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Meng FY, Liu L, Liu J, Li CY, Wang JP, Yang FH, Chen ZS, Zhou P. Hepatocyte isolation from resected benign tissues: Results of a 5-year experience. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8178-8186. [PMID: 27688659 PMCID: PMC5037086 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze retrospectively a 5-year experience of human hepatocyte isolation from resected liver tissues with benign disease.
METHODS We established a method of modified four-step retrograde perfusion to isolate primary human hepatocytes. Samples were collected from the resected livers of patients with intrahepatic duct calculi (n = 7) and liver hemangioma (n = 17). Only the samples weighing ≥ 15 g were considered suitable for hepatocyte isolation. By using the standard trypan blue exclusion technique, hepatocyte viability and yield were immediately determined after isolation.
RESULTS Twenty-four liver specimens, weighing 15-42 g, were immediately taken from the margin of the removed samples and transferred to the laboratory for hepatocyte isolation. Warm ischemia time was 5-35 min and cold ischemia time was 15-45 min. For the 7 samples of intrahepatic duct calculi, the method resulted in a hepatocyte yield of 3.49 ± 2.31 × 106 hepatocytes/g liver, with 76.4% ± 10.7% viability. The 17 samples of liver hemangioma had significantly higher yield of cells (5.4 ± 1.71 × 106 cells/g vs 3.49 ± 2.31 × 106 cells/g, P < 0.05) than the samples of intrahepatic duct calculi. However, there seems to be no clear difference in cell viability (80.3% ± 9.67% vs 76.4% ± 10.7%, P > 0.05). We obtained a cell yield of 5.31 ± 1.87 × 106 hepatocytes/g liver when the samples weighed > 20 g. However, for the tissues weighing ≤ 20 g, a reduction in yield was found (3.08 ± 1.86 × 106 cells/g vs 5.31 ± 1.87 × 106 cells/g, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Benign diseased livers are valuable sources for large-number hepatocyte isolation. Our study represents the largest number of primary human hepatocytes isolated from resected specimens from patients with benign liver disease. We evaluated the effect of donor liver characteristics on cell isolation, and we found that samples of liver hemangioma can provide better results than intrahepatic duct calculi, in terms of cell yield. Furthermore, the size of the tissues can affect the outcome of hepatocyte isolation.
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Lu J, Zhang Y, Zhu D, Wang J, Ye C, Zhang X, Cao H, Li L. Improvement of short-term hypothermic preservation of microencapsulated hepatocytes. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:909-17. [PMID: 26943346 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the optimal storage solution containing suitable protective agents for the preservation of microencapsulated hepatocytes at 4 °C as well as the optimum incubation time after hypothermic preservation. RESULTS L15 was the optimum solution for both maintaining microcapsule integrity and cell viability. Furthermore, 5 %(v/v) PEG (20 or 35 kDa) added to Leibovitz-15 medium was optimal for microencapsulated C3A cells, enhancing cell viability and liver-specific functions, including albumin and urea synthesis as well as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activities. The transcription levels of several CYP450-related genes were also dramatically increased in cells incubated in the optimal solution. Pre-incubation for 2 h was the optimal time for restoring favorable levels of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activities in microencapsulated C3A cells for short term, 2 day storage. CONCLUSIONS Leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 5 % (v/v) PEG is a promising cold solution for microencapsulated hepatocytes at 4 °C, with an incubation of 2 h at 37 °C after hypothermic preservation being the best incubation duration for further cell application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Danhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Usta OB, Kim Y, Ozer S, Bruinsma BG, Lee J, Demir E, Berendsen TA, Puts CF, Izamis ML, Uygun K, Uygun BE, Yarmush ML. Supercooling as a viable non-freezing cell preservation method of rat hepatocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69334. [PMID: 23874947 PMCID: PMC3713052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercooling preservation holds the potential to drastically extend the preservation time of organs, tissues and engineered tissue products, and fragile cell types that do not lend themselves well to cryopreservation or vitrification. Here, we investigate the effects of supercooling preservation (SCP at -4(o)C) on primary rat hepatocytes stored in cryovials and compare its success (high viability and good functional characteristics) to that of static cold storage (CS at +4(o)C) and cryopreservation. We consider two prominent preservation solutions a) Hypothermosol (HTS-FRS) and b) University of Wisconsin solution (UW) and a range of preservation temperatures (-4 to -10 (o)C). We find that there exists an optimum temperature (-4(o)C) for SCP of rat hepatocytes which yields the highest viability; at this temperature HTS-FRS significantly outperforms UW solution in terms of viability and functional characteristics (secretions and enzymatic activity in suspension and plate culture). With the HTS-FRS solution we show that the cells can be stored for up to a week with high viability (~56%); moreover we also show that the preservation can be performed in large batches (50 million cells) with equal or better viability and no loss of functionality as compared to smaller batches (1.5 million cells) performed in cryovials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yeonhee Kim
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sinan Ozer
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bote G. Bruinsma
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Esin Demir
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tim A. Berendsen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catheleyne F. Puts
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria-Louisa Izamis
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Lloyd TDR, Orr S, Dennison AR. A Survey of Consumer Attitudes to the Supply and Use of Human Hepatocytes in the United Kingdom. Altern Lab Anim 2003; 31:483-8. [PMID: 15598175 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes are the model of choice for pharmacotoxicological studies, but their acquisition is often problematic due to ethical and logistical difficulties. The UK Human Tissue Bank is a not-for-profit organisation that acquires and processes human tissue, with a specialist interest in the isolation of human hepatocytes. A recent in-house survey of the processing of liver tissue over 1 year revealed that freshly isolated hepatocytes were underutilised due to mismatched consumer demand, despite the published need for them. We present the results of a telephone survey to investigate the reasons behind this paradox. This survey highlighted some problem areas, including “out of hours” availability of cells and personnel difficulties, but overall, demonstrated the value of such a service, with numerous researchers taking advantage of available good quality human hepatocytes. Although further work is required in optimising long-term storage protocols through cryopreservation, we have demonstrated that tissue handling of this type can be successful and beneficial to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D R Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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Archambault AJ, Sirois MG, Bernatchez PN, Fiset C, Haddad PS. Vascular endothelial growth factor production by isolated rat hepatocytes after cold ischemia-warm reoxygenation. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:988-97. [PMID: 11699036 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2001.28444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory disturbances in the liver microcirculation have been associated with preservation injury of hepatic grafts. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a proinflammatory growth factor released by hepatocytes, acts on sinusoidal endothelial cells, but its implication in graft injury is still unclear. We studied VEGF production by rat hepatocytes after cold ischemia and warm reoxygenation and compared the capacity of University of Wisconsin (UW) and sodium-lactobionate-sucrose (SLS) preservation solutions to maintain this hepatocellular function. Isolated hepatocytes were kept for 0, 24, and 48 hours at 4 degrees C in either solution (cold ischemia), then incubated for 1 to 24 hours at 37 degrees C (warm reoxygenation). We assessed cell viability and production of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. Cell viability decreased in a linear time-dependent fashion by 10% after 48 hours of cold preservation and by an additional 40% after 24 hours of warm culture. Very little VEGF mRNA could be detected after up to 48 hours of simple cold preservation in either solution. However, subsequent warm culture led to a robust and rapid increase in VEGF mRNA expression within the first hour, which declined to close to background levels within 8 to 12 hours in culture. This effect was more important in cells preserved in SLS than UW solution. Similarly, cold preservation alone did not trigger VEGF secretion. VEGF secretion was detected after culturing hepatocytes at 37 degrees C and reached a maximal secretion rate within 12 to 15 hours. However, VEGF production by preserved cells was reduced compared with unstored cells. In conclusion, cold ischemia and warm reoxygenation triggers VEGF mRNA expression by hepatocytes, but subsequent VEGF secretion is partially impaired, suggesting posttranslational defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Archambault
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Elimadi A, Haddad PS. Cold preservation-warm reoxygenation increases hepatocyte steady-state Ca(2+) and response to Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonist. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G809-15. [PMID: 11518693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.3.g809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of Ca(2+) in liver transplantation injury has been the object of several studies, direct evidence for alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis after cold preservation-warm reoxygenation (CP/WR) has never been presented. We thus investigated the effects of CP/WR on steady-state Ca(2+) and responses to a Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonist. Isolated rat hepatocytes were suspended in University of Wisconsin solution, stored at 4 degrees C for 0, 24, and 48 h, and reoxygenated at 37 degrees C for 1 h. Cytosolic Ca(2+) was measured in single cells by digitized fluorescence videomicroscopy. CP/WR caused a significant increase in steady-state cytosolic Ca(2+), which was inversely proportional to cell viability. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with an agent that protects mitochondrial function attenuated the increase in steady-state cytosolic Ca(2+) and improved hepatocyte viability. Ca(2+) responses to the purinergic agonist ATP also increased significantly as a function of cold storage time. This increase was related to an increase in the size of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca(2+) stores and subsequent capacitative Ca(2+) entry. Thus CP/WR significantly perturbs steady-state hepatocellular Ca(2+) and responses to Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonists, which may contribute to hepatocyte metabolic dysfunction observed after CP/WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elimadi
- Membrane Transport Research Group and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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Kukan M, Haddad PS. Role of hepatocytes and bile duct cells in preservation-reperfusion injury of liver grafts. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:381-400. [PMID: 11349258 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2001.23913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In liver transplantation, it is currently hypothesized that nonparenchymal cell damage and/or activation is the major cause of preservation-related graft injury. Because parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) appear morphologically well preserved even after extended cold preservation, their injury after warm reperfusion is ascribed to the consequences of nonparenchymal cell damage and/or activation. However, accumulating evidence over the past decade indicated that the current hypothesis cannot fully explain preservation-related liver graft injury. We review data obtained in animal and human liver transplantation and isolated perfused animal livers, as well as isolated cell models to highlight growing evidence of the importance of hepatocyte disturbances in the pathogenesis of normal and fatty graft injury. Particular attention is given to preservation time-dependent decreases in high-energy adenine nucleotide levels in liver cells, a circumstance that (1) sensitizes hepatocytes to various stimuli and insults, (2) correlates well with graft function after liver transplantation, and (3) may also underlie the preservation time-dependent increase in endothelial cell damage. We also review damage to bile duct cells, which is increasingly being recognized as important in the long-lasting phase of reperfusion injury. The role of hydrophobic bile salts in that context is particularly assessed. Finally, a number of avenues aimed at preserving hepatocyte and bile duct cell integrity are discussed in the context of liver transplantation therapy as a complement to reducing nonparenchymal cell damage and/or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kukan
- Laboratory of Perfused Organs, Slovak Centre for Organ Transplantation, Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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