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Kamrava B, Derakhshan A, Gadkaree SK. Ergonomics in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 32:215-221. [PMID: 38695447 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understanding effective ergonomic interventions is crucial for enhancing occupational health and career longevity. There is a paucity of clear ergonomics guidelines in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery (FPRS), placing practitioners at high risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and their consequences. RECENT FINDINGS There is mounting evidence that FPRS specialists are at increased risk of WMSDs as compared with the public and other surgical specialties. Numerous studies have demonstrated that implementation of ergonomics principles in surgery decreases WMSDs. Furthermore, WMSDs are reported as early as the first year of surgical residency, marking the importance of early intervention. SUMMARY Fatigue and physical injuries among surgeons occur more often than expected, particularly during complex, extended procedures that necessitate maintaining a constant posture. FPRS procedure often place surgeons into procrustean positions. Thus, integrating ergonomic practices into the practice of FPRS is essential for reducing WMSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kamrava
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Adeeb Derakhshan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Shekhar K Gadkaree
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Soni S, Ritchie AMA, Liu S, Pacilli M, Nataraja RM. Using wearable technology for Posture Regulation to Improve Surgical Ergonomics in the paediatric operating room: the UPRISE trial: a pilot study. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:4445-4456. [PMID: 38902409 PMCID: PMC11289160 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-10933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders has numerous physical, financial, and mental repercussions for surgeons. This study aims to establish whether the use of a wearable posture device can improve the operating time spent in suboptimal, high-risk postures. METHODS Surgeons were recruited in Phase 1 of this prospective randomised study and baseline postural data was obtained. In Phase 2, participants were randomised to receive either a traditional educational workshop or intraoperative vibrations from the device to correct postural lapses. During minor elective day cases, intraoperative postural data was collected and stratified by forward flexion angle, into five risk categories (negligible to very high). Participants' experience with the sensor was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 100 surgical procedures (Phase 1: n = 50; Phase 2: n = 50) were performed by eight surgeons of varying seniority. Exposure to the educational intervention increased time spent in suboptimal posture (Phase 1 vs. Phase 2); 47.5% vs. 67.8%, p = 0.05. However, the vibrational intervention significantly reduced this time; 50.0% vs. 20.7%, p = 0.005. Procedure type didn't influence posture although, laparoscopic interventions spent most time in negligible-risk postures; 47.7% vs. 49.3%, compared to open procedures. Surgical consultants spent less time in suboptimal posture compared to fellow/registrars; 30.3% vs. 72.6% (Phase 1) and 33.8% vs. 65.3% (Phase 2). CONCLUSION Vibrational intervention from the device significantly decreased the time spent in suboptimal, high-risk postures. As procedure type wasn't correlated with postural changes, surgeon-specific factors in regulating posture are paramount. Finally, surgeon experience was positively correlated with improved surgical ergonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna Soni
- Departments of Paediatrics and Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angus M A Ritchie
- Departments of Paediatrics and Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sue Liu
- Departments of Paediatrics and Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maurizio Pacilli
- Departments of Paediatrics and Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Paediatric Surgery and Monash Children's Simulation, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia
| | - Ramesh M Nataraja
- Departments of Paediatrics and Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Departments of Paediatric Surgery and Monash Children's Simulation, Monash Children's Hospital, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.
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Campbell RG, Zadro JR, Gamble AR, Chan CL, Mackey MG, Osie G, Png LH, Douglas RG, Pappas E. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024. [PMID: 38971976 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery has led to significant improvements in patient outcomes, yet may have come at a cost to surgeons' musculoskeletal (MSK) health. We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of work-related MSK disorders (WRMDs) in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgeons; to investigate contributing factors for WRMD in this population; and to evaluate the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions on the severity or prevalence of WRMD in this population. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to April 2, 2024. A bibliographic examination was performed for further papers. REVIEW METHODS Inclusion criteria included original peer-reviewed papers with work-related MSK outcomes (prevalence, contributing factors, and interventions) relating to endoscopic sinus and/or skull base surgeons in any language. RESULTS Of 25,772 unique citations, 37 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled lifetime, point, and 12-month prevalences of WRMD were 75.9% (95% confidence interval; I2, 67.2%-83.6%, I2 95.6%), 80.8% (77.0%-84.3%, I2 98.0%), and 82.0% (71.8%-90.3%, I2 60.96%) respectively. The neck, lumbar spine, and thoracic spine were the most commonly involved areas. One of 9 studies on contributing factors investigated discomfort as an outcome. The remainder focussed on surrogate outcomes (eg, posture, hand dysfunction). Two of the 13 intervention studies investigated pain or fatigue as an outcome. The remainder targeted posture, muscle activity, or workload. CONCLUSION WRMDs are highly prevalent in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgeons. Further studies focusing on the direct outcomes of WRMD such as pain are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn G Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua R Zadro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Musculoskeletal Health and Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew R Gamble
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cliffton L Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin G Mackey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriel Osie
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, Applied Medical Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lu Hui Png
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Richard G Douglas
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Lin ME, Zhou S, Kakeheta S, Ito T, Shibata SB. Ergonomics of Various Modalities for Ear Surgery. OTO Open 2024; 8:e162. [PMID: 38974181 PMCID: PMC11222736 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Evaluate ergonomic differences of various modalities for performing middle ear surgery. Study Design Observational study. Setting Two academic tertiary care centers. Methods Attending physicians and residents performing middle ear surgery were photographed intraoperatively. Intraoperative photographs were analyzed using the validated Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool to measure musculoskeletal disease (MSD) risk. Descriptive statistics and significance testing were used to characterize and compare ergonomic differences between surgical modalities. Multivariable ordinal regression was performed to assess factors associated with increased MSD risk, as determined by the final RULA score. Results Most of our 110 intraoperative photos featured attendings (82.7%) performing combined middle ear surgery and mastoidectomy (60.0%). Body angles and the final RULA score varied significantly among modalities. On subset analysis, microscopic surgery exhibited significantly worse wrist, trunk, and neck angles compared to endoscopic and exoscopic surgery. Exoscopic surgery had significantly lower final RULA scores than both endoscopic and microscopic surgery, indicating significantly lower MSD risk. Microscopic and endoscopic surgery final scores did not vary significantly. In a multivariable ordinal regression of factors associated with increased RULA score, exoscopic surgery had statistically significantly less ergonomic risk relative to microscopic surgery (odds ratio = 0.12, 95% confidence interval = [0.03-0.43]). Conclusion Exoscopic, endoscopic, and microscopic surgery all featured low ergonomic risk, although exoscopic middle ear surgery demonstrated the lowest risk profile among studied surgical modalities. This demonstrates the importance of using each modality in combination with other ergonomic interventions to provide meaningful musculoskeletal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Lin
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Seiji Kakeheta
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyOta General HospitalKawasakiKanagawaJapan
| | - Tsukasa Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryYamagata University Faculty of MedicineYamagataJapan
| | - Seiji B. Shibata
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Joo HH, Formeister E, Pozin M, Fatollahkhani PA, Carey J, Raghavan P, Galaiya D. Impact of Ergonomics on Muscle Fatigue During Surgical Drilling Using Surface Electromyography. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 171:205-211. [PMID: 38385794 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between ergonomic positions and electromyographic muscle activity during otologic drilling. STUDY DESIGN Cross-over experimental trial. SETTING Tertiary Academic Medical Center. METHODS Surgeon participants were tasked with delicate eggshell drilling in 3 different seated positions: "neutral," "slouched," and "craned." Surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors recorded the amplitude and frequency of muscle activity. The joint analysis of spectrum and amplitude (JASA) method, which combines temporal trends in frequency and amplitude, was used to identify trials that exhibited patterns of fatigue. RESULTS The sEMG amplitude and frequency responses demonstrated wide temporal changes. In a majority of experiments, amplitude increased over the course of the experiment, while frequency remained more stable. On analysis of variance testing, only the mean frequency of the deltoid differed significantly between postures (P = .02). Under the JASA framework, external carpi radialis and upper trapezius experienced fatigue in nearly half of the trials regardless of position (47% vs 49%). The upper trapezius demonstrated fatigue during 46% and 69% of the "craned" and "slouched" trials, respectively, compared to just 31% of the "neutral" trials. Fewer attendings demonstrated upper trapezius fatigue compared to trainees (33% vs 62%). Female surgeons experienced fatigue in more trials than male counterparts (73% vs 25%). CONCLUSION This study highlights a first step in quantifying the relationship between operating postures and muscle fatigue. Results suggest that specific muscle groups are more susceptible to fatigue; gender and experience may also impact muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Joo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Formeister
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Pozin
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Paria Arfa Fatollahkhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Preeti Raghavan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepa Galaiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lobo D, Sancibrian R, Mesones A, Llata JR, Williams M, Viera-Artiles J. Feasibility of an Exoskeleton Armrest to Improve Ergonomics during Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:79-86. [PMID: 37255028 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel exoskeleton system designed to provide ergonomic assistance to surgeons while preserving or improving the quality of endoscopic sinus and skull base surgical procedures. METHODS To evaluate the functionality and ergonomic characteristics of the device, five experiments were conducted in different and increasingly realistic scenarios: silicone model of the nasal cavity, freshly frozen cadavers and finally in a real surgery. Each volunteer's task was recorded and timed. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) rating scale was used to estimate the surgeons' workload while performing the tasks. RESULTS Twenty-five volunteers took part in the experiments. Volunteers perceived more comfort and less fatigue and pain when using the armrest than when not using the device (3.3, SD 1.75 vs. 5.9 SD 1.49; p = 0.02). Participants found the device intuitive, comfortable, and improving accuracy and stability with endoscope use. CONCLUSION A new system that provides ergonomic assistance to surgeons was tested in simulation surgery with acceptable usability. Initial results in terms of pain and fatigue reduction and efficiency were excellent, justifying further research into this technology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:79-86, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lobo
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramon Sancibrian
- Department of Structural and Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Angela Mesones
- Department of Structural and Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - José Ramón Llata
- Department of Electronic Technology, Systems Engineering and Automatic Control, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Monica Williams
- Anaesthesiology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Jaime Viera-Artiles
- Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Walters ZA, Chang KY, Cervenka B, Collar R, Hsieh TY. Ergonomics in Otolaryngologic Surgery: A State of the Art Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:330-338. [PMID: 35943813 DOI: 10.1177/01945998221117095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otolaryngology is a surgical field with a high degree of ergonomic risk. The use of head-mounted lighting, loupe magnification, endoscopes, and microscopes is inherent to the field, coupled with repetitive fine motor movements in a constrained anatomic field as well as static, ergonomically unfavorable postures. We seek to review the otolaryngologic literature on ergonomics, including prevalence, severity, and interventions in decreasing work-related musculoskeletal pain. DATA SOURCES Data were derived from clinical peer-reviewed primary literature as well as information provided by residency programs and presented at national and international meetings. REVIEW METHODS A comprehensive review was performed by 3 independent reviewers utilizing an electronic database literature search through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Search terms included combinations and variations of the following concepts: ergonomics, surgery, otolaryngology, work related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic cervical pain, musculoskeletal, posture, surveys, microsurgery, endoscopic surgery. Strict objective criteria for inclusion were not used due to the inherent heterogeneity in articles and lack of rigorous empirical evidence. CONCLUSIONS Chronic musculoskeletal pain is prevalent among otolaryngologic surgeons, with many procedures producing high ergonomic risk. Most studies evaluating interventions to decrease ergonomic risks demonstrate promising results, but standardization in methods and outcome reporting is needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Literature shows that musculoskeletal pain begins in training, and there is a paucity of information related to ergonomic risk in otolaryngology residency curriculums. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders related to poor workplace ergonomics have the potential to limit career longevity and lead to physician burnout. Interventions to mitigate this risk are effective and tend to be well received by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Walters
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katie Y Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Cervenka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Collar
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tsung-Yen Hsieh
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Merlo A, Bò MC, Campanini I. Electrode Size and Placement for Surface EMG Bipolar Detection from the Brachioradialis Muscle: A Scoping Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217322. [PMID: 34770627 PMCID: PMC8587451 DOI: 10.3390/s21217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brachioradialis muscle (BRD) is one of the main elbow flexors and is often assessed by surface electromyography (sEMG) in physiology, clinical, sports, ergonomics, and bioengineering applications. The reliability of the sEMG measurement strongly relies on the characteristics of the detection system used, because of possible crosstalk from the surrounding forearm muscles. We conducted a scoping review of the main databases to explore available guidelines of electrode placement on BRD and to map the electrode configurations used and authors’ awareness on the issues of crosstalk. One hundred and thirty-four studies were included in the review. The crosstalk was mentioned in 29 studies, although two studies only were specifically designed to assess it. One hundred and six studies (79%) did not even address the issue by generically placing the sensors above BRD, usually choosing large disposable ECG electrodes. The analysis of the literature highlights a general lack of awareness on the issues of crosstalk and the need for adequate training in the sEMG field. Three guidelines were found, whose recommendations have been compared and summarized to promote reliability in further studies. In particular, it is crucial to use miniaturized electrodes placed on a specific area over the muscle, especially when BRD activity is recorded for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Merlo
- LAM-Motion Analysis Laboratory, S. Sebastiano Hospital, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Circondaria 29, 42015 Correggio, Italy;
- Merlo Bioengineering, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | | | - Isabella Campanini
- LAM-Motion Analysis Laboratory, S. Sebastiano Hospital, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Circondaria 29, 42015 Correggio, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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