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Quantification of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone Preservatives by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041760. [PMID: 36838748 PMCID: PMC9961637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinone preservatives (methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT) are commonly used in cosmetics, industrial and household products. However, these isothiazolinone derivatives are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Hence, a sensitive, accurate, and reliable method for the detection of these compounds is thus warranted. The study aims to analyze concentrations of MIT and CMIT by high performance liquid chromatography. The analytical method used for quantification of MIT and CMIT in cosmetic products (leave-on-baby wet wipes) complies with the validation acceptance criteria (international standards ISO 5725, EU25 European Union for cosmetic regulations). MIT and CMIT were extracted and analyzed in leave-on baby wet-wipes collected from different stores in Riyadh city. Extraction was performed by ultrasonication of the samples, solid-phase extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction. Ten (10) µL of the sample was injected into the HPLC system and samples were analyzed with a mixture of acetic acid and methanol (80:20 v/v) in an isocratic mode. The flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. UV detection was performed at 274 nm. The results demonstrated recoveries between 90 and 106%, measurement uncertainty of C +/- 0.4% for methylisothiazolinone and C +/- 0.03% for methylchloroisothiazolinone, repeatability limit (r = 0.2%) and intermediate precision limit; R = 2% and R2 of 0.9996.
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2
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Jaitpal S, Chavva SR, Mabbott S. 3D Printed SERS-Active Thin-Film Substrates Used to Quantify Levels of the Genotoxic Isothiazolinone. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2850-2860. [PMID: 35097281 PMCID: PMC8793047 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several reports present methods to fabricate thin-film substrates capable of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Substrates synthesized by displacing silver onto copper using facile synthesis methods such as galvanic displacement can generate high levels of SERS enhancement rivaling commercially available substrates manufactured by lithographic methods. Here, we describe the optimization of a novel set of SERS-active thin-film substrates synthesized via the electroless displacement of Ag onto the surface of three-dimensional (3D) printed disks composed of the copper/polymer (PLA) composite filament. The effect of AgNO3 concentration on the deposition, morphology, and overall SERS activity of the substrates has been carefully studied. Two commonly used Raman reporters, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) and malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC), were used to measure the SERS output of the substrates. Good SERS signal reproducibility (RSD ∼16.8%) was measured across the surface of replicate substrates and high-sensitivity detection of MBA was achieved (10-12 M). To test the real-world application of our substrates, we opted to detect 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), which is a genotoxic, biocide common in many household products, known to leach into water supplies. Our newly developed SERS-active substrates could detect CMIT down to 10 ppm when spiked in simulated lake water samples, which is well within current agency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Jaitpal
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
| | - Suhash Reddy Chavva
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
| | - Samuel Mabbott
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies & Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77840-3006, United States
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Canellas E, Vera P, Nerin C, Dreolin N, Goshawk J. The detection and elucidation of oligomers migrating from biodegradable multilayer teacups using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 374:131777. [PMID: 34906802 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable materials are increasingly being used in manufacturing processes due to their environmental benefits. In this work, a study has been performed to assess the migration of compounds from biodegradable multilayer teacups to a tea solution. Liquid chromatography in conjunction with ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used for the elucidation of non-volatile compounds. An orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis has been carried out to compare the tea after migration against untreated tea used as blank. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been optimised to analyse the migration of volatile compounds. Eight migrants were identified in the tea, six of which were non-intentionally added oligomers. The degree of migration for hot tea ranged from 0.05 and 4.68 mg/kg, exceeding the specific migration limit. Nevertheless, the migration to cold tea was an order of magnitude lower (between 0.003 and 0.56 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
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Determination of methylisothiazolinone in waters. Comprehensive study about electrochemical behaviour on gold electrode and optimization of square-wave voltammetric methods. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Simultaneous Determination of Isothiazolinones and Parabens in Cosmetic Products Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Diode Array Detector. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110412. [PMID: 33266462 PMCID: PMC7700590 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinones methylisothiazolinone (MI) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), and parabens methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) are the most common synthetic preservatives. They are all known to be potential skin allergens that lead to contact dermatitis. Thus, the identification of these unsafe chemicals in cosmetic products is of high importance. In the present study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on HyperSep reversed-phase C8/benzene sulfonic acid ion exchanger (HyperSep C8/BSAIE) and Sep-Pak C18 sorbents, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (UHPLC/DAD) were optimized for the simultaneous determination of MI, MCI, MP, EP, PP and BP in cosmetic products. HyperSep C8/BSAIE and UHPLC/DAD with the eluting solvent mixture (acetonitrile/methanol, 2:1, v/v) and detection wavelength (255 nm) were found to be the optimal conditions, respectively. The method illustrates the excellent linearity range (0.008–20 μg/mL) with coefficient of determination (R2, 0.997–0.999), limits of detection (LOD, 0.001–0.002 μg/mL), precision in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD < 3%, intra-day and <6%, inter-day) when examining a standard mixture at low (0.07 µg/mL), medium (3 µg/mL) and high (15 µg/mL) concentrations. A total of 31 cosmetic samples were studied, achieving concentrations (MI, not detected (nd)-0.89 µg/g), (MCI, nd-0.62 µg/g), (MP, nd-6.53 µg/g), (EP, nd-0.90 µg/g), (PP, nd-9.69 µg/g) and (BP, nd-17.80 µg/g). Recovery values ranged from 92.33 to 101.43% depending on the types of sample. To our knowledge, this is the first specific method which covers the theme and describes background amounts of such preservatives in cosmetics.
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Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040991. [PMID: 32102175 PMCID: PMC7070760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of isothiazole and of compounds containing the isothiazole nucleus has been growing over the last few years. Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and as chemical additives for occupational and industrial usage due to their bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Despite their effectiveness as biocides, isothiazolinones are strong sensitizers, producing skin irritations and allergies and may pose ecotoxicological hazards. Therefore, their use is restricted by EU legislation. Considering the relevance and importance of isothiazolinone biocides, the present review describes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding their synthesis, antibacterial components, toxicity (including structure–activity–toxicity relationships) outlines, and (photo)chemical stability. Due to the increasing prevalence and impact of isothiazolinones in consumer’s health, analytical methods for the identification and determination of this type of biocides were also discussed.
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Kang TH, Jin CM, Lee S, Choi I. Dual Mode Rapid Plasmonic Detections of Chemical Disinfectants (CMIT/MIT) Using Target-Mediated Selective Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4201-4208. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ho Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Min Jin
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Zhong H, Li Z, Chen S, Zeng Y, Zheng J, Zeng Y, Li D. Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Six Isothiazolinones in Water-Based Adhesive Used for Food Contact Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213894. [PMID: 31671835 PMCID: PMC6865086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a target analytical approach using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously determine six isothiazolinones containing 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MI), 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), and 2-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (MBIT) in water-based adhesive used for food contact materials. The main factors affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction method, extraction time, extraction solvent, and solid–liquid ratio have been evaluated by using real adhesive samples. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of targeted isothiazolinones. This method was demonstrated as an effective and reliable technique for detecting multiple isothiazolinones with satisfactory recoveries (81.5~107.3%), and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were obtained at a low level. This method was validated and applied to the determination of six isothiazolinones in commercial water-based adhesives. The present results revealed that these adhesives contained a combination of isothiazolinones (BIT, MI, CMI, and MBIT) with the concentration ranging from 2.27 to 123.5 mg/kg. To our knowledge, it is the first time it has been reported that MBIT was detected in water-based adhesives used for food contact materials, which requires a further investigation for its migration to food and the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaining Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Zicheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Ying Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - You Zeng
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511400, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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Isothiazolinone Content of US Consumer Adhesives: Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Dermatitis 2019; 30:129-134. [PMID: 30829801 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data regarding the prevalence and concentration of isothiazolinone preservatives in consumer adhesives. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and concentration of 5 specific isothiazolinones (methylisothiazolinone [MI], methylchloroisothiazolinone [MCI], benzisothiazolinone [BIT], butyl BIT, and octylisothiazolinone) in US adhesives. METHODS Thirty-eight consumer adhesives were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry. Fisher exact tests were used to test for isothiazolinone content and: 1) glue format (2) application purpose and 3) extraction method. RESULTS Nineteen adhesives (50%) had at least 1 isothiazolinone, and 15 contained 2 isothiazolinones. Frequencies and concentrations were as follows: MI (44.7%; 4-133 ppm), MCI (31.6%; 7-27 ppm), BIT (15.8%; 10-86 ppm), and octylisothiazolinone (2.6%; 1 ppm). Butyl BIT was not detected in any of the adhesives. Format (stick vs liquid) was not statistically associated with isothiazolinone presence. At least half of adhesives in the following application purposes had at least 1 isothiazolinone: shoe, craft, fabric, and school. All-purpose glues had a statistically significant lower concentration of MI and MCI, whereas craft glues were associated with higher concentrations of MI and MCI. Compared with other glues, fabric adhesives were associated with a higher risk of containing BIT. CONCLUSIONS Half of the tested adhesives contained at least 1 isothiazolinone. Methylisothiazolinone and MCI were the most common. Consumers and dermatologists should be aware of adhesives as a source of isothiazolinones.
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10
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Campillo N, López-García I, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Food and beverage applications of liquid-phase microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Osorio J, Úbeda S, Aznar M, Nerín C. Analysis of isophthalaldehyde in migration samples from polyethylene terephthalate packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1645-1652. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1465208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Osorio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Úbeda
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margarita Aznar
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, CPS, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Asadi M. In-syringe vortex-assisted emulsification microextraction with solidified floating organic drop for the separation of aflatoxins from feed before their determination by HPLC. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadi
- Health Sciences Research Center; Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences; Torbat Heydariyeh Iran
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13
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Shamekhi R, Ahmad Panahi H, Alaei HS, Moniri E. Functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a polymer containing β-cyclodextrin for the extraction of sertraline hydrochloride in biological samples. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3690-3695. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Shamekhi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Haniyeh Sadat Alaei
- Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Elham Moniri
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin (Pishva) Branch; Islamic Azad University; Varamin Iran
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14
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Asadi M. Syringe-to-syringe dispersive liquid-phase microextraction solidified floating organic drop combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation and quantification of ochratoxin A in food samples. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3094-3099. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Nozohour Yazdi M, Yamini Y. Simultaneous speciation of inorganic chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by hollow‐fiber‐based liquid‐phase microextraction coupled with HPLC–UV. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:919-926. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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16
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Molaei S, Saleh A, Ghoulipour V, Seidi S. Polytetrafluoroethylene physisorption‐assisted emulsification microextraction as a cleanup and preconcentration step in the gas chromatography determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:885-892. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Saleh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science Tehran Iran
| | | | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry K. N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran Iran
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Garcia-Hidalgo E, Sottas V, von Goetz N, Hauri U, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Occurrence and concentrations of isothiazolinones in detergents and cosmetics in Switzerland. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:96-106. [PMID: 27862003 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the frequency of contact allergy to isothiazolinones has increased alarmingly in Europe, but only limited data are available on concentrations of isothiazolinones in consumer products. OBJECTIVES To examine the current frequency of isothiazolinones [methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), and octylisothiazolinone (OIT)] in a wide array of detergents and cosmetics relevant for the Swiss population. METHODS By means of a market survey, the occurrence of isothiazolinones was investigated in 1948 consumer products. Of these, 88 products were analysed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry after ultrasonic extraction. RESULTS Only 7.6% of all cosmetics contained isothiazolinones, but the prevalence in detergents was much higher (42.9%). The measured concentration ranges in detergents were 4.3–10, 3.5–279, 3.8–186 and 7.9 ppm (one product only) for MCI, MI, BIT, and OIT, respectively [corrected]. For cosmetics, these were 1.3-133 and 4.8 ppm (one product only) for MI and MCI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that high concentrations of isothiazolinones (including MI) can be found in a large variety of products, in particular in detergents. Therefore, the safe use of these preservatives should be re-evaluated by including detergents in the exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garcia-Hidalgo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Sottas
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Hauri
- State Laboratory Basel-City, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Correa L, Fiscal JA, Ceballos S, de la Ossa A, Taborda G, Nerin C, Rosero-Moreano M. Hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection determination of disinfection byproducts in water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3945-3953. [PMID: 26354941 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A liquid-phase microextraction method that uses a hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction technique was developed by combining gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the analysis of four trihalomethanes (chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform) in drinking water. In the microextraction process, 1-octanol was used as the solvent. The technique operates in a two-phase mode with a 5 min extraction time, a 700 rpm stirring speed, a 30°C extraction temperature, and NaCl concentration of 20%. After microextraction, one edge of the membrane was cut, and 1 μL of solvent was collected from the membrane using a 10 μL syringe. The solvent sample was directly injected into the gas chromatograph. The analytical characteristics of the developed method were as follows: detection limits, 0.017-0.037 ng mL-1 ; linear working range, 10-900 ng mL-1 ; recovery, 74 ± 9-91 ± 2; relative standard deviation, 5.7-10.3; and enrichment factor, 330-455. A simple, fast, economic, selective, and efficient method with big possibilities for automation was developed with a potential use to apply with other matrices and analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Correa
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Jhon Alex Fiscal
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Sandra Ceballos
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Alberto de la Ossa
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Universidad de Zaragoza, EINA Departamento de Química Analítica Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza-España
| | - Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
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19
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Wittenberg JB, Canas BJ, Zhou W, Wang PG, Rua D, Krynitsky AJ. Determination of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone in cosmetic products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2983-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Wittenberg
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Benjamin J. Canas
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Perry G. Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Diego Rua
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Alexander J. Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
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20
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Asadi M, Dadfarnia S, Haji Shabani AM, abbasi B. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of lamotrigine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin in human plasma and urine samples using solidified floating organic drop microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2510-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Yazd University; Yazd Iran
- Khorassan Research Institute for Food Science and Technology; Mashhad Iran
| | | | | | - Bijan abbasi
- Khorassan Research Institute for Food Science and Technology; Mashhad Iran
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21
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Silva VD, Simão V, Dias AN, Carletto JS, Carasek E. Combination of hollow-fiber-supported liquid membrane and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a fast and sensitive technique for the extraction of pesticides from grape juice followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1959-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dutra Silva
- Departamento de Química da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis; SC Brazil
| | - Vanessa Simão
- Departamento de Química da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis; SC Brazil
| | - Adriana Neves Dias
- Departamento de Química da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis; SC Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Carasek
- Departamento de Química da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Florianópolis; SC Brazil
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22
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Feizbakhsh R, Baheri T, Rezazadeh M. Liquid-phase microextraction based on two immiscible organic solvents followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry as an efficient method for the preconcentration and determination of cocaine, ketamine, and lidocaine in human urine samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2364-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; K.N. Toosi University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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23
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Panahi HA, Chabouk M, Ejlali M. Hollow-fiber-supported liquid membrane microextraction of amlodipine and atorvastatin. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2018-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Monireh Chabouk
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ejlali
- Department of Chemistry; Central Tehran Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
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24
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Farajzadeh MA, Khorram P, Nabil AAA. Solid-based disperser liquid-liquid microextraction for the preconcentration of phthalate esters and di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1177-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Parisa Khorram
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh Nabil
- Toxicology Laboratory; Food Control Laboratory; Food and Drug Department; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
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