1
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Sheima Y, Venkatesan TR, Frauenrath H, Opris DM. Synthesis of polysiloxane elastomers modified with sulfonyl side groups and their electromechanical response. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:7367-7376. [PMID: 37304728 PMCID: PMC10249063 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer transducers are elastic capacitors that respond to mechanical or electrical stress. They can be used in applications such as millimeter-sized soft robots and harvesters of the energy contained in ocean waves. The dielectric component of these capacitors is a thin elastic film, preferably made of a material having a high dielectric permittivity. When properly designed, these materials convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, as well as thermal energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Whether a polymer can be used for one or the other application is determined by its glass transition temperature (Tg), which should be significantly below room temperature for the former and around room temperature for the latter function. Herein, we report a polysiloxane elastomer modified with polar sulfonyl side groups to contribute to this field with a powerful new material. This material has a dielectric permittivity as high as 18.4 at 10 kHz and 20 °C, a relatively low conductivity of 5 × 10-10 S cm-1, and a large actuation strain of 12% at an electric field of 11.4 V μm-1 (0.25 Hz and 400 V). At 0.5 Hz and 400 V, the actuator showed a stable actuation of 9% over 1000 cycles. The material exhibited a Tg of -13.6 °C, which although is well below room temperature affected the material's response in actuators, which shows significant differences in the response at different frequencies and temperatures and in films with different thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Sheima
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
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2
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Yang JB, Wang JW, Zhuang GC, Wang XZ, Wang HQ, Ma YJ, Zhang Y. High dielectric constant acrylic resin based percolative composite with acidified carbon nanotubes intercalation of MXene. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Feng Z, Feng G, Yue X, Zhang XH. Poly(thioether) grafted Ti3C2Tx MXenes: New dielectric elastomer nanocomposites with high area strain at low driving voltage. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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4
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Xu Y, Lu S, Wei Z, Feng S. Supramolecular Elastomers with Excellent Dielectric Properties and High Recyclability Based on the Coordinative Bond. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200766. [PMID: 36377472 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement in dielectric properties and self-healing ability for dielectric materials has been a challenging subject these years. Herein, a series of self-healed dielectric elastomers by combining the ferric ions and carboxyl-containing poly(sulfone siloxane)s is reported. Experimental results indicate the excellent dielectric properties of obtained elastomers, as the dielectric constant up to 12.8. SEM micrographs exhibit that carboxyl groups and ferric ions can aggregate together to generate clusters, which further result in interfacial polarization. Besides, high polarity dipole units including sulfonyl units and carboxyl groups contribute to dipole polarization. The overlay of the two mentioned polarization eventually results in the high dielectric property. The dielectric constant obviously increases with the contents of carboxyl groups and ferric ions. Moreover, the samples are feasible for recycling and reprocessing with high self-healing efficiency, owing to the reversibility of the coordination bond. A self-healing efficiency of 92.1% in tensile strength of the obtained samples can be reached after 2 h treatment at 60 °C. And the elastomers can also conveniently recover most mechanical properties after solution treatment. This work may offer a promising method for preparing dielectric elastomers with high dielectric properties and self-healing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250199, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250199, P. R. China
| | - Zengyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250199, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Advanced Silicone Materials and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250199, P. R. China
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5
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Sun W, Zhang L, Liu M, Xu J, Li T, Cheng Y. Silicone elastomer with simultaneous enhanced healing and electrical resistance via fluorine substitution for actuator dielectrics. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Shi Y, Askounis E, Plamthottam R, Libby T, Peng Z, Youssef K, Pu J, Pelrine R, Pei Q. A processable, high-performance dielectric elastomer and multilayering process. Science 2022; 377:228-232. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) can act as deformable capacitors that generate mechanical work in response to an electric field. DEs are often based on commercial acrylic and silicone elastomers. Acrylics require prestretching to achieve high actuation strains and lack processing flexibility. Silicones allow for processability and rapid response but produce much lower strains. In this work, a processable, high-performance dielectric elastomer (PHDE) with a bimodal network structure is synthesized, and its electromechanical properties are tailored by adjusting cross-linkers and hydrogen bonding within the elastomer network. The PHDE exhibits a maximum areal strain of 190% and maintains strains higher than 110% at 2 hertz without prestretching. A dry stacking process with high efficiency, scalability, and yield enables multilayer actuators that maintain the high actuation performance of single-layer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erin Askounis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Plamthottam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tom Libby
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zihang Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kareem Youssef
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junhong Pu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Bui K, Wemyss AM, Zhang R, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C, Wan C. Tailoring Electromechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vitrimers by Cross-Linkers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Bui
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
- CY Cergy-Paris Université, LPPI, 95000 CERGY, France
| | - Alan M. Wemyss
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
| | - Runan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, BA2 7AY Bath, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Cedric Plesse
- CY Cergy-Paris Université, LPPI, 95000 CERGY, France
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, U.K
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Cazacu M, Dascalu M, Stiubianu GT, Bele A, Tugui C, Racles C. From passive to emerging smart silicones. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amassing remarkable properties, silicones are practically indispensable in our everyday life. In most classic applications, they play a passive role in that they cover, seal, insulate, lubricate, water-proof, weather-proof etc. However, silicone science and engineering are highly innovative, seeking to develop new compounds and materials that meet market demands. Thus, the unusual properties of silicones, coupled with chemical group functionalization, has allowed silicones to gradually evolve from passive materials to active ones, meeting the concept of “smart materials”, which are able to respond to external stimuli. In such cases, the intrinsic properties of polysiloxanes are augmented by various chemical modifications aiming to attach reactive or functional groups, and/or by engineering through proper cross-linking pattern or loading with suitable fillers (ceramic, magnetic, highly dielectric or electrically conductive materials, biologically active, etc.), to add new capabilities and develop high value materials. The literature and own data reflecting the state-of-the art in the field of smart silicones, such as thermoplasticity, self-healing ability, surface activity, electromechanical activity and magnetostriction, thermo-, photo-, and piezoresponsivity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cazacu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihaela Dascalu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - George-Theodor Stiubianu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Adrian Bele
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Codrin Tugui
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
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Effect of Graphene/Spherical Graphite Ratio on the Properties of PLA/TPU Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132538. [PMID: 35808583 PMCID: PMC9268992 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wave-absorbing materials are developing in the direction of “light weight, wide frequency band, thin layer and high strength”, and it is difficult to achieve the synergy between wave-absorbing performance and mechanical properties when graphene absorbent is compounded with a single resin matrix. In this paper, based on the preparation of a new composite absorbing wire with a graphene (GR)/spherical graphite (SG) double absorbent and polylactic acid (PLA)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) double matrix, we proposed a new method to prepare samples for testing the electromagnetic parameters and tensile strength by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Furthermore, the effect of SG/GR ratio on the microwave absorbing properties and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU composites was specifically studied. It was found that when the ratio of SG/GR was small (0:5, 1:4), the dielectric loss (interfacial polarization loss, dipole polarization loss, conductivity loss) and attenuation ability of the composites were stronger, and the impedance matching was better. When the SG/GR ratio was large (5:0, 4:1), the composites had high strength and toughness. When the ratio of SG/GR was moderate (2:3, 3:2), it could retain the absorbing and mechanical properties of the absorbing materials. On the one hand, the SG and PLA/TPU matrix formed an “island structure”, which improves the dispersion of GR; on the other hand, the GR and PLA/TPU matrix formed a “core-shell structure”, which promotes polarization and multiple scattering.
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10
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Liu K, Qin H, Tian M, Zhang L, Mi J. Towards a comprehensive optimization of dielectric and viscoelastic performance of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) through chain sequence regulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Zhang K, Liu J, Zhu L, Xie R, Lv S. Significant improvements in the electromechanical performance of dielectric elastomers by introducing ternary dipolar groups. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Hu X, Zhang R, Wemyss AM, Du A, Bao X, Geng X, Wan C. Damping and Electromechanical Behavior of Ionic-Modified Brominated Poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) Rubber Containing Petroleum Resin C5. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Runan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Alan M. Wemyss
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aihua Du
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xujin Bao
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Xueyu Geng
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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13
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Yao J, Liu X, Sun H, Liu S, Jiang Y, Yu B, Ning N, Tian M, Zhang L. Thermoplastic Polyurethane Dielectric Elastomers with High Actuated Strain and Good Mechanical Strength by Introducing Ester Group Grafted Polymethylvinylsiloxane. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashuai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haibin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Suting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Weifang Vocational College, Weifang 262737, China
| | - Yingjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nanying Ning
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Liu L, Lei Y, Zhang Z, Liu J, Lv S, Guo Z. Fabrication of PDA@SiO2@rGO/PDMS dielectric elastomer composites with good electromechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Structure and Dielectric Properties of Electroactive Tetraaniline Grafted Non-Polar Elastomers. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic modification of polybutadiene and block copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene with the electrically conducting emeraldine salt of tetraaniline (TANI) via a three-step grafting method, is reported in this work. Whilst the TANI oligomer grafted at a similar rate to both polybutadiene and styrene–butadiene–styrene under the same conditions, the resulting elastomers exhibited vastly different properties. 1 mol% TANI-PB exhibited an increased relative permittivity of 5.9, and a high strain at break of 156%, whilst 25 mol% TANI-SBS demonstrated a relative permittivity of 6.2 and a strain at break of 186%. The difference in the behaviour of the two polymers was due to the compatibilisation of TANI by styrene in SBS through π-π stacking, which prevented the formation of a conducting TANI network in SBS at. Without the styrene group, TANI-PB formed a phase separated structure with high levels of TANI grafting. Overall, it was concluded that the polymer chain structure, the morphology of the modified elastomers, and the degree of grafting of TANI, had the greatest effect on the mechanical and dielectric properties of the resultant elastomers. This work paves the way for an alternative approach to the extrinsic incorporation of conducting groups into unsaturated elastomers, and demonstrates dielectric elastomers with enhanced electrical properties for use in actuation devices and energy harvesting applications.
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16
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Brun E, Zhang KF, Guénée L, Lacour J. Photo-induced thiol-ene reactions for late-stage functionalization of unsaturated polyether macrocycles: regio and diastereoselective access to macrocyclic dithiol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:250-254. [PMID: 31808765 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double hydrothiolation of bis enol ether macrocycles was achieved under photo-mediated conditions. The thiol-ene reactions afford a fully regioselective anti-Markovnikov post-functionalization. Thanks to the use of ethanedithiol as reagent, moderate to excellent diastereoselectivity was accomplished leading to macrocycles containing four defined stereocenters in only three steps from 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or tetrahydropyran (THP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Brun
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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17
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Ellingford C, Zhang R, Wemyss AM, Zhang Y, Brown OB, Zhou H, Keogh P, Bowen C, Wan C. Self-Healing Dielectric Elastomers for Damage-Tolerant Actuation and Energy Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7595-7604. [PMID: 31944651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The actuation and energy-harvesting performance of dielectric elastomers are strongly related to their intrinsic electrical and mechanical properties. For future resilient smart transducers, a fast actuation response, efficient energy-harvesting performance, and mechanical robustness are key requirements. In this work, we demonstrate that poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) can be converted into a self-healing dielectric elastomer with high permittivity and low dielectric loss, which can be deformed to large mechanical strains; these are key requirements for actuation and energy-harvesting applications. Using a one-step click reaction at room temperature for 20 min, methyl-3-mercaptopropionate (M3M) was grafted to SBS and reached 95.2% of grafting ratios. The resultant M3M-SBS can be deformed to a high mechanical strain of 1000%, with a relative permittivity of εr = 7.5 and a low tan δ = 0.03. When used in a dielectric actuator, it can provide 9.2% strain at an electric field of 39.5 MV m-1 and can also generate an energy density of 11 mJ g-1 from energy harvesting. After being subjected to mechanical damage, the self-healed elastomer can recover 44% of its breakdown strength during energy harvesting. This work demonstrates a facile route to produce self-healing, high permittivity, and low dielectric loss elastomers for both actuation and energy harvesting, which is applicable to a wide range of diene elastomer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ellingford
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Runan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Alan M Wemyss
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Oliver B Brown
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Patrick Keogh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
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18
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Li J, Wong WY, Tao XM. Recent advances in soft functional materials: preparation, functions and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1281-1306. [PMID: 31912063 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic materials and biomaterials with elastic moduli lower than 10 MPa are generally considered as soft materials. Research studies on soft materials have been boosted due to their intriguing features such as light-weight, low modulus, stretchability, and a diverse range of functions including sensing, actuating, insulating and transporting. They are ideal materials for applications in smart textiles, flexible devices and wearable electronics. On the other hand, benefiting from the advances in materials science and chemistry, novel soft materials with tailored properties and functions could be prepared to fulfil the specific requirements. In this review, the current progress of soft materials, ranging from materials design, preparation and application are critically summarized based on three categories, namely gels, foams and elastomers. The chemical, physical and electrical properties and the applications are elaborated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of soft materials to researchers in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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20
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Ellingford C, Smith H, Yan X, Bowen C, Figiel Ł, McNally T, Wan C. Electrical dual-percolation in MWCNTs/SBS/PVDF based thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites and the effect of mechanical stretching. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Ma R, Chou SY, Xie Y, Pei Q. Morphological/nanostructural control toward intrinsically stretchable organic electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1741-1786. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of intrinsically stretchable electronics poses great challenges in synthesizing elastomeric conductors, semiconductors and dielectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Ma
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science
- University of California
- Los Angeles
| | - Shu-Yu Chou
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science
- University of California
- Los Angeles
| | - Yu Xie
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science
- University of California
- Los Angeles
| | - Qibing Pei
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science
- University of California
- Los Angeles
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Ellingford C, Zhang R, Wemyss AM, Bowen C, McNally T, Figiel Ł, Wan C. Intrinsic Tuning of Poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene)-Based Self-Healing Dielectric Elastomer Actuators with Enhanced Electromechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:38438-38448. [PMID: 30360080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electromechanical properties of a thermoplastic styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) dielectric elastomer was intrinsically tuned by chemical grafting with polar organic groups. Methyl thioglycolate (MG) reacted with the butadiene block via a one-step thiol-ene "click" reaction under UV at 25 °C. The MG grafting ratio reached 98.5 mol % (with respect to the butadiene alkenes present) within 20 min and increased the relative permittivity to 11.4 at 103 Hz, with a low tan δ. The actuation strain of the MG-grafted SBS dielectric elastomer actuator was 10 times larger than the SBS-based actuator, and the actuation force was 4 times greater than SBS. The MG-grafted SBS demonstrated an ability to achieve both mechanical and electrical self-healing. The electrical breakdown strength recovered to 15% of its original value, and the strength and elongation at break recovered by 25 and 21%, respectively, after 3 days. The self-healing behavior was explained by the introduction of polar MG groups that reduce viscous loss and strain relaxation. The weak CH/π bonds through the partially charged (δ+) groups adjacent to the ester of MG and the δ- center of styrene enable polymer chains to reunite and recover properties. Intrinsic tuning can therefore enhance the electromechanical properties of dielectric elastomers and provides new actuator materials with self-healing mechanical and dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Runan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 2ET , U.K
| | | | - Christopher Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 2ET , U.K
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