Three- and Four-Dimensional Imaging of Ductus Arteriosus in Fetuses With Pulmonary Atresia and Aortic Arch Abnormalities

Differentiating Closely Resembling Fetal Aortic Arch Abnormalities Using Conventional and Four-Dimensional Echocardiography: A Pictorial Essay With Postnatal Outcomes

Double aortic arch with an atretic left aortic arch can resemble like a right aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery or a right aortic arch with mirror image branching. Differentiating these closely resembling fetal aortic arch abnormalities is important for proper prenatal counselling and immediate neonatal evaluation. In this pictorial essay, we describe these three cases and its typical imaging features using conventional and four-dimensional echocardiography.

Three-dimensional high-definition live tissue virtual dissection of mirror-image dextrocardia with thoracic-abdominal discordance in a fetus

Three-dimensional virtual dissection using high-definition live tissue rendering ultrasound tool of a 23-week gestation fetus with situs solitus, mirror image dextrocardia, ventricular septal defect, aortic override, and pulmonary atresia.