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Schuring N, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS. History and evidence for state of the art of lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer surgery. Dis Esophagus 2024; 37:doad065. [PMID: 38048446 PMCID: PMC10987971 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The current curative multimodal treatment of advanced esophageal cancers consists of neoadjuvant or perioperative chemo(radio)therapy followed by a radical surgical resection of the primary tumor and a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy. One of the most important predictors of long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients is lymph node involvement. The distribution pattern of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer is unpredictable and depends on the primary tumor location, histology, T-stage and application of neoadjuvant or perioperative treatment. The optimal extent of the lymphadenectomy remains controversial; there is no global consensus on this topic yet. Some surgeons advocate an aggressive and extended lymph node dissection to remove occult metastatic disease, to optimize oncological outcomes. Others promote a more restricted lymphadenectomy, since the benefit of an extended lymphadenectomy, especially after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, has not been clearly demonstrated, and morbidity may be reduced. In this review, we describe the development of lymphadenectomy, followed by a summary of current evidence for lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannet Schuring
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pai CP, Chien LI, Huang CS, Hsu HS, Hsu PK. Prognostic Effect of the Dose of Radiation Therapy and Extent of Lymphadenectomy in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175059. [PMID: 36078989 PMCID: PMC9457289 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has been used for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the optimal dose of radiation therapy and the effect of lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant therapy on patient outcomes are uncertain. We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who received neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery for ESCC. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and perioperative outcomes were compared between patients who received radiation doses of 45.0 Gy (PF4500) and 50.4 Gy (PF5040). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the number of lymph nodes removed through lymph node dissection (LND). Data from a total of 126 patients were analyzed. No significant differences were found in 3-year OS and DFS between the PF4500 and PF5040 groups (OS: 45% versus 54%, p = 0.218; DFS: 34% versus 37%, p = 0.506). In both groups, no significant differences were found in 3-year locoregional-specific DFS between patients with a total LND number ≤17 and >17 (PF4500, 35% versus 50%, p = 0.291; PF5040 group, 45% versus 46%, p = 0.866). The PF5040 and PF4500 groups were comparable in terms of survival outcomes and local control. Although no additional survival benefits were identified, the extent of LND should not be altered according to the radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Pin Pai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 256, Taiwan
| | - Ling-I Chien
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Han-Shui Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2871-2121 (ext. 7546)
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Kim DJ, Kim HE. ASO Author Reflections: The Role of Skeletonizing en bloc Esophagectomy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:4918-4919. [PMID: 35419759 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha Eun Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shang QX, Yang YS, Xu LY, Yang H, Li Y, Li Y, Wu ZY, Fu JH, Yao XD, Xu XE, Wu JY, Chen LQ. Prognostic impact of lymph node harvest for patients with node-negative esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a large-scale multicenter study. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1951-1962. [PMID: 34790363 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the association between the number of resected lymph nodes and survival to determine the optimal lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients with negative lymph node. Methods We included 1,836 patients from Chinese three high-volumed hospitals with corresponding clinicopathological characters such as gender, age, tumor location, tumor grade and TNM stage of patients. The median follow-up of included patients was 45.7 months (range, 1.03-117.3 months). X-Tile plot was used to identify the lowest number of lymphadenectomy. The multivariate model's construction was in use of parameters with clinical significance for survival and a nomogram based on clinical variable with P<0.05 in Cox regression analysis. Both two models were validated using a cohort extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 registries database between 1975 and 2016 (n=951). Results More lymphadenectomy numbers were significantly associated with better survival in patients both in training cohort [hazard ratio (HR) =0.980; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.971-0.988; P<0.001] and validation cohort (HR =0.980; 95% CI: 0.968-0.991; P=0.001). Cut-off point analysis determined the lowest number of 9 for thoracic ESCC patients in N0 stage through training cohort (C-index: 0.623; sensitivity: 80.7%; 1 - specificity: 72.5%) when compared with 10 in validation cohort (C-index: 0.643; sensitivity: 78.2%; 1 - specificity: 63.0%). The cut-off points of 9 were examined in training cohort and validated in the divided cohort from validation cohort (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, nomograms for both cohorts were constructed and the calibration curves for both cohorts agreed well with the actual observations in terms of predicting 3- and 5-year survival, respectively. Conclusions Larger number for lymphadenectomy was associated with better survival in thoracic ESCC patients in N0 stage. Nine was what we got as the lowest number for lymphadenectomy in pN0 ESCC patients through this study, and our result should be confirmed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Shang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Fu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yao
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Pai CP, Hsu PK, Chien LI, Huang CS, Hsu HS. Clinical outcome of patients after recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 34:393-401. [PMID: 34734236 PMCID: PMC8860418 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection (LND) has been incorporated into oesophagectomy for patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but with uncertain oncological efficacy. METHODS The data of patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, including who underwent upfront surgery (surgery group) and those who received neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery (neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group), were retrospectively examined. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between patients with and without recurrent laryngeal nerve LND. RESULTS Among the 312 patients, no significant differences were found in 3-year OS and DFS between patients with and without recurrent laryngeal nerve LND in the entire cohort (OS: 57% vs 52%, P = 0.33; DFS: 47% vs 41%, P = 0.186), or the surgery group (n = 173, OS: 69% vs 58%, P = 0.43; DFS: 52% vs. 48%, P = 0.30) and the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group (n = 139, OS: 44% vs 43%, P = 0.44; DFS: 39% vs 32%, P = 0.27). However, among patients with clinical positive recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node involvement before treatment, there was significant OS and DFS differences between patients with and without recurrent laryngeal nerve LND (OS: 62% vs 33%, P = 0.029; DFS: 49% vs 26%, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Recurrent laryngeal nerve LND is not a significant prognostic factor in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; however, it is associated with better outcomes in patients with pre-treatment radiological evidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Pin Pai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-I Chien
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Huang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Shui Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shi K, Qian R, Zhang X, Jin Z, Lin T, Lang B, Wang G, Cui D, Zhang B, Hua X. Video-assisted mediastinoscopic and laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:4207-4214. [PMID: 34642798 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mediastinoscopy was originally applied for lymph node biopsy and mediastinal tumor resection. Improved video imaging with spreadable working channels enabled mediastinoscopy for inspection and tissue biopsy in the superior mediastinum but it is rarely used in minimally invasive esophageal cancer surgery. In this prospective trial, the practicability and security of spreadable video-assisted mediastinoscopic combined with laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy (VAME) with video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy (VATE) were compared. METHODS A total of 200 eligible patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were randomly divided into VAME or VATE groups. Early postoperative outcomes and lymph node dissection between the two groups were compared. RESULTS The operation time was significantly shorter (164.3 ± 47.0 min vs. 265.4 ± 47.2 min, P < 0.001), the number of dissected lymph nodes was less (15.8 ± 4.5 vs. 20.3 ± 6.5, P < 0.001), and the intraoperative blood loss was also significantly reduced (94.7 ± 56.7 mL vs. 184.4 ± 65.2 mL, P < 0.001) in the VAME compared to the VATE group, respectively. The incidence of pneumonia was lower (7% vs. 29%; P < 0.001) and the length of hospital stay was shorter in the VAME group compared to the VATE group (18.0 ± 7.6 days vs. 23.2 ± 7.2, P < 0.001, respectively). The chyle leak incidence appeared to be lower in the VAME group but statistical significance was not reached (1% vs. 4%; P = 0.369). There were no differences in the incidence of anastomotic leakages and recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis between the groups. No 30-day mortality occurred in any of the cases. CONCLUSION VAME appears to be a practicable and secure method for esophagectomy but needs further proof of concept. Clinical registration number: Registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900022797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Rulin Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, No. 288 Zhongzhou Middle Road, Luoyang, 471099, China.
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, 473003, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, 473003, China
| | - Baoping Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated To Zhengzhou University, No. 288 Zhongzhou Middle Road, Luoyang, 471099, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xionghuai Hua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, No. 1 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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Wang CP, Rogers MP, Bach G, Sujka J, Mhaskar R, DuCoin C. Safety comparison of minimally invasive abdomen-only esophagectomy versus minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:1887-1893. [PMID: 33825009 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report mortality and post-operative complications from esophageal resection in the treatment of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma or stricture, comparing a minimally invasive abdomen-only esophagectomy (MIAE) approach with a minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy (MIILE) approach. METHODS A single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or stricture treated by either MIAE or MIILE was conducted. MIAE was offered for strictures less than five centimeters or cancers that were American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage ≤ T2 without lymphadenopathy. Patients treated with these surgical techniques were analyzed to assess pre-operative risk, intra and post-operative variables, adverse events, and overall survival. RESULTS This study included 17 patients undergoing MIAE and 32 patients treated with MIILE. There were a fewer median number of lymph nodes resected (p < 0.001) and shorter operative duration (p < 0.001) for MIAE compared to MIILE. MIAE patients also had significantly higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores and ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) surgical risk values than MIILE patients (p < 0.05). There was no difference in median estimated blood loss, length of stay, pulmonary or cardiac complications between groups. There was no significant difference in 90-day survival. CONCLUSION A minimally invasive abdomen-only approach in a specific patient population is comparable in safety to a minimally invasive Ivor Lewis approach, with associated shorter median operative duration. MIAE patients had significantly greater pre-operative comorbidities and higher calculated peri-operative risk of complication but demonstrated similar post-operative outcomes. This suggests that MIAE may be a suitable surgical approach for treating gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma or stricture in patients deemed unsuitable for MIILE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P Rogers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 5 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | - Gregory Bach
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 5 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | - Joseph Sujka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 5 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA
| | - Rahul Mhaskar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christopher DuCoin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 5 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA.
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Lin MQ, Li JL, Zhang ZK, Chen XH, Ma JY, Dai YQ, Huang SY, Hu YB, Li JC. Delayed postoperative radiotherapy might improve the long-term prognosis of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100956. [PMID: 33227662 PMCID: PMC7689552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative radiotherapy timing for esophageal cancer remains to be determined. Delayed postoperative radiotherapy (>48 days) provides better survival benefit. Postoperative radiotherapy following 2–4 chemotherapy cycles achieved best survival.
Objective There is no consensus on the optimal timing of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We aimed to determine whether the timing of PORT affects the long-term prognosis of ESCC, and plotted nomograms to predict survival. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 351 ESCC patients who underwent radical surgery and PORT. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to estimate the optimal cutoff point of the time interval between surgery and PORT. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify prognostic predictors. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were predicted using nomograms. Results The median follow-up was 53 months (range: 3–179 months). Compared to early PORT, PORT at >48 days after surgery was associated with better OS (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.406, p = 0.037) and PFS (adjusted HR: 1.475, p = 0.018). In the chemotherapy subgroup, incorporation of chemotherapy timing into the analysis suggested that 2–4 chemotherapy cycles followed by PORT was the optimal treatment schedule as compared to 0–1 chemotherapy cycle followed by PORT and concurrent chemoradiotherapy (5-year PFS: 65.9% vs. 51.0% vs. 50.1%; p = 0.049). The nomograms for OS and PFS were superior to the TNM classification (concordance indices: 0.721 vs. 0.626 and 0.716 vs. 0.610, respectively). Conclusions Delayed PORT (>48 days) provides better survival benefit than early PORT among ESCC patients. PORT following 2–4 chemotherapy cycles might lead to the best survival rate. The nomogram plotted in this study effectively predicted survival and may help guide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qiang Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Jin-Luan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Zong-Kai Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Jia-Yu Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Ya-Qing Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China.
| | - Shu-Yun Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Yi-Bin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
| | - Jian-Cheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, 420 Fuma Rd, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China.
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Limited Lymph Node Resection Does Not Decrease Postoperative Mortality After Esophagectomy in Octogenarians With Thoracic Esophageal Cancer. J Surg Res 2020; 259:538-545. [PMID: 33162102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Octogenarians with esophageal cancer typically have a poor physical condition, reduced physiological reserves, and high postoperative mortality (POM). Extensive lymph node dissection increases surgical trauma and postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the number of dissected lymph nodes and short-term and long-term postoperative outcomes in octogenarians with thoracic esophageal cancer. METHODS We examined the data of patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We divided the patients into two groups in accordance with the number of lymph nodes dissected: patients with <15 examined lymph nodes (eLNs) and patients with ≥15 eLNs. Mortality was quantified at 30, 60, and 90 d after surgery. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of 90-day mortality. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to analyze the overall survival and cause-specific survival of the patients. RESULTS A total of 208 octogenarians with thoracic esophageal cancer were included in the analysis. The 30-day POM rates were 10.3% and 6.9%, the 60-day POM rates were 16.9% and 13.9%, and the 90-day POM rates were 21.3% and 19.4% for patients with <15 eLNs and ≥15 eLNs, respectively. However, the differences in POM between the two groups were statistically nonsignificant (all P > 0.05). In accordance with the multivariable logistic regression analysis, age and marital status were significantly associated with 90-day POM. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of long-term survival. The 5-year overall survival rates were 29% and 26.8% (P = 0.719) and the 5-year cause-specific survival rates were 43.2% and 34.1% (P = 0.446) in patients with <15 eLNs and ≥15 eLNs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that octogenarians undergoing esophagectomy are associated with an unacceptably high POM, and less extensive lymph node resection does not decrease POM. Octogenarians may not benefit from esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy. Additional studies need to be conducted to further guide clinicians performing highly selective esophagectomy.
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Nusrath S, Saxena AR, Raju KVVN, Patnaik S, Subramanyeshwar Rao T, Bollineni N. The Value of Lymphadenectomy Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy in Carcinoma Esophagus: a Review. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 11:538-548. [PMID: 33013140 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodal metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors determining survival in patients with carcinoma esophagus. Radical esophagectomy, with the resection of surrounding lymph nodes, is considered the prime treatment of carcinoma esophagus. An extensive lymphadenectomy improves the accuracy of staging and betters locoregional control, but its effect on survival is still not apparent and carries the disadvantage of increased morbidity. The extent of lymphadenectomy during esophagectomy also remains debatable, with many studies revealing contradictory results, especially in the era of neoadjuvant therapy. The pattern of distribution and the number of nodal metastasis are modified by neoadjuvant therapy. The paper reviews the existing evidence to determine whether increased lymph node yield improves oncological outcomes in patients undergoing esophagectomy with particular attention to those patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nusrath
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ajesh Raj Saxena
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - K V V N Raju
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sujith Patnaik
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - T Subramanyeshwar Rao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naren Bollineni
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
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11
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Chao YK, Chiu CH, Liu YH. Safety and oncological efficacy of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph-node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis. Esophagus 2020; 17:33-40. [PMID: 31428901 PMCID: PMC7223830 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-019-00688-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to evaluate the safety and oncological efficacy of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) lymph-node dissection (LND) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). METHODS We retrospectively examined the records of ESCC patients who were judged to be ycN-RLN(-) following nCRT. Patients were divided into two groups according to the extent of LND [standard two-field LND (STL group) versus total two-field LND (TTL group)]. Only lower mediastinal and upper abdominal lymph nodes were removed in the STL group. In addition to the standard procedure, patients in the TTL group underwent resection of upper mediastinal lymph nodes located along the bilateral RLN. Using propensity score matching, 29 pairs were identified and compared with regard to perioperative complications, lymph-node metastases rates, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS No significant intergroup differences were identified in terms of in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Metastases to the RLN lymph nodes were identified in 20.7% (6/29) of TTL patients, being the only site of lymph-node metastases in three of them. TTL was associated with lower upper mediastinal lymph-node recurrence rate (6.5%) compared with STL (21.5%, p = 0.134), although the overall recurrence rate was similar (STL, 44.8% versus TTL, 46.4%). No significant intergroup differences were also evident with regard to 3-year DSS and OS rates. CONCLUSIONS RLN LND can be safely performed in ESCC patients who had undergone nCRT, ultimately resulting in an improved local control, and should be practiced as part of the surgical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Kai Chao
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hung Chiu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hen Liu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linko, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
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12
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Takeda FR, Tustumi F, Nigro BDC, Sallum RAA, Ribeiro-Junior U, Cecconello I. TRANSHIATAL ESOPHAGECTOMY IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH POOR QUALITY LYMPHADENECTOMY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 32:e1475. [PMID: 31859928 PMCID: PMC6918728 DOI: 10.1590/0102-672020190001e1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Esophageal cancer neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery increases the likelihood of treatment success. Aim: To evaluate variables that can influence the number of retrieved lymph nodes, the number of retrieved metastatic lymph nodes and lymphnodal recurrence in esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods: Patients of a single institute were evaluated after completion of trimodal therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate variables that can influence in the number of retrieved lymph nodes and retrieved metastatic lymph nodes. Results: One hundred and forty-nine patients were included. Thoracoscopy access was considered an independent factor for the number of lymph nodes retrieved, but was neither related to the number of positive lymph nodes retrieved nor to lymphnodal recurrence. Pathological complete response on the primary tumor and male were independent variables associated with the number of positive lymph node retrieved. Pathological complete response on the primary tumor site did not statistically influence the likelihood of a lower number of lymph nodes retrieved. Conclusion: Patients submitted to esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, thoracoscopic access is more accurate for pathological staging, even in a complete pathological response. With a proper patient selection, transhiatal surgery may preserve the quality of lymphadenectomy of the positive lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Tustumi
- Gastroenterology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Cecconello
- Gastroenterology Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Lopci E, Kauppi J, Lugaresi M, Mattioli B, Daddi N, Fortunato F, Rasanen J, Mattioli S. Siewert type I and II oesophageal adenocarcinoma: sensitivity/specificity of computed tomography, positron emission tomography and endoscopic ultrasound for assessment of lymph node metastases in groups of thoracic and abdominal lymph node stations. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2019; 28:518-525. [PMID: 30496443 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivy314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Siewert type I/II oesophageal adenocarcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for assessment of the N descriptor in defined groups of lymph nodes were investigated. METHODS CT, PET/CT, EUS images and the pathological data of 101 oesophageal adenocarcinomas submitted to primary resection were compared. The lymph nodes were identified as (a) right paratracheal/subcarinal/pulmonary ligament; (b) paraoesophageal; (c) paracardial; (d) left gastric artery, lesser curvature; (e) coeliac trunk, hepatic/splenic artery. RESULTS Of the 2451 lymph nodes identified, 273 (11.1%) were histologically positive. Overall sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive value for detection of lymph nodes metastatic were respectively: CT sensitivity 39%, specificity 86%, negative 58% and positive 74% predictive value; PET/CT sensitivity 30%, specificity 98%, negative 58% and positive 93% predictive value; EUS sensitivity 50%, specificity 81%, negative 72% and positive 62% predictive value. The sensitivity of CT, PET/CT and EUS in the thoracic nodal groups (a) and (b) was, respectively, 58.3%, 7.1% and 87.5% and 33.3%, 20% and 80%. Sensitivity was below 47% for all tests in the abdominal nodal groups. In contrast, specificity (88.6-100%) was super imposable in all nodal groups. The strength of agreement among the 3 imaging techniques was poor (kappa < 0.30) for the thoracic anatomical groups of interest: (a) lower paratracheal/subcarinal/pulmonary ligament and (b) paraoesophageal; it was moderate/good (kappa >0.30) for the abdominal N groups of interest: c, d and e. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic performance of CT, PET and EUS for assessing the N descriptor in the paracardial and abdominal stations close to the primary tumour is not satisfactory. EUS can efficiently assess the presence/absence of nodal metastases in the thoracic stations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03529968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,PhD Course in Cardio-Nephro-Thoracic Sciences University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Juha Kauppi
- Department of General Thoracic and Oesophageal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marialuisa Lugaresi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Niccolò Daddi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Jari Rasanen
- Department of General Thoracic and Oesophageal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sandro Mattioli
- PhD Course in Cardio-Nephro-Thoracic Sciences University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
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14
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Phillips AW, Hardy K, Navidi M, Kamarajah SK, Madhavan A, Immanuel A, Griffin SM. Impact of Lymphadenectomy on Survival After Unimodality Transthoracic Esophagectomy for Adenocarcinoma of Esophagus. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 27:692-700. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Xia W, Liu S, Mao Q, Chen B, Ma W, Dong G, Xu L, Jiang F. Effect of lymph node examined count on accurate staging and survival of resected esophageal cancer. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:1149-1157. [PMID: 30957414 PMCID: PMC6501022 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the association between numbers of lymph nodes examined (LNEs) and accurate staging and survival to determine the optimal LNE count during esophagectomy using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry and the Department of Thoracic Surgery of a single institution (SI). Methods A total of 7356 EC patients met our inclusion criteria from the SEER database and 1275 patients from SI. We applied multivariate models to investigate the relationship between the LNE count and LN metastasis and cancer‐specific survival (CSS). Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) generated by the multivariate models were fitted with Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing, and the structural breakpoints were determined by the Chow test. Results Higher numbers of LNEs were linked to a higher proportion of LN metastasis and better CSS in both cohorts. Cut‐point analysis determined a threshold of LNEs of 12 for adenocarcinoma and 14 for esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) considering accurate staging, and 15 for adenocarcinoma and 14 for ESCC considering OS. The cut‐points for CSS were examined in the SEER database and validated in the divided cohort from SI (all P < 0.05). Conclusion A greater number of LNEs are significantly associated with more accurate N staging and better survival in EC patients. We recommend 15 and 14 as the threshold LNE counts for adenocarcinoma and ESCC patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyao Liu
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qixing Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weidong Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaochao Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
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16
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Ho HJ, Chen HS, Hung WH, Hsu PK, Wu SC, Chen HC, Wang BY. Survival Impact of Total Resected Lymph Nodes in Esophageal Cancer Patients With and Without Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:3820-3832. [PMID: 30284131 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current esophageal treatment guidelines suggest that, when more than 15 lymph nodes are detected, dissection should be done as the minimum requirement for staging in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients undergoing esophagectomy without induction chemoradiotherapy (CRT). However, for neoadjuvant CRT, there is limited information. We sought to clarify the role of lymphadenectomy in ESCC patients with and without neoadjuvant CRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data on 3156 ESCC patients receiving esophagectomy with (group 1, n = 1399) and without (group 2, n = 1757) neoadjuvant CRT between 2008 and 2014 were collected from a national cancer registry in Taiwan. The impact of the resected lymph nodes on overall survival was assessed according to pathologic stages. A Cox regression model was used to identify prognostic factors for overall survival. RESULTS Five-year overall survival rates were 35.6% for the entire group, 30.32% for group 1, and 39.55% for group 2 (p < 0.0001 for group 1 vs group 2). The best cutoff value was 21 lymph nodes in both group 1 and group 2. In group 1, the independent prognostic factors included age ≥ 54 years, clinical N status, y-pathologic T, y-pathologic N, y-pathologic stage, grade, location, margin status, esophagectomy (thoracoscopic vs open), and number of total resected lymph nodes (≤ 21 vs > 21). For group 2, the independent prognostic factors were gender, clinical stage, pathologic T, pathologic N, tumor length, grade, and margin status. CONCLUSIONS Extent of lymphadenectomy was associated with survival in patients with neoadjuvant CRT followed by esophagectomy. The optimum lymphadenectomy should be modulated by pathologic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Ho
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, Changhua County, 500, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Shan Chen
- Department of Health Care Administration, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Heng Hung
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, Changhua County, 500, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Chi Wu
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Chung Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, Changhua County, 500, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, Changhua County, 500, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Center for General Education, MingDao University, Changhua, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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17
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Hagens ERC, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Cuesta MA, Gisbertz SS. The extent of lymphadenectomy in esophageal resection for cancer should be standardized. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S713-S723. [PMID: 28815067 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.07.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal cancer increases, with approximately 482,000 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer each year. Despite the growing incidence of esophageal carcinoma, the extent of the lymphadenectomy is still under discussion. Lymph node status is an important prognostic parameter in esophageal cancer and an independent predictor of survival. Surgical strategy depends on the distribution pattern of nodal metastases but consensus on the extent of lymphadenectomy differs worldwide. For squamous cell cancer, Japanese surgeons have standardized the 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy according to the location of the tumor. For adenocarcinoma, in the Western World accounting for 85% of all esophageal cancers, the type of lymphadenectomy to perform is not clear. Moreover, the use of neoadjuvant therapy may influence the mediastinal lymph nodes and the significance of the lymphadenectomy for survival. These aspects have challenged the traditional policy concerning lymphadenectomy, at least in the Western World. Furthermore, an extensive lymphadenectomy may improve survival but, on the other hand, may cause significant more morbidity. An overview of the literature on the extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer with respect to the supposed lymph node distribution patterns for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, the different lymph node classification systems, the commonly used surgical techniques and outcomes, and the proposal of observational cohort study to standardize the type of lymphadenectomy according to the type of tumor, location and use of neoadjuvant therapy will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza R C Hagens
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miguel A Cuesta
- Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Impact of Extent of Lymphadenectomy on Survival, Post Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Transthoracic Esophagectomy. Ann Surg 2017; 265:750-756. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Lee HW, Kwon J, Kang MC, Noh MK, Koh JS, Kim JH, Park JH. Overexpression of HSP47 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: clinical implications and functional analysis. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:848-855. [PMID: 25953518 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have been explored to improve the prognosis of this disease. One of these, the 47-kDa heat shock protein (HSP47), has been screened as a potential biomarker by genomic profiling and is known to be overexpressed in some malignant diseases. In this study, we explored the role and evaluated the prognostic value of HSP47 expression in ESCC. The function of this protein was analyzed by assaying proliferation, wound healing, and colony formation in an HSP47-knockdown ESCC line. The prognostic implication of HSP47 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in 157 surgical specimens. HSP47 expression level and other clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Silencing of the HSP47 gene in the ESCC cell line inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. HSP47 was highly expressed in ESCC tissue samples, compared with normal esophageal tissues. The level of immunohistochemical staining of HSP47 and pathologic stage were significantly correlated with overall and recurrence-free survival, as shown by multivariate analysis (P = 0.014 and 0.044, respectively). We found that overexpression of HSP47 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC and that this is consistent with the function of HSP47 in terms of increased cell proliferation and colony formation. These results suggest that HSP47 is a potential prognostic biomarker for ESCC and merits further research for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Lee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Kwon
- Department of Translational Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - M C Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - M-K Noh
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Koh
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Park
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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20
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Park S, Hwang Y, Lee HJ, Park IK, Kim YT, Kang CH. Comparison of robot-assisted esophagectomy and thoracoscopic esophagectomy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2853-2861. [PMID: 27867561 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to compare robot-assisted esophagectomy (RE) with thoracoscopic esophagectomy (TE) for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS A total of 105 patients who underwent RE (n=62) or TE (n=43) due to ESCC were included in this study. Early postoperative outcomes and long-term survivals between the two groups were compared. RESULTS The RE and TE groups were comparable in preoperative clinical characteristics. Total operation times were not significantly different between the two groups (490 minutes in RE vs. 458 minutes in TE; P=0.118). The total number of dissected lymph nodes was significantly greater in the RE group (37.3±17.1 vs. 28.7±11.8; P=0.003), and intergroup differences were significant for numbers of lymph nodes dissected from the upper mediastinum (10.7±9.7 in RE vs. 6.3±9.3 in TE; P=0.032) and the abdomen (12.2±8.7 in RE vs. 7.8±7.1 in TE; P=0.007). Five-year overall survival was not different between the two groups (69% in RE and 59% in TE; P=0.737). CONCLUSIONS Better quality lymphadenectomy could be achieved in RE although survival benefit was not clear. Prospective randomized studies comparing the RE and TE are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoohwa Hwang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Kyu Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Ghadban T, Miro JT, Trump F, Tsui TY, Uzunoglu FG, Reeh M, Gebauer F, Bachmann K, Wellner U, Kalinin V, Pantel K, Izbicki JR, Vashist YK. Diverse prognostic value of the GTn promoter polymorphism in squamous cell and adeno carcinoma of the oesophagus. Clin Genet 2016; 90:343-50. [PMID: 26916598 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The basal transcription of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) regulation is dependent upon a GT repeat germ line polymorphism (GTn) in the promoter of the HO-1 gene. We determined the prognostic value of HO-1 promoter polymorphism on the natural postoperative course of complete resected oesophageal cancer. Genomic DNA from 297 patients was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters, disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow (DTC) and clinical outcome. Depending on short allele with <25 and long allele with ≥25, GTn repeats three genotypes (SS, SL and LL) were defined. A diverse role of GTn was evident in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). In SCC, the SS genotype presented less advanced tumours with lower rate DTC in bone marrow and relapse compared with L-allele carriers. In contrast, AC patients with the SS genotype displayed a complete opposing tumour characteristic. The disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in SCC patients was markedly reduced in LL genotypes (p < 0.001). In AC contrarily the SS genotype patients displayed the worst DFS and OS (p < 0.001). GTn is a strong prognostic factor with diverse prognostic value for recurrence and survival in AC and SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ghadban
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J T Miro
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Trump
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Y Tsui
- Department of Surgery, University Medical College Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - F G Uzunoglu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Reeh
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Gebauer
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Bachmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Wellner
- Clinic for Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - V Kalinin
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Y K Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Total Lymphadenectomy and Nodes-Based Prognostic Factors in Surgical Intervention for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:1915-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Epigenetic regulation of the novel tumor suppressor cysteine dioxygenase 1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7449-56. [PMID: 25903467 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most common subtype of esophageal cancer in East Asian countries, is still associated with a poor prognosis because of the high frequency of lymph node metastasis and invasion. In our previous study, we identified a novel methylation gene, cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) that is involved in the conversion of cysteine to cysteine sulfinate, and plays a key role in taurine biosynthesis. Decreased expression of CDO1 was observed in ESCC cell lines and tumors derived from patient tissues, and CDO1 silencing could be reversed by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in six ESCC cell lines. Forced expression of CDO1 in three different ESCC cell lines, TE-4, TE-6, and TE-14, significantly decreased tumor cell growth, cell migration, invasion, and the ability of colony formation. Although CDO1 expression was not found to significantly correlate with survival in ESCC patients, our results suggest that methylation-regulated CDO1 may represent a functional tumor suppressor and a potentially valuable diagnostic biomarker for ESCC.
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Cetuximab inhibits cisplatin-induced activation of EGFR signaling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1188-92. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Karakas E, Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C, Haist T, Pauthner M, Lorenz D. Grenzen der Chirurgie bei Karzinomen des oberen Intestinaltraktes. Chirurg 2014; 85:186-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00104-013-2598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ye T, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H. Three-field or two-field resection for thoracic esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:1933-41. [PMID: 24055234 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been many controversies about the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer, whether three-field lymphadenectomy is superior to two-field lymphadenectomy with respect to the 5-year survival rate and perioperative morbidities and mortality. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase for relevant studies comparing three-field and two-field lymphadenectomies for thoracic esophageal cancer was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. Hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted from these studies to give pooled estimates of the effect of the two surgical procedures on the 5-year survival rate and perioperative morbidities and mortality. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included for analysis. Compared with two-field lymphadenectomy, three-field lymphadenectomy provided a higher 5-year survival rate (HR 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56 to 0.73, p = 0.000) and incidence of anastomotic leakage (HR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.79, p = 0.000), with a comparative perioperative mortality (HR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.10, p = 0.110) and incidence of vocal cord palsy (HR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.54, p = 0.470) and pulmonary complications (HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.12, p = 0.760). CONCLUSIONS Published evidence indicated that three- field lymphadenectomy could be a priority for thoracic esophageal cancer, especially for tumors with positive lymph nodes. Given the lack of large-sample randomized controlled studies, further evaluations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kwon J, Lee TS, Lee HW, Kang MC, Yoon HJ, Kim JH, Park JH. Integrin alpha 6: a novel therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1523-30. [PMID: 24042193 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the most common subtype of esophageal cancer in East Asian countries, is a devastating disease characterized by distinctly high incidence and mortality rates. Our previous expression profile analysis showed that integrin alpha 6 (ITGA6) is highly expressed in ESCC tissues. To validate cell surface expression of ITGA6 as a novel target in ESCC, we investigated ITGA6 expression in tumor tissue samples and cell lines of ESCC and found that ITGA6 was upregulated in these cells. In vitro knockdown of ITGA6 in ESCC cells resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and colony formation. In addition, we demonstrated that ITGA6 associates with integrin beta 4 (ITGB4), and that this heterodimer complex is upregulated in both ESCC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, our biodistribution results in an ESCC xenograft model indicated that ITGA6 is a possible target for antibody-related diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in ESCC. Thus, our findings suggest that ITGA6 plays an important role in tumorigenesis in ESCC and represents a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhye Kwon
- Department of Translational Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wu J, Chen QX, Zhou XM, Mao WM, Krasna MJ, Teng LS. Prognostic significance of solitary lymph node metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of middle thoracic esophagus. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:210. [PMID: 23036154 PMCID: PMC3534583 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to compare clinical outcomes between patients with solitary lymph node metastasis and node-negative (N0) patients in squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus. Methods A series of 135 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus were retrospectively investigated. There were 33 patients with solitary lymph node metastasis and 102 N0 patients. Skip metastasis in 33 patients with solitary lymph node metastasis was defined according to three criteria: Japanese Society for Esophageal Disease (JSED), American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC), and the anatomical compartment. Results In 33 patients with solitary lymph node metastasis, skip metastasis was shown in 13, 23, and 8 patients according JSED, AJCC and anatomical compartment respectively. The 5-year survival rates for N0 patients and patients with solitary lymph node metastasis were 58% and 32% respectively (P =0.008). Multivariate analysis revealed that skip metastasis was not an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions For patients with middle thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, solitary lymph node metastasis has a negative impact on survival compared with N0 disease; skip metastasis, however, is comparable to N0 diseases in predicting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310033, China
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Disseminated Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow and the Natural Course of Resected Esophageal Cancer. Ann Surg 2012; 255:1105-12. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182565b0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sihag S, Wright CD, Wain JC, Gaissert HA, Lanuti M, Allan JS, Mathisen DJ, Morse CR. Comparison of perioperative outcomes following open versus minimally invasive Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy at a single, high-volume centre. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 42:430-7. [PMID: 22345284 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the increasing popularity of minimally invasive oesophageal resections, equivalence, if not superiority, to open techniques must be demonstrated. Here we compare our open and minimally invasive Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy (MIE) experience. METHODS A prospective database of all oesophagectomies performed at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, MA between November 2007 and January 2011 was analysed. A total of 38 MIE and 76 open Ivor Lewis (OIE) oesophagectomies were performed for oesophageal carcinoma. Sixty-day surgical, oncological and postoperative outcomes were examined between the two groups. RESULTS Groups had similar demographics in terms of age, gender, tumour histology, clinical stage, preoperative comorbidities and neoadjuvant therapy. No difference was found with respect to adequacy of oncological resections. The median number of lymph nodes retrieved (OIE: 21, inter-quartile range (IQR): (16, 27) versus MIE: 19, IQR: (15, 28)), resection margins (OIE: 6.6% positive versus MIE: no positive margins) and 60-day mortality (OIE: 2.6% versus MIE: no deaths) were comparable. However, rates of pulmonary complications were significantly lower in the MIE group (OIE: 43.4 versus MIE: 2.6%, P < 0.001). Additionally, the median length of ICU and hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss and amount of intravenous fluids infused intraoperatively were also significantly decreased with MIE, while median operative times and the requirement for intraoperative blood transfusion were not significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified MIE as the only variable associated with a significant reduction in the rate of pulmonary complications in our study, while pre-existing pulmonary comborbidity was associated with an increased risk of pulmonary complications. CONCLUSIONS Open and MIE appear equivalent with regard to early oncological outcomes. A minimally invasive approach, however, appears to lead to a significant reduction in the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications. Length of ICU and hospital stay, as well as intraoperative blood loss and intravenous fluid requirements are also reduced in the setting of MIE. Long-term survival data will need to be followed closely. A large, multi-centred, randomized, controlled trial is warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sihag
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Ko CY, Wu L, Nair AM, Tsai YT, Lin VK, Tang L. The use of chemokine-releasing tissue engineering scaffolds in a model of inflammatory response-mediated melanoma cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2011; 33:876-85. [PMID: 22019117 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses and associated products have been implicated in cancer metastasis. However, the relationship between these two processes is uncertain due to the lack of a suitable model. Taking advantage of localized and controllable inflammatory responses induced by biomaterial implantation and the capability of tissue scaffolds to release a wide variety of chemokines, we report a novel system for studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation-mediated cancer metastasis. The animal model is comprised of an initial subcutaneous implantation of biomaterial microspheres which prompt localized inflammatory responses, followed by the transplantation of metastatic cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity or blood circulation. Histological results demonstrated that substantial numbers of B16F10 cells were recruited to the site nearby biomaterial implants. There was a strong correlation between the degree of biomaterial-mediated inflammatory responses and number of recruited cancer cells. Inflammation-mediated cancer cell migration was inhibited by small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 but not by neutralizing antibody against CCL21. Using chemokine-releasing scaffolds, further studies were carried out to explore the possibility of enhancing cancer cell recruitment. Interestingly, erythropoietin (EPO) releasing scaffolds, but not stromal cell-derived factor-1α-releasing scaffolds, were found to accumulate substantially more melanoma cells than controls. Rather unexpectedly, perhaps by indirectly reducing circulating cancer cells, mice implanted with EPO-releasing scaffolds had ~30% longer life span than other groups. These results suggest that chemokine-releasing scaffolds may potentially function as implantable cancer traps and serve as powerful tools for studying cancer distraction and even selective annihilation of circulating metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Ko
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0138, USA
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Kayani B, Zacharakis E, Ahmed K, Hanna GB. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma--a systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011; 37:747-53. [PMID: 21839394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is the 7th most common cause of cancer-related death in the developed world and the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is now the fastest growing of any gastrointestinal cancer. Lymph node involvement is the single most important prognostic factor in oesophageal cancer. Imaging to determine the extent of lymph node involvement and plan treatment often requires a combination of modalities to avoid under-staging. The 7th edition of the staging system released by the International Union Against Cancer (IUCC) has stratified lymph node involvement according to the number of lymph nodes involved and redefined its groupings for location of metastatic lymph node involvement. This review discusses the prognostic and treatment implications of these modifications and explores micrometastatic lymph node involvement, capsular infiltration and lymph node ratio as possible additions to the staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kayani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
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Pines G, Klein Y, Buyeviz V, Idelevich E, Kashtan H. Disease-Related Mortality within the First Year after Subtotal Esophagectomy for Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:1139-44. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Prognostic Relevance of Skip Metastases in Esophageal Cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90:1662-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Association of C-reactive protein levels and long-term survival after neoadjuvant therapy and esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14:462-9. [PMID: 19937473 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-1113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been shown to be prognostic markers of survival in patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer. No study has evaluated the predictive value for survival of CRP levels after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS Preoperative CRP levels were assessed in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy and esophagectomy for cancer. Groups were defined according to normal value cutoffs of the CRP measurements. RESULTS Seventy patients had normal CRP, and 20 patients had raised CRP. The groups did not differ in descriptives, comorbidities, white cell counts, pathological data, or morbidity. In-hospital death was higher in the raised CRP group (three versus one patient, p = 0.048). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significant survival advantage of patients with normal CRP compared to patients with raised CRP levels (median survival, 65.4 versus 18.7 months; log rank test, p = 0.027). The Cox regression analysis identified three independent prognostic factors for survival: UICC stage (IIB/III versus I/IIA, HR 3.48, p = 0.007), completeness of resection (HR 6.33, p = 0.002), and CRP levels (raised versus normal, HR 5.07, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Preoperative CRP levels are an independent prognostic marker for survival after neoadjuvant treatment in patients with esophageal cancer and may be of value in the re-staging process after neoadjuvant treatment.
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Ielpo B, Pernaute AS, Elia S, Buonomo OC, Valladares LD, Aguirre EP, Petrella G, Garcia AT. Impact of number and site of lymph node invasion on survival of adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 10:704-8. [PMID: 20154347 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2009.222778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is similar to that of gastric cancer. The impact on survival of the number and site of lymph nodes involved in a subgroup of patients undergone surgery for adenocarcinoma of EGJ is reported. Sixty-four patients undergone transthoracic esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the EGJ were retrospectively assessed. Five-year survival according to AJCC gastric cancer nodal classification and central node invasion was evaluated. In N0 patients survival was assessed in relation to the number of lymph nodes removed. Five-year survival was 72% in N0, 46% in N1 and 0% in N2 and N3 group. Intergroup differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) except between N2 and N3 groups. Overall survival was different depending on the infiltration of distal or proximal site nodes, 23% vs. 58% (P<0.05); in N0 patients it was related to the number of lymph nodes removed (83% >15 vs. 57% <15, P<0.05). Classification of lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of the EGJ by gastric cancer criteria is adequate for prognostic purposes. The involvement of distal nodes in all cases and the removal of <15 nodes in N0 group resulted as independent negative predictive factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Ielpo
- General and Thoracic Surgery, Clinico S. Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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