li Y, Xu F. The selective recognition mechanism of a novel highly hydrophobic ion-imprinted polymer towards Cd(ii) and its application in edible vegetable oil. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34487-34497. [PMID: 35494786 PMCID: PMC9042718 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04132k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible vegetable oils are easily contaminated by heavy metals, resulting in the oxidative degradation of oils and various health effects on humans. Therefore, it is very important to develop a rapid and efficient method to extract trace heavy metals from vegetable oils. In this work, a highly hydrophobic ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was synthesized on a novel raspberry (RS)-like particle surface. The synthesized IIP@RS was characterized and used in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the selective and fast adsorption of Cd(ii) from vegetable oils. The results showed that IIP was successfully coated onto RS particles with a high specific surface area (458.7 m2 g−1) and uniform porous structure. The contact angle (θ) value (141.8°) of IIP@RS was close to the critical value of super-hydrophobic materials, which is beneficial to their adsorption in hydrophobic vegetable oils. The IIP@RS also exhibited excellent adsorption ability and selectivity to Cd(ii) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 36.62 mg g−1, imprinting factor of 4.31 and equilibrium adsorption rate of 30 min. According to isothermal titration calorimetry results, the recognition behavior of IIP@RS for Cd(ii) was mainly contributed by Cd(ii)-induced cavities during gel formation and coordination between Cd(ii) and –SH groups in imprinted cavities. Furthermore, the adsorption process driven by entropy and enthalpy was spontaneous at all temperatures. In real vegetable oil samples, IIP@RS-SPE adsorbed approximately 96.5–115.8% of Cd(ii) with a detection limit of 0.62 μg L−1. Therefore, IIP@RS has wide application prospects in enriching and detecting Cd(ii) from vegetable oil. Edible vegetable oils are easily contaminated by heavy metals, resulting in the oxidative degradation of oils and various health effects on humans.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Pu Yang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Tai Ye
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Min Yuan
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Jinsong Yu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Xiuxiu Wu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Fengqin Yin
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Food Rapid Detection, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology P. O. Box 454, No. 516, Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 P. R. China +86-21-55271117 +86-21-55271117
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Zhao X, Lü L, Zhu M, Liu H, He J, Zheng F. Development of hydrophilic magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of sulfonamides from animal-derived samples before HPLC detection. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2399-2407. [PMID: 33856741 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly hydrophilic magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared through a surface imprinting technique for dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography to detect trace levels of ten sulfonamides in animal-derived samples. The obtained imprinted polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and adsorption experiments, which exhibited excellent specific adsorption for template sulfamethazine in aqueous solution. Moreover, the adsorption process could be completed within 25 min. Under the optimum conditions, the method exhibits good linear performance in the range of 5-to 10 mg/L, limits of detection ranging from 0.57 to 1.50 μg/L, and good recoveries of 85.09-110.93% in the spiked samples (chicken, cow milk, and goat milk). The proposed detection method not only avoids the use of organic solvents but also simplifies the pretreatment procedure via excellent magnetic properties. Furthermore, the method shows great potential for the rapid detection of drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lü
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhen Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Liu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Fuping Zheng
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Liu J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu J, Li G, Wu Y. Highly sensitive determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in foodstuffs through magnetic solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1666-1675. [PMID: 32888325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), proved to be potential carcinogenic threats to human health, have received great concerns in food field. It was essential to develop effective methods to detect EDCs in food samples. The present study proposed an efficient method to determine trace EDCs including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and bisphenol A (BPA) based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in meat samples. RESULTS Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via functionalization of magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles, and used as absorbents of MSPE to enrich EDCs. The efficient EDCs enrichment relies on π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding, and the interaction between titanium ions (IV, Ti4+ ) and hydroxyl groups in EDCs, which improves the selectivity and sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, target EDCs were rapidly extracted through MSPE with 5 min. Combining Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 based MSPE and HPLC-MS/MS to determine EDCs, good linearities were observed with correlation coefficient (R2 ) ≥ 0.9989. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.13-0.41 μg kg-1 and 0.66-1.49 μg kg-1 , respectively. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to real samples analysis. CONCLUSIONS The established MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine EDCs in meat samples with rapidness, improved selectivity and sensitivity. It shows great prospects for EDCs detection in other complicated matrices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yanxin Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jichao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Preparation and application of a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous and rapid determination of three trace endocrine disrupting chemicals in lake water and milk samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1835-1846. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moein MM, Abdel-Rehim A, Abdel-Rehim M. Recent Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Sol-Gel Methodology in Sample Preparation. Molecules 2019; 24:E2889. [PMID: 31395795 PMCID: PMC6720762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their selectivity and chemical stability, molecularly imprinted polymers have attracted great interest in sample preparation. Imprinted polymers have been applied for the extraction and the enrichment of different sorts of trace analytes in biological and environmental samples before their analysis. Additionally, MIPs are utilized in various sample preparation techniques such as SPE, SPME, SBSE and MEPS. Nevertheless, molecularly imprinted polymers suffer from thermal (stable only up to 150 °C) and mechanical stability issues, improper porosity and poor capacity. The sol-gel methodology as a promising alternative to address these limitations allowing the production of sorbents with controlled porosity and higher surface area. Thus the combination of molecularly imprinted technology and sol-gel technology can create influential materials with high selectivity, high capacity and high thermal stability. This work aims to present an overview of molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymerization methods and their applications in analytical and bioanalytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Moein
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbi Abdel-Rehim
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-164 40 Stockholm, Sweden.
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