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So JS, Cheong C, Oh SY, Lee JH, Kim YB, Suh KW. Accuracy of Preoperative Local Staging of Primary Colorectal Cancer by Using Computed Tomography: Reappraisal Based on Data Collected at a Highly Organized Cancer Center. Ann Coloproctol 2017; 33:192-196. [PMID: 29159167 PMCID: PMC5683970 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2017.33.5.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In patients with colorectal cancer, preoperative staging using various imaging technologies is important for establishing the treatment plan and predicting the prognosis. Although computed tomography (CT) has been used most widely, the versatility of CT accuracy was primarily because of the lack of specialization. In this study, we aimed to identify whether any advancement in abdominal CT accuracy in the prediction of local staging has occurred. Methods Between December 2014 and November 2015, patients with colorectal cancer were retrospectively enrolled. All CT findings were retrospectively reported. A total of 285 patients were included, and their retrospectively collected data were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on a comparison between preoperative and postoperative staging. Results The overall prediction accuracy of the T stage was 55.1%, with overstaging occurring in 63 (22.1%) and understaging in 65 patients (22.8%). The sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 68.4%, respectively. The overall prediction accuracy of the N stage was 54.7%, with overstaging occurring in 89 (31.2%) and understaging in 40 patients (14.1%). The sensitivity and specificity were 71.9% and 63.2%, respectively. The CT accuracies by pathologic stage were 0%, 62.2%, 25.3%, and 81.2% for stages 0 (Tis N0), I, II, and III, respectively. Conclusion CT has good sensitivity for detecting colon cancers with tumor invasion beyond the bowel wall. However, detection of nodal involvement using CT is unreliable. In our opinion, abdominal CT alone has limitations in predicting the local staging of colorectal cancer, and additional technologies, such as CT plus positron emission tomography and/or colonography, will improve its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sub So
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chinock Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Oh
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jei Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Bae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang Wook Suh
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Therapeutic Importance of Endoscopic Pathology Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings for T1 Rectal Cancer: A Case Report. Int Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-15-00099.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative image-based diagnosis is important for the treatment of rare cases of T1 lower rectal cancers with lateral pelvic lymph node (LLN) metastasis. We report a case of LLN metastasis in T1 lower rectal cancer diagnosed preoperatively via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal pain. An endoscopic examination revealed a large laterally spreading tumor in the lower rectum, which was en bloc resected using endoscopic submucosal dissection. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen showed deep invasion of the cancer cells into the submucosal layer and lymphovascular invasion. MRI revealed swollen perirectal lymph nodes (≥5 mm) and a left LLN approximately 8 mm long. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (Lap-APR) with left lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LLND) was performed. Cancer cells were not seen in the resected material; however, 7 perirectal lymph nodes and 1 LLN of 47 lymph nodes contained metastatic cancer cells. We show that LLN metastasis in T1 lower rectal cancer can be preoperatively detected via MRI and successfully and safely treated via Lap-APR with left LLND.
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Does a learning curve exist in endorectal two-dimensional ultrasound accuracy? Tech Coloproctol 2011; 15:301-11. [PMID: 21744098 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-011-0711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of the study was to assess adequacy of Colorectal Surgical Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSSANZ) endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) training and whether a subsequent learning curve exists. METHODS A prospective audit of ERUS for staging rectal cancer by a single surgeon from commencement of consultant practice was performed. Data were recorded in a prospectively maintained database. The audit commenced on completion of CSSANZ training. T- and N-stage were assessed clinically, then by ERUS prior to treatment and finally by histology over 8 years. RESULTS The results were compared over three time periods: the first a single year, then two three-year periods. Two hundred and seventy-two patients were examined. Two hundred and thirty-three were assessable for T-stage (13 no tumour excision, 26 long course pre-operative radiotherapy) and 142 for N-stage (74 endoanal excision, 17 proximal mesorectum un-assessable). Overall accuracy was 82% for T-stage and 73% for N-stage. Accuracy for T- and N-staging did not change significantly over the three time periods (T: 82.1, 82.3, 81.6%, P = 0.14; N: 83.3, 67.9, 74.2%, P = 0.31). The utility of ERUS was demonstrated by clinical assessment not being possible in 32% of cases and where the two modalities disagreed was correct 82% of the time. CONCLUSIONS Endorectal ultrasound rectal cancer staging is accurate for T-stage. Competency in ERUS can be achieved in the CSSANZ fellowship and accuracy does not improve with further experience. An ERUS accreditation scheme should be established for future trainees.
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Tan KK, Tsang CB. Staging of Rectal Cancer—Technique and Interpretation of Evaluating Rectal Adenocarcinoma, uT1-4, N Disease: 2D and 3D Evaluation. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2010. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Puli SR, Reddy JBK, Bechtold ML, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose nodal invasion by rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1255-65. [PMID: 19219506 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal staging in patients with rectal cancer predicts prognosis and directs therapy. Published data on the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for diagnosing nodal invasion in patients with rectal cancer has been inconsistent. AIM To evaluate the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing nodal metastasis of rectal cancers. METHOD Study Selection Criteria: Only EUS studies confirmed by surgical histology were selected. Data Collection and Extraction: Articles were searched in Medline, Pubmed, and CENTRAL. STATISTICAL METHOD Pooling was conducted by both fixed-effects model and random-effects model. RESULTS The initial search identified 3610 reference articles in which 352 relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Data were extracted from 35 studies (N = 2732) that met the inclusion criteria. Pooled sensitivity of EUS in diagnosing nodal involvement by rectal cancers was 73.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 70.6-75.6). EUS had a pooled specificity of 75.8% (95% CI 73.5-78.0). The positive likelihood ratio of EUS was 2.84 (95% CI 2.16-3.72), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.42 (95% CI 0.33-0.52). All the pooled estimates, calculated by fixed- and random-effect models, were similar. SROC curves showed an area under the curve of 0.79. The P for chi-squared heterogeneity for all the pooled accuracy estimates was >.10. CONCLUSIONS EUS is an important and accurate diagnostic tool for evaluating nodal metastasis of rectal cancers. This meta-analysis shows that the sensitivity and specificity of EUS is moderate. Further refinement in EUS technologies and diagnostic criteria are needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R Puli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Reddy JBK, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR. How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 16:254-65. [PMID: 19018597 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Published data on accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in differentiating T stages of rectal cancers is varied. Study selection criteria were to select only EUS studies confirmed with results of surgical pathology. Articles were searched in Medline and Pubmed. Pooling was conducted by both fixed and random effects models. Initial search identified 3,630 reference articles, of which 42 studies (N = 5,039) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of EUS to determine T1 stage was 87.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 85.3-90.0%] and 98.3% (95% CI 97.8-98.7%), respectively. For T2 stage, EUS had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 80.5% (95% CI 77.9-82.9%) and 95.6% (95% CI 94.9-96.3%), respectively. To stage T3 stage, EUS had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 96.4% (95% CI 95.4-97.2%) and 90.6% (95% CI 89.5-91.7%), respectively. In determining the T4 stage, EUS had a pooled sensitivity of 95.4% (95% CI 92.4-97.5%) and specificity of 98.3% (95% CI 97.8-98.7%). The p value for chi-squared heterogeneity for all the pooled accuracy estimates was > 0.10. We conclude that, as a result of the demonstrated sensitivity and specificity, EUS should be the investigation of choice to T stage rectal cancers. The sensitivity of EUS is higher for advanced disease than for early disease. EUS should be strongly considered for T staging of rectal cancers.
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Abstract
Surgery is a primary modality for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer. Before any surgical therapy, patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer require an evaluation. This preoperative evaluation can be used to assess the patient's risk associated with surgery, plan the surgical resection, and stage the patient's cancer. Staging of the cancer preoperatively is primarily of concern in rectal cancer patients. This article focuses on the elective surgical setting and the recommended preoperative evaluation of patients who have been diagnosed with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T McCormick
- Department of Surgery, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, 4800 Friendship Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Abstract
Accurate staging of rectal and anal carcinoma is crucial for planning surgery and indicating adjuvant therapy. Although, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are very sensitive in detecting metastatic disease, the local staging of rectal cancer with these techniques has been disappointing. Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and anal endosonography (AE) remain the most accurate methods for staging rectal and anal cancer. Anal endosonography is also of value in evaluating perianal sepsis: it can assist the surgeon in planning the surgical strategy by delineating the anatomy of fistula tracts, and can aid in puncturing abscesses in the operating room. Continued research and development has made the instrumentation for ERUS and AE more accurate and user-friendly. New techniques that have contributed significantly to the evolution of ERUS include three-dimensional ERUS, high-frequency miniprobes, transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques and hydrogen peroxide-enhanced endosonography. Further improvements can be expected from contrast enhancement with microbubbles and colour Doppler imaging. In this new millennium, new developments in ERUS and anal endosonography, such as tri-dimensional ERUS and anal endosonography and radial electronic probing, widen the role of ERUS in the staging of rectal and anal carcinoma, as well as for perianal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giovannini
- Paoli-Calmettes Institute, 232 Boulevard St-Marguerite, 13273 Marseille-Cedex 9, France
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as a promising diagnostic modality for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. However, as with any new technology, publication bias, the selective reporting of studies featuring positive results, may result in overestimation of the capability of EUS. The aim of this study was to systematically assess for publication bias in the reporting of the accuracy of EUS in staging rectal cancer. METHODS A MEDLINE search for all published estimates of EUS accuracy in staging rectal cancer between 1985 and 2003 was performed. All retrieved studies were fully published in the English literature. Published studies were analyzed and the following information was abstracted: accuracy of EUS, year of publication, number of subjects studied, impact factor of journal, and type of journal (gastroenterology, surgery, radiology, other). RESULTS Two hundred and two abstracts were reviewed; 41 publications met the stated criteria for inclusion. EUS T-staging accuracy was reported in 40 studies while EUS N-staging accuracy was reported in 27 studies. The experience of 4, 118 subjects was reported with an overall mean T-staging accuracy of 85.2% (median, 87.5%) and N-staging accuracy of 75.0% (median, 76.0%). There was a paucity of smaller studies expressing low EUS accuracy rates. Both T-staging and N-staging accuracy rates also declined over time with the lowest rates reported in more recent literature. CONCLUSION The performance of EUS in staging rectal cancer may be overestimated in the literature due to publication bias. This inflated estimate of the capability of EUS may lead to unrealistic expectations of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Harewood
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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10
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Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one of the most significant developments in gastrointestinal (GI) imaging in recent years. EUS now plays a key role in the pretreatment staging of GI tract tumors and in the investigation of benign pancreaticobiliary pathology. It has not replaced conventional cross-sectional imaging (eg, ultrasound, CT, and MRI), but it has distinct properties and capabilities. EUS is most beneficial when used in a complementary fashion with cross-sectional and radionuclide imaging in the management of patients with GI tract disease. This article reviews the role of noninvasive imaging modalities in several clinical situations where EUS plays a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Savides
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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Ahmad NA, Kochman ML, Ginsberg GG. Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic mucosal resection for rectal cancers and villous adenomas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2002; 16:897-906. [PMID: 12418054 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
EUS is the most accurate tool for local staging of rectal carcinoma. In addition to providing accurate T- and N-stages, EUS allows assessment of the internal and external anal sphincters. Accurate endosonographic staging directs the optimal method of management of rectal carcinoma, type of resection, and candidacy for neoadjuvant therapy. EMR may be applied to large rectal adenomas as an alternative to surgical resection in selected patients. EUS is important in discriminating lesions suitable for EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat A Ahmad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 3 Ravdin, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Colorectal carcinomas are the most common gastrointestinal tract tumors. 50-60% of the colorectal carcinomas originate in rectum and sigmoid colon. The new developments in imaging modalities have brought improvements in therapeutic aspects. The survival rates in these patients depend on the tumor penetration and the presence of regional lymph node or distant metastasis. The recurrence rates have decreased with the new operation techniques and preoperative radiotherapy, thus increasing the importance of accurate tumor staging. Double contrast barium enema studies enable the diagnosis while staging and follow-up is best done by topographic imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Elmas
- Department of Radiology, Ege University School of Medicine, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Van Dam J, Brady PG, Freeman M, Gress F, Gross GW, Hassall E, Hawes R, Jacobsen NA, Liddle RA, Ligresti RJ, Quirk DM, Sahagun J, Sugawa C, Tenner SM. Guidelines for training in electronic ultrasound: guidelines for clinical application. From the ASGE. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49:829-33. [PMID: 10343245 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Stotland BR, Siegelman ES, Morris JB, Kochman ML. Preoperative and postoperative imaging for colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997; 11:635-54. [PMID: 9257149 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Management and survival in colorectal cancer are dictated by the extent of the disease at the initial diagnosis. Technological advances over the past 25 years have improved the ability to accurately preoperatively stage these lesions and detect recurrence. This article reviews the focus on the utility of computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, endoscopic ultrasound, and newer imaging methods including PET scan and monoclonal antibodies in the management of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Stotland
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, USA
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Bruneton JN, Francois E, Padovani B, Raffaelli C. Primary tumour staging of gastric and colorectal cancer. Eur Radiol 1996; 6:140-6. [PMID: 8797970 DOI: 10.1007/bf00181129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Almost 15 years after its introduction, endosonography or endoscopic ultrasonography is an important technique in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. Other imaging techniques are CT, MRI and barium examination. There is a general consensus that the most important prognostic factor in gastric and colorectal carcinoma is the presence or absence of lymph node invasion, but malignant fixation of tumour through direct invasion of adjacent tissues also appears to be very important. Non-invasive preoperative assessment of tumour stage based on one or a combination of the above imaging modalities should allow appropriate treatment to be planned in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Bruneton
- Radiologie Centrale, CHU de Nice-Hôpital Pasteur, France
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Bernini A, Deen KI, Madoff RD, Wong WD. Preoperative adjuvant radiation with chemotherapy for rectal cancer: its impact on stage of disease and the role of endorectal ultrasound. Ann Surg Oncol 1996; 3:131-5. [PMID: 8646512 DOI: 10.1007/bf02305791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative adjuvant radiation combined with chemotherapy is a recent development in the management of patients with rectal cancer invading perirectal tissue and regional lymph nodes. This study was performed to assess the impact of preoperative adjuvant therapy in patients judged by endorectal ultrasound to have extramural invasion of rectal cancer and/or regional lymph node involvement on tumor regression in bowel wall and lymph nodes. The predictive value of ultrasound in staging wall penetration and lymph node involvement after preoperative adjuvant therapy was also assessed. METHODS Patients (n = 43) were selected by ultrasound to have preoperative irradiation (4,500-5,040 cGy over 5-6 weeks). In 30 patients this was combined with 5-fluorouracil, 370 mg/m(2), for 5 days in the first and last weeks of irradiation. Pretreatment ultrasound was compared with pathologic findings in the resected specimen in all patients. Twenty-one were assessed by ultrasound after adjuvant therapy and findings compared with histology. RESULTS Downstaging was seen in 23 (53%) patients with wall invasion and in 23 (72%) of 32 patients with lymph node involvement. Overall, downstaging was achieved in 30 (70%). Positive predictive values of ultrasound after irradiation were 72% and 56% for wall penetration and lymph node status, respectively. Negative predictive values of ultrasound after irradiation were 100% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSION In the majority of patients with rectal cancer invading perirectal tissues or lymph nodes, lesions may be downstaged by preoperative adjuvant therapy. Endorectal ultrasound after adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer is of a lesser predictive value chiefly because of overstaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernini
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehta
- Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, Lancs
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Abstract
Rectal ultrasonography allows detailed images of rectal tumors and provides the most accurate method of staging rectal cancer. Ultrasound assessment of the extent of tumor invasion and lymph node involvement is superior to computed tomography (CT) scan, though CT is still the best method to assess liver involvement. Ultrasound assessment of cancers above the peritoneal reflection is less useful clinically because it currently does not alter management. Outcome studies have not been reported using ultrasound to stage rectal cancer but should be forthcoming. Inflammation present at the leading edge of the tumor is the greatest cause for overstaging, and difficulty in determining tumor involvement into, but not through, the muscularis propria is another important cause of inaccurate staging. Lymph node assessment can be problematic, but future developments in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology holds promise for more accurate assessment of lymph node status. Surgery will remain the standard method to treat rectal cancer, but new methods, such as high-intensity focused ultrasound, may provide new ways to treat some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Hawes
- Indiana University Hospital, Indianapolis 46202
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