Effects of methylene blue photodynamic therapy on oral carcinoma and leukoplakia cells

The role of photodynamic therapy in treating LSIL in women with high-risk HPV: a literature review

Photodynamic therapy has become a promising non-invasive method for the treatment of LSIL associated with HR-HPV infections. This literature review assesses the efficacy, safety, and clinical relevance of PDT for managing HPV-related cervical lesions. PDT employs photosensitizers, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid, which selectively accumulate in abnormal cervical tissues. When subjected to particular wavelengths of light, these agents become activated and produce reactive oxygen species, leading to the target elimination of particular cells. Numerous studies have documented the effectiveness of PDT with pathological regression rate improving to 94.79%, and the HR-HPV clearance rate increased to 93.75%. Beyond facilitating lesion regression, PDT also plays a significant role in eliminating persistent HR-HPV infections, which are a crucial element in the advancement of cervical dysplasia. Furthermore, the non-invasive nature of PDT presents a compelling alternative to traditional surgical approaches, which may compromise fertility and cause cervical stenosis. PDT is generally well-tolerated; adverse reactions are typically mild and transient, including symptoms such as abdominal discomfort and increased vaginal discharge. Most notably, the fertility-preserving characteristics of PDT render it an optimal treatment choice, particularly for young women desiring to maintain their reproductive potential. While the existing data is promising, it is essential to conduct additional research to enhance treatment protocols, optimize dosages, and thoroughly assess the long-lasting impact of photodynamic therapy in the field of gynecology. By synthesizing existing evidence, this review supports the enhanced incorporation of PDT into clinical decision-making frameworks for the management of HPV-related LSIL.

Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Combination With Doxorubicin: A Novel Approach in the Treatment of HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells

Introduction: With an alarmingly growing number of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, adopting innovative anti-cancer approaches has recently garnered great attention. One interesting concept is the co-administration of cytotoxic agents and safer modalities such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which can subsequently improve therapeutic efficacy and potentially reduce the risks of severe adverse effects and drug resistance. In the course of PDT, a locally injected photosensitizer (PS) is irradiated with a light source, which subsequently generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces programmed cell death in tumor cells. Methods: In this study, to evaluate the potential anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy combined with PDT, in comparison to each alone, we employed PDT, comprising methylene blue (MB) and diode lasers at 630 and 810 nm wavelengths, in conjunction with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). Results: The MTT assay showed that the viability of colorectal cancer HT-29 cells decreased significantly following DOX+PDT treatment. Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and lipid peroxidation rates were substantially higher in DOX+PDT treatment groups. Lastly, the catalase (CAT) assay indicated that the combination reduced the ability of CAT in the detoxification of H2 O2. Conclusion: Our study suggests that MB-mediated PDT combined with chemotherapy might provide a promising avenue to improve therapeutic efficacy and potentially reduce the risk of adverse effects and drug resistance. Without a doubt, further investigations need to delve into the pharmacological advantages and disadvantages of PTD-based combination therapy and optimize its administered doses along with other modalities.

Targeted synthesis of gold nanorods and characterization of their tailored surface properties using optical and X-ray spectroscopy

In recent years, nanophotonics have had a transformative impact on harnessing energy, directing chemical reactions, and enabling novel molecular dynamics for thermodynamically intensive applications. Plasmonic nanoparticles have emerged as a tool for confining light on nanometer-length scales where regions of intense electromagnetic fields can be precisely tuned for controlled surface chemistry. We demonstrate a precision pH-driven synthesis of gold nanorods with optical resonance properties widely tunable across the near-infrared spectrum. Through controlled electrostatic interactions, we can perform selective adsorbate molecule attachment and monitor the surface transitions through spectroscopic techniques that include ground-state absorption spectrophotometry, two-dimensional X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We elucidate the electronic, structural, and chemical factors that contribute to plasmon-molecule dynamics at the nanoscale with broad implications for the fields of energy, photonics, and bio-inspired materials.

In Vitro Exploration of Dark Cytotoxicity of Anthocyanin-Curcumin Combination, A Herbal Photosensitizer

BACKGROUND

Photodynamic therapy can be used to treat a variety of lesions noninvasively, including oral cancer. High-power laser therapy has also been used to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas. The two main components of photodynamic treatment are the photosensitizer and the light source. Herbal formulations of photosensitizers are used to mask the disadvantages of other photosensitizers.

METHODOLOGY

A methanol-diluted 25 grams of Punica granatum was used to create an anthocyanin extract using the flash evaporation method. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the first dilution agent for curcumin; later further dilution was done with distilled water. Following that, MCF-7 cells (a cancer cell line) were cultured with the produced samples, and the mono-tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay was used to determine the vitality of the cells.

RESULTS

Cell reduction was significantly evident in all three groups, but the most significant cell death was found in the anthocyanin-curcumin group, at 29%.

CONCLUSION

The combination of anthocyanin-curcumin has one of the photophysical properties (dark cytotoxicity) and hence can aid as a photosensitizer.

Developmental synergism in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are associated with an increased risk of occurrence of cancers of the oral cavity or lips. The unifying theme of OPMDs is their potential risk for cancer development. Therefore, the primary objective of the management should be to prevent carcinogenesis. Beyond diagnosis, current strategies for the management of OPMDs predominantly include non-surgical and surgical interventions and a "watch-and-see" approach, such as disease monitoring or surveillance, and preventive strategies. Though no optimal clinical treatment has gained universal approval for reducing or preventing malignant development of OPMDs. Therefore, an urgent need exits for improved treatment properties and effective predictive markers for OPMDs treatment. This review aims to outline recent synergism regarding to the management of OPMDs. Developing new technologies and improved application parameters to promote the treatment efficacy and a novel management prescription approach to OPMDs are proposed.