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Li X, Liang C, Su R, Wang X, Yao Y, Ding H, Zhou G, Luo Z, Zhang H, Li Y. An integrated strategy combining metabolomics and machine learning for the evaluation of bioactive markers that differentiate various bile. Front Chem 2022; 10:1005843. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1005843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal bile is an important component of natural medicine and is widely used in clinical treatment. However, it is easy to cause mixed applications during processing, resulting in uneven quality, which seriously affects and harms the interests and health of consumers. Bile acids are the major bioactive constituents of bile and contain a variety of isomeric constituents. Although the components are structurally similar, they exhibit different pharmacological activities. Identifying the characteristics of each animal bile is particularly important for processing and reuse. It is necessary to establish an accurate analysis method to distinguish different types of animal bile. We evaluated the biological activity of key feature markers from various animal bile samples. In this study, a strategy combining metabolomics and machine learning was used to compare the bile of three different animals, and four key markers were screened. Quantitative analysis of the key markers showed that the levels of Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and Taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) were highest in pig bile; Glycocholic acid (GCA) and Cholic acid (CA) were the most abundant in bovine and sheep bile, respectively. In addition, four key feature markers significantly inhibited the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. These findings will contribute to the targeted development of bile in various animals and provide a basis for its rational application.
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Synthesis of Novel C/D Ring Modified Bile Acids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072364. [PMID: 35408759 PMCID: PMC9000252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid receptors have been identified as important targets for the development of new therapeutics to treat various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The synthesis of new bile acid analogues can help elucidate structure–activity relationships and define compounds that activate these receptors selectively. Towards this, access to large quantities of a chenodeoxycholic acid derivative bearing a C-12 methyl and a C-13 to C-14 double bond provided an interesting scaffold to investigate the chemical manipulation of the C/D ring junction in bile acids. The reactivity of this alkene substrate with various zinc carbenoid species showed that those generated using the Furukawa methodology achieved selective α-cyclopropanation, whereas those generated using the Shi methodology reacted in an unexpected manner giving rise to a rearranged skeleton whereby the C ring has undergone contraction to form a novel spiro–furan ring system. Further derivatization of the cyclopropanated steroid included O-7 oxidation and epimerization to afford new bile acid derivatives for biological evaluation.
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Luxenburger A, Harris LD, Ure EM, Landaeta Aponte RA, Woolhouse AD, Cameron SA, Ling CD, Piltz RO, Lewis AR, Gainsford GJ, Weymouth-Wilson A, Furneaux RH. Synthesis of 12β-Methyl-18- nor-bile Acids. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25019-25039. [PMID: 34604682 PMCID: PMC8482778 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decoupling the roles of the farnesoid X nuclear receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 is essential for the development of novel bile acid therapeutics targeting metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids which may serve as probes in the search for new bile acid analogues with clinical applicability. A Nametkin-type rearrangement was applied to protected cholic acid derivatives, giving rise to tetra-substituted Δ13,14- and Δ13,17-unsaturated 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acid intermediates (24a and 25a). Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation and deprotection yielded 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid (27a) and its 17-epi-epimer (28a) as the two major reaction products. Optimization of the synthetic sequence enabled a chromatography-free route to prepare these bile acids at a multi-gram scale. In addition, the first cis-C-D ring-junctured bile acid and a new 14(13 → 12)-abeo-bile acid are described. Furthermore, deuteration experiments were performed to provide mechanistic insights into the formation of the formal anti-hydrogenation product 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid (27a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth M. Ure
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Roselis A. Landaeta Aponte
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Anthony D. Woolhouse
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Scott A. Cameron
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Chris D. Ling
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian
Centre for Neutron Scattering, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lewis
- Callaghan
Innovation, P.O. Box 31 310, Lower
Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Graeme J. Gainsford
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Alex Weymouth-Wilson
- New
Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 68 Weld Street, RD2, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Richard H. Furneaux
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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