1
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Kim YB, Kim J, Williams PS, Moon MH. Comparison of a thickness-tapered channel in flow field-flow fractionation with a conventional channel with flow rate programming. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464927. [PMID: 38677152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The thickness-tapered channel structure in flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF), recently introduced by constructing a channel with a linear decrease in thickness along its length, demonstrated effectiveness in steric/hyperlayer separation of supramicron particles with improvements in separation speed, elution recovery, and an expanded dynamic size range of separation. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the performance between the impact of field (or crossflow rate) programming or outflow rate programming for the separation of polystyrene latex standards (50 ∼ 800 nm) with a conventional channel having uniform thickness and a thickness-tapered channel without programming. Outlet flow rate and crossflow rate conditions were also varied. Although the particle size resolution of the tapered channel does not surpass that of field programming in uniform thickness channel, it achieves higher-speed separation without a significant loss of resolution and without the need for a complex flow controller system even at a low outflow rate condition. Furthermore, it yielded an improved resolution for particles close to the steric transition regime (400 ∼ 600 nm) in the normal mode of separation. Due to the continuous increase in mean flow velocity down the channel, the tapered channel exhibits flexibility in separating submicron-sized particles at high crossflow rate conditions or low outflow rate conditions, of which the latter can be advantageous when coupled with mass spectrometry in a miniaturized setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaihoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - P Stephen Williams
- Cambrian Technologies Inc, 1772 Saratoga Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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2
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Sen S, Xavier J, Kumar N, Ahmad MZ, Ranjan OP. Exosomes as natural nanocarrier-based drug delivery system: recent insights and future perspectives. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:101. [PMID: 36860361 PMCID: PMC9970142 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (size ~ 30-150 nm) natural vesicular structures released from cells by physiological processes or pathological circumstances. Exosomes are growing in popularity as a result of their many benefits over conventional nanovehicles, including their ability to escape homing in the liver or metabolic destruction and their lack of undesired accumulation before reaching their intended targets. Various therapeutic molecules, including nucleic acids, have been incorporated into exosomes by different techniques, many of which have shown satisfactory performance in various diseases. Surface-modified exosomes are a potentially effective strategy, and it increases the circulation time and produces the specific drug target vehicle. In this comprehensive review, we describe composition exosomes biogenesis and the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling and cell-cell communications, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, autophagy, and infectious diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of exosomes as diagnostic markers, and their therapeutic and clinical implications. Furthermore, we addressed the challenges and outstanding developments in exosome research and discuss future perspectives. In addition to the current status of exosomes as a therapeutic carrier, the lacuna in the clinical development lifecycles along with the possible strategies to fill the lacuna have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101 India
| | - Joyal Xavier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102 India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102 India
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Om Prakash Ranjan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101 India
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3
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Piffoux M, Silva AKA, Gazeau F, Salmon H. Potential of on‐chip analysis and engineering techniques for extracellular vesicle bioproduction for therapeutics. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max Piffoux
- Department of Medical Oncology Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France
- INSERM UMR 1197‐Interaction cellules souches‐niches: physiologie tumeurs et réparation tissulaire Villejuif France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Amanda K. A. Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Hugo Salmon
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS Université de Paris Paris France
- Université de Paris, T3S, INSERM Paris France
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4
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Hassanpour Tamrin S, Sanati Nezhad A, Sen A. Label-Free Isolation of Exosomes Using Microfluidic Technologies. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17047-17079. [PMID: 34723478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived structures packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They exist in diverse bodily fluids and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. Although their potential for clinical application as diagnostic and therapeutic tools has been revealed, a huge bottleneck impeding the development of applications in the rapidly burgeoning field of exosome research is an inability to efficiently isolate pure exosomes from other unwanted components present in bodily fluids. To date, several approaches have been proposed and investigated for exosome separation, with the leading candidate being microfluidic technology due to its relative simplicity, cost-effectiveness, precise and fast processing at the microscale, and amenability to automation. Notably, avoiding the need for exosome labeling represents a significant advance in terms of process simplicity, time, and cost as well as protecting the biological activities of exosomes. Despite the exciting progress in microfluidic strategies for exosome isolation and the countless benefits of label-free approaches for clinical applications, current microfluidic platforms for isolation of exosomes are still facing a series of problems and challenges that prevent their use for clinical sample processing. This review focuses on the recent microfluidic platforms developed for label-free isolation of exosomes including those based on sieving, deterministic lateral displacement, field flow, and pinched flow fractionation as well as viscoelastic, acoustic, inertial, electrical, and centrifugal forces. Further, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of these strategies with highlights of current challenges and outlook of label-free microfluidics toward the clinical utility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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5
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Mottin D, Razan F, Nogues C, Jullien MC. Out-of-Equilibrium Measurements of Kinetic Constants on a Biosensor. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7266-7274. [PMID: 33960190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional measurements of kinetic constants currently in use are performed at equilibrium and may require large volumes, especially at a low association rate constant kon. If the measurements are made out of equilibrium, the values obtained may be biased by dilution of the sample with the flow of the running buffer. In some applications, the available sample volume can be very critical and requires the development of tools to measure kinetic constants with low volumes. In this paper, by combining an experimental, numerical and modeling approach, we propose a surface plasmon resonance-based method that relies on an out-of-equilibrium measurement using the effect of dilution by flow to its advantage. This new method should have a significant impact in biochemistry and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatien Mottin
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France.,ENS Rennes, SATIE, UMR-CNRS 8029, Campus de Ker Lann, F-35170 Bruz, France
| | - Florence Razan
- ENS Rennes, SATIE, UMR-CNRS 8029, Campus de Ker Lann, F-35170 Bruz, France
| | - Claude Nogues
- ENS Paris-Saclay, LBPA UMR-CNRS 8113, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Jullien
- Université Rennes 1, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
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6
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Tiwari S, Kumar V, Randhawa S, Verma SK. Preparation and characterization of extracellular vesicles. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13367. [PMID: 33118232 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by every cell type and offer significant potential in therapy and diagnostics. Differential ultracentrifugation is the gold standard for EV isolation, although other techniques including, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and immuno-isolation approaches are common. Purified EVs can be characterized based on their physical characteristics, biochemical composition, or cell of origin. For size and concentration measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy are commonly employed methods. Biochemical analyses of EVs are typically performed using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, or proteomic investigation. Based on tissue of origin, EVs have specific markers that can be used to isolate and purify specific cell-associated EVs using an affinity selection approach. Despite existence of several methods for isolation and characterization, major limitations associated with each method hinder the progress of the field. Evolving concepts in EV biology possess great promise for better isolation and characterization leading to a better insight of biological function and have immense clinical implications. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in EV isolation and characterization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Santosh K Verma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
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7
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Zocco D, Bernardi S, Novelli M, Astrua C, Fava P, Zarovni N, Carpi FM, Bianciardi L, Malavenda O, Quaglino P, Foroni C, Russo D, Chiesi A, Fierro MT. Isolation of extracellular vesicles improves the detection of mutant DNA from plasma of metastatic melanoma patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15745. [PMID: 32978468 PMCID: PMC7519075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of BRAFV600E within cell free tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a promising means to improve patients' stratification or enable BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) therapeutic monitoring in a minimally invasive manner. Here, we investigated whether extracellular vesicle-(EV)-associated-DNA (EV-DNA) has value as an alternative source of circulating BRAFV600E. To do so, we identified a clinical practice-compatible protocol for the isolation of EV-DNA and assessed BRAF gene status on plasma samples from metastatic melanoma patients at the beginning and during BRAFi therapy. This protocol uses a peptide with high affinity for EVs and it has been found to recover more mutant DNA from plasma than standard ultracentrifugation. Molecular analyses revealed that mutant DNA is largely unprotected from nuclease digestion, interacting with the outer side of the EV membrane or directly with the peptide. When used on clinical samples, we found that the protocol improves the detection of BRAFV600E gene copies in comparison to the reference protocol for ctDNA isolation. Taken together, these findings indicate that EVs are a promising source of mutant DNA and should be considered for the development of next-generation liquid biopsy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Bernardi
- Lab. CREA - A.I.L., Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Chair of Hematology - Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Novelli
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Astrua
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fava
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ottavia Malavenda
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Foroni
- Lab. CREA - A.I.L., Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Chair of Hematology - Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Lab. CREA - A.I.L., Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Chair of Hematology - Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Fierro
- Laboratorio Immunopatologia Cutanea, Clinica Dermatologica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
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8
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Serrano-Pertierra E, Oliveira-Rodríguez M, Matos M, Gutiérrez G, Moyano A, Salvador M, Rivas M, Blanco-López MC. Extracellular Vesicles: Current Analytical Techniques for Detection and Quantification. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E824. [PMID: 32481493 PMCID: PMC7357140 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their first observation, understanding the biology of extracellular vesicles (EV) has been an important and challenging field of study. They play a key role in the intercellular communication and are involved in important physiological and pathological functions. Therefore, EV are considered as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring the response to treatment in some diseases. In addition, due to their properties, EV may be used for therapeutic purposes. In the study of EV, three major points have to be addressed: 1. How to isolate EV from cell culture supernatant/biological fluids, 2. how to detect them, and 3. how to characterize and quantify. In this review, we focus on the last two questions and provide the main analytical techniques up-to-date for detection and profiling of EV. We critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each one, aimed to be of relevance for all researchers working on EV biology and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Serrano-Pertierra
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Myriam Oliveira-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
| | - María Matos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma Gutiérrez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
- Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda Moyano
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
| | - María Salvador
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Montserrat Rivas
- Department of Physics & IUTA, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33204 Gijón, Spain; (M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - María Carmen Blanco-López
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.-P.); (M.O.-R.); (A.M.)
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (M.M.); (G.G.)
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9
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Iliescu FS, Poenar DP, Yu F, Ni M, Chan KH, Cima I, Taylor HK, Cima I, Iliescu C. Recent advances in microfluidic methods in cancer liquid biopsy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:041503. [PMID: 31431816 PMCID: PMC6697033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5087690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection, its monitoring, and therapeutical prediction are highly valuable, though extremely challenging targets in oncology. Significant progress has been made recently, resulting in a group of devices and techniques that are now capable of successfully detecting, interpreting, and monitoring cancer biomarkers in body fluids. Precise information about malignancies can be obtained from liquid biopsies by isolating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or nucleic acids, tumor-derived vesicles or proteins, and metabolites. The current work provides a general overview of the latest on-chip technological developments for cancer liquid biopsy. Current challenges for their translation and their application in various clinical settings are discussed. Microfluidic solutions for each set of biomarkers are compared, and a global overview of the major trends and ongoing research challenges is given. A detailed analysis of the microfluidic isolation of CTCs with recent efforts that aimed at increasing purity and capture efficiency is provided as well. Although CTCs have been the focus of a vast microfluidic research effort as the key element for obtaining relevant information, important clinical insights can also be achieved from alternative biomarkers, such as classical protein biomarkers, exosomes, or circulating-free nucleic acids. Finally, while most work has been devoted to the analysis of blood-based biomarkers, we highlight the less explored potential of urine as an ideal source of molecular cancer biomarkers for point-of-care lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina S. Iliescu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Daniel P. Poenar
- VALENS-Centre for Bio Devices and Signal Analysis, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Fang Yu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ni
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Technological University, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100105, Ecuador
| | - Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | | | - Hayden K. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Igor Cima
- DKFZ-Division of Translational Oncology/Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg and University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
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10
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Zhang H, Lyden D. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation technology for exomere and small extracellular vesicle separation and characterization. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1027-1053. [PMID: 30833697 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the protocol development and optimization of asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) technology for separating and characterizing extracellular nanoparticles (ENPs), particularly small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), known as exosomes, and even smaller novel nanoparticles, known as exomeres. This technique fractionates ENPs on the basis of hydrodynamic size and demonstrates a unique capability to separate nanoparticles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to an undefined level of micrometers. ENPs are resolved by two perpendicular flows-channel flow and cross-flow-in a thin, flat channel with a semi-permissive bottom wall membrane. The AF4 separation method offers several advantages over other isolation methods for ENP analysis, including being label-free, gentle, rapid (<1 h) and highly reproducible, as well as providing efficient recovery of analytes. Most importantly, in contrast to other available techniques, AF4 can separate ENPs at high resolution (1 nm) and provide a large dynamic range of size-based separation. In conjunction with real-time monitors, such as UV absorbance and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and an array of post-separation characterizations, AF4 facilitates the successful separation of distinct subsets of exosomes and the identification of exomeres. Although the whole procedure of cell culture and ENP isolation from the conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation (UC) can take ~3 d, the AF4 fractionation step takes only 1 h. Users of this technology will require expertise in the working principle of AF4 to operate and customize protocol applications. AF4 can contribute to the development of high-quality, exosome- and exomere-based molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Wang W, Luo J, Wang S. Recent Progress in Isolation and Detection of Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800484. [PMID: 30009550 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as one of the many new and promising biomarkers for liquid biopsy of cancer due to their loading capability of some specific proteins and nucleic acids that are closely associated with cancer states. As such, the isolation and detection of cancer-derived EVs offer important information in noninvasive diagnosis of early-stage cancer and real-time monitoring of cancer development. In light of the importance of EVs, over the last decade, researchers have made remarkable innovations to advance the development of EV isolation and detection methods by taking advantage of microfluidics, biomolecule probes, nanomaterials, surface plasmon, optics, and so on. This review introduces the basic properties of EVs and common cancer-derived EV ingredients, and provides a comprehensive overview of EV isolation and detection strategies, with emphasis on liquid biopsies of EVs for cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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12
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Oeyen E, Van Mol K, Baggerman G, Willems H, Boonen K, Rolfo C, Pauwels P, Jacobs A, Schildermans K, Cho WC, Mertens I. Ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography combined with asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation for the isolation and characterisation of extracellular vesicles from urine. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1490143. [PMID: 29988836 PMCID: PMC6032024 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1490143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have a great potential in clinical applications. However, their isolation from different bodily fluids and their characterisation are currently not optimal or standardised. Here, we report the results of examining the performance of ultrafiltration combined with size exclusion chromatography (UF-SEC) to isolate EVs from urine. The results reveal that UF-SEC is an efficient method and provides high purity. Furthermore, we introduce asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation coupled with a UV detector and multi-angle light-scattering detector (AF4/UV-MALS) as a characterisation method and compare it with current methods. We demonstrate that AF4/UV-MALS is a straightforward and reproducible method for determining size, amount and purity of isolated urinary EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Oeyen
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Baggerman
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanny Willems
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I - Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) & Edegem & Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Jacobs
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Inge Mertens
- Sustainable Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Zhang H, Freitas D, Kim HS, Fabijanic K, Li Z, Chen H, Mark MT, Molina H, Martin AB, Bojmar L, Fang J, Rampersaud S, Hoshino A, Matei I, Kenific CM, Nakajima M, Mutvei AP, Sansone P, Buehring W, Wang H, Jimenez JP, Cohen-Gould L, Paknejad N, Brendel M, Manova-Todorova K, Magalhães A, Ferreira JA, Osório H, Silva AM, Massey A, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Galletti G, Giannakakou P, Cuervo AM, Blenis J, Schwartz R, Brady MS, Peinado H, Bromberg J, Matsui H, Reis CA, Lyden D. Identification of distinct nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:332-343. [PMID: 29459780 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1012] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of exosomal populations has hindered our understanding of their biogenesis, molecular composition, biodistribution and functions. By employing asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), we identified two exosome subpopulations (large exosome vesicles, Exo-L, 90-120 nm; small exosome vesicles, Exo-S, 60-80 nm) and discovered an abundant population of non-membranous nanoparticles termed 'exomeres' (~35 nm). Exomere proteomic profiling revealed an enrichment in metabolic enzymes and hypoxia, microtubule and coagulation proteins as well as specific pathways, such as glycolysis and mTOR signalling. Exo-S and Exo-L contained proteins involved in endosomal function and secretion pathways, and mitotic spindle and IL-2/STAT5 signalling pathways, respectively. Exo-S, Exo-L and exomeres each had unique N-glycosylation, protein, lipid, DNA and RNA profiles and biophysical properties. These three nanoparticle subsets demonstrated diverse organ biodistribution patterns, suggesting distinct biological functions. This study demonstrates that AF4 can serve as an improved analytical tool for isolating extracellular vesicles and addressing the complexities of heterogeneous nanoparticle subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniela Freitas
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kristina Fabijanic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Metabolomics Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Milica Tesic Mark
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Benito Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Bojmar
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sham Rampersaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ayuko Hoshino
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miho Nakajima
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Peter Mutvei
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pasquale Sansone
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weston Buehring
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huajuan Wang
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Jimenez
- Microscopy & Image Analysis Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leona Cohen-Gould
- Microscopy & Image Analysis Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Navid Paknejad
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Brendel
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katia Manova-Todorova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Magalhães
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal.,Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - André M Silva
- LAVQ-REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ashish Massey
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Microbiology & Immunology in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe Galletti
- Pharmacology in Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paraskevi Giannakakou
- Pharmacology in Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Pharmacology, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Sue Brady
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Ipatimup, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Rana A, Zhang Y, Esfandiari L. Advancements in microfluidic technologies for isolation and early detection of circulating cancer-related biomarkers. Analyst 2018; 143:2971-2991. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01965c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of circulating biomarkers using microfluidic devices for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rana
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Leyla Esfandiari
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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15
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Analysis of the Distribution Profiles of Circulating MicroRNAs by Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1509:161-168. [PMID: 27826926 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6524-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are stably present in circulatory systems. They are bound to various carriers like proteins, lipoprotein particles, and exosomes. Investigating the process of miRNA distribution among these carriers will help improve our understanding of their functions in the extracellular environment and their potential relationship with diseases. Here, we describe how to obtain the distribution profiles of circulating miRNAs by separation of different miRNA carriers in human serum with asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4), and detection of the miRNAs in the eluted fractions that enrich particular types of carriers with RT-qPCR.
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16
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Khatun Z, Bhat A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Elucidating diversity of exosomes: biophysical and molecular characterization methods. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2359-77. [PMID: 27488053 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles present in biological fluids in normal and diseased conditions. Owing to their seminal role in cell-cell communication, emerging evidences suggest that exosomes are fundamental regulators of various diseases. Due to their potential usefulness in disease diagnosis, robust isolation and characterization of exosomes is critical in developing exosome-based assays. In the last few years, different exosome characterization methods, both biophysical and molecular, have been developed to characterize these tiny vesicles. Here, in this review we summarize: first, biophysical techniques based on spectroscopy (e.g., Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering) and other principles, for example, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy; second, antibody-based molecular techniques including flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and third, nanotechnology-dependent exosome characterization methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamila Khatun
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anjali Bhat
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- California Nanosystems, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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17
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Osteikoetxea X, Németh A, Sódar BW, Vukman KV, Buzás EI. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease: are they Jedi or Sith? J Physiol 2016; 594:2881-94. [PMID: 26872404 DOI: 10.1113/jp271336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, extracellular vesicles have become recognized as important players in cell biology and biomedicine. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are phospholipid bilayer-enclosed structures found to be secreted by most if not all cells. Extracellular vesicle secretion represents a universal and highly conserved active cellular function. Importantly, increasing evidence supports that extracellular vesicles may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets or tools in human diseases. Cardiovascular disease undoubtedly represents one of the most intensely studied and rapidly growing areas of the extracellular vesicle field. However, in different studies related to cardiovascular disease, extracellular vesicles have been shown to exert diverse and sometimes discordant biological effects. Therefore, it might seem a puzzle whether these vesicles are in fact beneficial or detrimental to cardiovascular health. In this review we provide a general introduction to extracellular vesicles and an overview of their biological roles in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we aim to untangle the various reasons for the observed discrepancy in biological effects of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases. To this end, we provide several examples that demonstrate that the observed functional diversity is in fact due to inherent differences among various types of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara W Sódar
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina V Vukman
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Kalra H, Drummen GPC, Mathivanan S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:170. [PMID: 26861301 PMCID: PMC4783904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication was long thought to be regulated exclusively through direct contact between cells or via release of soluble molecules that transmit the signal by binding to a suitable receptor on the target cell, and/or via uptake into that cell. With the discovery of small secreted vesicular structures that contain complex cargo, both in their lumen and the lipid membrane that surrounds them, a new frontier of signal transduction was discovered. These “extracellular vesicles” (EV) were initially thought to be garbage bags through which the cell ejected its waste. Whilst this is a major function of one type of EV, i.e., apoptotic bodies, many EVs have intricate functions in intercellular communication and compound exchange; although their physiological roles are still ill-defined. Additionally, it is now becoming increasingly clear that EVs mediate disease progression and therefore studying EVs has ignited significant interests among researchers from various fields of life sciences. Consequently, the research effort into the pathogenic roles of EVs is significantly higher even though their protective roles are not well established. The “Focus on extracellular vesicles” series of reviews highlights the current state of the art regarding various topics in EV research, whilst this review serves as an introductory overview of EVs, their biogenesis and molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Gregor P C Drummen
- Cellular Stress and Ageing Program, Bionanoscience and Bio-Imaging Program, Bio&Nano-Solutions, D-33647 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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19
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Erdbrügger U, Lannigan J. Analytical challenges of extracellular vesicle detection: A comparison of different techniques. Cytometry A 2015; 89:123-34. [PMID: 26651033 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the last decade. Evolving evidence is demonstrating that these EVs are playing an important role in health and disease. They are involved in intercellular communication and have been shown to transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the most commonly used techniques for detection of EVs, to include microparticles, 100-1,000 nm in size, and exosomes, 50-100 nm in size. Conventional flow cytometry is the most prevalent technique, but nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and resistive pulse sensing have also been used to detect EVs. The accurate measurement of these vesicles is challenged by size heterogeneity, low refractive index, and the lack of dynamic measurement range for most of the available technologies. Sample handling during the preanalytical phase can also affect the accuracy of measurements. Currently, there is not one single method which allows phenotyping, sizing, and enumerating the whole range of EVs and, therefore, providing all the necessary information to truly understand the biology of these particles. A combination of methods is probably needed which might also include electron and atomic force microscopy and full RNA, lipid, and protein profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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20
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Sitar S, Kejžar A, Pahovnik D, Kogej K, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Lenassi M, Žagar E. Size characterization and quantification of exosomes by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9225-33. [PMID: 26291637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years extracellular vesicles called exosomes have gained huge interest of scientific community since they show a great potential for human diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, an ongoing challenge is accurate size characterization and quantification of exosomes because of the lack of reliable characterization techniques. In this work, the emphasis was focused on a method development to size-separate, characterize, and quantify small amounts of exosomes by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) technique coupled to a multidetection system (UV and MALS). Batch DLS (dynamic light-scattering) and NTA (nanoparticle tracking analysis) analyses of unfractionated exosomes were also conducted to evaluate their shape and internal structure, as well as their number density. The results show significant influence of cross-flow conditions and channel thickness on fractionation quality of exosomes, whereas the focusing time has less impact. The AF4/UV-MALS and DLS results display the presence of two particles subpopulations, that is, the larger exosomes and the smaller vesicle-like particles, which coeluted in AF4 together with impurities in early eluting peak. Compared to DLS and AF4-MALS results, NTA somewhat overestimates the size and the number density for larger exosome population, but it discriminates the smaller particle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sitar
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kejžar
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Kogej
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Metka Lenassi
- University of Ljubljana , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry , Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Müller D, Cattaneo S, Meier F, Welz R, de Mello AJ. Nanoparticle separation with a miniaturized asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation cartridge. Front Chem 2015; 3:45. [PMID: 26258119 PMCID: PMC4510429 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) is a separation technique applicable to particles over a wide size range. Despite the many advantages of AF4, its adoption in routine particle analysis is somewhat limited by the large footprint of currently available separation cartridges, extended analysis times and significant solvent consumption. To address these issues, we describe the fabrication and characterization of miniaturized AF4 cartridges. Key features of the down-scaled platform include simplified cartridge and reagent handling, reduced analysis costs and higher throughput capacities. The separation performance of the miniaturized cartridge is assessed using certified gold and silver nanoparticle standards. Analysis of gold nanoparticle populations indicates shorter analysis times and increased sensitivity compared to conventional AF4 separation schemes. Moreover, nanoparticulate titanium dioxide populations exhibiting broad size distributions are analyzed in a rapid and efficient manner. Finally, the repeatability and reproducibility of the miniaturized platform are investigated with respect to analysis time and separation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Müller
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique Landquart, Switzerland ; Department for Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique Landquart, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Welz
- Postnova Analytics GmbH Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Department for Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Multivariate DoE Optimization of Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation Coupled to Quantitative LC-MS/MS for Analysis of Lipoprotein Subclasses. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Ashby J, Flack K, Jimenez LA, Duan Y, Khatib AK, Somlo G, Wang SE, Cui X, Zhong W. Distribution profiling of circulating microRNAs in serum. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9343-9. [PMID: 25191694 DOI: 10.1021/ac5028929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers useful in cancer diagnosis. They have been found to be bound to various carriers like proteins, lipoprotein particles, and exosomes. It is likely that only miRNAs in particular carriers, but not the overall quantity, are directly related to cancer development. Herein, we developed a method for rapid separation of different miRNA carriers in serum using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4). Sera from two healthy individuals (control) or from two cancer patients (case) were fractionated. Six fractions enriching different types of miRNA carriers, such as the lipoprotein particles and exosomes, were collected. The quantities of eight selected miRNAs in each fraction were obtained by RT-qPCR to yield their distribution profiles among the carriers. Larger changes in miRNA quantity between the control and the case were detected in the fractionated results compared to the sum values. Statistical analysis on the distribution profiles also proved that, the quantities of 4 miRNAs within particular fractions showed significant difference between the controls and the cases. On the contrary, if the overall quantity of the miRNA was subject to the same statistical analysis, only 2 miRNAs exhibited significant difference. Moreover, principle component analysis revealed good separation between the controls and the cases with the fractionated miRNA amounts. All in all, we have demonstrated that, our method enables comprehensive screening of the distribution of circulating miRNAs in the carriers. The obtained distribution profile enlarges the miRNA expression difference between healthy individuals and cancer patients, facilitating the discovery of specific miRNA biomarkers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ashby
- Department of Chemistry; ‡Program in Biomedical Sciences; §Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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A review of exosome separation techniques and characterization of B16-F10 mouse melanoma exosomes with AF4-UV-MALS-DLS-TEM. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7855-66. [PMID: 25084738 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes participate in cancer metastasis, but studying them presents unique challenges as a result of their small size and purification difficulties. Asymmetrical field flow fractionation with in-line ultraviolet absorbance, dynamic light scattering, and multi-angle light scattering was applied to the size separation and characterization of non-labeled B16-F10 exosomes from an aggressive mouse melanoma cell culture line. Fractions were collected and further analyzed using batch mode dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and compared with known size standards. Fractogram peak positions and computed radii show good agreement between samples and across fractions. Ultraviolet absorbance fractograms in combination with transmission electron micrographs were able to resolve subtle heterogeneity of vesicle retention times between separate batches of B16-F10 exosomes collected several weeks apart. Further, asymmetrical field flow fractionation also effectively separated B16-F10 exosomes into vesicle subpopulations by size. Overall, the flow field flow fractionation instrument combined with multiple detectors was able to rapidly characterize and separate exosomes to a degree not previously demonstrated. These approaches have the potential to facilitate a greater understanding of exosome function by subtype, as well as ultimately allow for "label-free" isolation of large scale clinical exosomes for the purpose of developing future exosome-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Wagner M, Holzschuh S, Traeger A, Fahr A, Schubert US. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation in the field of nanomedicine. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5201-10. [PMID: 24802650 DOI: 10.1021/ac501664t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a widely used and versatile technique in the family of field-flow fractionations, indicated by a rapidly increasing number of publications. It represents a gentle separation and characterization method, where nonspecific interactions are reduced to a minimum, allows a broad separation range from several nano- up to micrometers and enables a superior characterization of homo- and heterogenic systems. In particular, coupling to multiangle light scattering provides detailed access to sample properties. Information about molar mass, polydispersity, size, shape/conformation, or density can be obtained nearly independent of the used material. In this Perspective, the application and progress of AF4 for (bio)macromolecules and colloids, relevant for "nano" medical and pharmaceutical issues, will be presented. The characterization of different nanosized drug or gene delivery systems, e.g., polymers, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, polyplexes, and virus-like-particles (VLP), as well as therapeutic relevant proteins, antibodies, and nanoparticles for diagnostic usage will be discussed. Thereby, the variety of obtained information, the advantages and pitfalls of this emerging technique will be highlighted. Additionally, the influence of different fractionation parameters in the separation process is discussed in detail. Moreover, a comprehensive overview is given, concerning the investigated samples, fractionation parameters as membrane types and buffers used as well as the chosen detectors and the corresponding references. The perspective ends up with an outlook to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wagner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Kim KH, Moon MH. Chip-Type Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Channel Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Top-Down Protein Identification. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8652-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Otte T, Pasch H, Macko T, Brüll R, Stadler F, Kaschta J, Becker F, Buback M. Characterization of branched ultrahigh molar mass polymers by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and size exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yohannes G, Jussila M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation technique for separation and characterization of biopolymers and bioparticles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4104-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Castorph S, Schwarz Henriques S, Holt M, Riedel D, Jahn R, Salditt T. Synaptic vesicles studied by dynamic light scattering. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:63. [PMID: 21706281 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The size polydispersity distribution of synaptic vesicles (SVs) is characterized under quasi-physiological conditions by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Highly purified fractions of SVs obtained from rat brain still contain a small amount of larger contaminant structures, which can be quantified by DLS and further reduced by asymmetric-flow field-flow (AFFF) fractionation. The intensity autocorrelation functions g (2)(τ) recorded from these samples are analyzed by a constrained regularization method as well as by an alternative direct modeling approach. The results are in quantitative agreement with the polydispersity obtained from cryogenic electron microscopy of vitrified SVs. Next, different vesicle fusion assays based on samples composed of SVs and small unilamellar proteoliposomes with the fusion proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25A are characterized by DLS. The size increase of the proteoliposomes due to SNARE-dependent fusion with SVs is quantified by DLS under quasi-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castorph
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
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Kim KH, Lee JY, Moon MH. Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on protein separation by hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation. Analyst 2010; 136:388-92. [PMID: 20963232 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of protein denaturation and formation of protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) complexes on protein separation and identification were investigated using hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5) and nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MS-MS). Denaturation and formation of protein-SDS complexes prior to HF5 separation resulted an increase in the retention of few protein standards due to unfolding of the protein structures and complexation, yielding ~30% increase in hydrodynamic diameter. In addition, low molecular weight proteins which could be lost from the HF membrane due to the pore size limitation showed an increase of peak recovery about 2-6 folds for cytochrome C and carbonic anhydrase. In the case of proteins composed of a number of subunits, denaturation resulted in a decrease in retention due to dissociation of protein subunits. A serum proteome sample, denatured with dithiothreitol and SDS, was fractionated by HF5, and the eluting protein fractions after tryptic digestion were analyzed for protein identification using nLC-ESI-MS-MS. The resulting pools of identified proteins were found to depend on whether the serum sample was treated with or without denaturation prior to the HF5 run due to differences in the aqueous solubility of the proteins. The enhancement of protein solubility by SDS also increased the number of identified membrane proteins (54 vs. 31).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
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Kim KH, Moon MH. High Speed Two-Dimensional Protein Separation without Gel by Isoelectric Focusing−Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation: Application to Urinary Proteome. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4272-8. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900363s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Field-flow fractionation in bioanalysis: A review of recent trends. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 635:132-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim KH, Moon MH. Development of a Multilane Channel System for Nongel-Based Two-Dimensional Protein Separations Using Isoelectric Focusing and Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1715-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802357s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Flow field-flow fractionation: A pre-analytical method for proteomics. J Proteomics 2008; 71:265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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