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Coexpression of a β-d-Xylosidase from Thermotoga maritima and a Family 10 Xylanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus Significantly Improves the Xylan Degradation Activity of the Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Exoproteome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0052421. [PMID: 33990300 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00524-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor species are hyperthermophilic, Gram-positive anaerobes and the most thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria so far described. They have been engineered to convert switchgrass to ethanol without pretreatment and represent a promising platform for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from plant biomass. Xylooligomers, such as xylobiose and xylotriose, that result from the breakdown of plant biomass more strongly inhibit cellulase activity than do glucose or cellobiose. High concentrations of xylobiose and xylotriose are present in C. bescii fermentations after 90 h of incubation, and removal or breakdown of these types of xylooligomers is crucial to achieving high conversion of plant biomass to product. In previous studies, the addition of exogenous β-d-xylosidase substantially improved the performance of glucanases and xylanases in vitro. β-d-Xylosidases are, in fact, essential enzymes in commercial preparations for efficient deconstruction of plant biomass. In addition, the combination of xylanase and β-d-xylosidase is known to exhibit synergistic action on xylan degradation. In spite of its ability to grow efficiently on xylan substrates, no extracellular β-d-xylosidase was identified in the C. bescii genome. Here, we report that the coexpression of a thermal stable β-d-xylosidase from Thermotoga maritima and a xylanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus in a C. bescii strain containing the A. cellulolyticus E1 endoglucanase significantly increased the activity of the exoproteome as well as growth on xylan substrates. The combination of these enzymes also resulted in increased growth on crystalline cellulose in the presence of exogenous xylan. IMPORTANCE Caldicellulosiruptor species are bacteria that grow at extremely high temperature, more than 75°C, and are the most thermophilic bacteria so far described that are capable of growth on plant biomass. This native ability allows the use of unpretreated biomass as a growth substrate, eliminating the prohibitive cost of preprocessing/pretreatment of the biomass. They only grow under strictly anaerobic conditions, and the combination of high temperature and the lack of oxygen reduces the cost of fermentation and contamination by other microbes. They have been genetically engineered to convert switchgrass to ethanol without pretreatment and represent a promising platform for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials from plant biomass. In this study, we introduced genes from other cellulolytic bacteria and identified a combination of enzymes that improves growth on plant biomass. An important feature of this study is that it measures growth, validating predictions made from adding enzyme mixtures to biomass.
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Size-exclusion chromatography of xylan derivatives—the critical evaluation of macromolecular data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4811-4817. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Preparation and Characterization of Water-Soluble Xylan Ethers. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9040129. [PMID: 30970808 PMCID: PMC6431879 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is a predominant hemicellulose component that is found in plants and in some algae. This polysaccharide is made from units of xylose (a pentose sugar). One promising source of xylan is oat spelt. This feedstock was used for the synthesis of two xylan ethers. To achieve water soluble products, we prepared dihydroxypropyl xylan as a non-ionic ether on the one hand, and carboxymethyl xylan as an ionic derivative on the other hand. Different preparation methods like heterogeneous, pseudo-homogeneous, and homogeneous syntheses were compared. In the case of dihydroxypropyl xylan, the synthesis method did not significantly affect the degree of substitution (DS). In contrast, in the case of carboxymethyl xylan, clear differences of the DS values were found in dependence on the synthesis method. Xylan ethers with DS values of >1 could be obtained, which mostly show good water solubility. The synthesized ionic, as well as non-ionic, xylan ethers were soluble in water, even though the aqueous solutions showed slight turbidity. Nevertheless, stable, transparent, and stainable films could be prepared from aqueous solutions from carboxymethyl xylans.
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Kim SK, Chung D, Himmel ME, Bomble YJ, Westpheling J. Heterologous expression of family 10 xylanases from Acidothermus cellulolyticus enhances the exoproteome of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and growth on xylan substrates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:176. [PMID: 27555882 PMCID: PMC4994175 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to deconstruct plant biomass without conventional pretreatment has made members of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor the target of investigation for the consolidated processing of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and bioproducts. These Gram-positive bacteria are hyperthermophilic anaerobes and the most thermophilic cellulolytic organisms so far described. They use both C5 and C6 sugars simultaneously and have the ability to grow well on xylan, a major component of plant cell walls. This is an important advantage for their use to efficiently convert biomass at yields sufficient for an industrial process. For commodity chemicals, yield from substrate is perhaps the most important economic factor. In an attempt to improve even further the ability of C. bescii to use xylan, we introduced two xylanases from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. Acel_0180 includes tandem carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM2 and CBM3) located at the C-terminus, one of which, CBM2, is not present in C. bescii. Also, the sequences of Xyn10A and Acel_0180 have very little homology with the GH10 domains present in C. bescii. For these reasons, we selected these xylanases as potential candidates for synergistic interaction with those in the C. bescii exoproteome. RESULTS Heterologous expression of two xylanases from Acidothermus cellulolyticus in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii resulted in a modest, but significant increase in the activity of the exoproteome of C. bescii on xylan substrates. Even though the increase in extracellular activity was modest, the ability of C. bescii to grow on these substrates was dramatically improved suggesting that the xylan substrate/microbe interaction substantially increased deconstruction over the secreted free enzymes alone. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that the ability to efficiently use xylan, a major component of plant cell walls for conversion of plant biomass to products of interest, will allow the conversion of renewable, sustainable, and inexpensive plant feedstocks to products at high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ki Kim
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Daehwan Chung
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Janet Westpheling
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- The BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
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Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus B-6 xylanase Xyn10C capable of producing a doubly arabinose-substituted xylose, α-l-Araf-(1→2)-[α-l-Araf-(1→3)]-d-Xylp, from rye arabinoxylan. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El-Gindy AA, Saad RR, Fawzi EM. Purification of β-xylosidase from Aspergillus tamarii using ground oats and a possible application on the fermented hydrolysate by Pichia stipitis. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Deutschle AL, Römhild K, Meister F, Janzon R, Riegert C, Saake B. Effects of cationic xylan from annual plants on the mechanical properties of paper. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:627-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang XQ, Chen MJ, Liu CF, Sun RC. Dual-component system dimethyl sulfoxide/LiCl as a solvent and catalyst for homogeneous ring-opening grafted polymerization of ε-caprolactone onto xylan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:682-690. [PMID: 24387806 DOI: 10.1021/jf4036047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of xylan-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) (xylan-g-PCL) copolymers was investigated by homogeneous ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in a dual-component system containing Lewis base LiCl and strong polar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO/LiCl acted as solvent, base, and catalyst for the ROP reaction. The effects of the parameters, including the reaction temperature, molar ratio of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) to anhydroxylose units (AXU) in xylan, and reaction time, on the degree of substitution (DS) and weight percent of PCL side chain (WPCL) were investigated. The results showed that xylan-g-PCL copolymers with low DS in the range of 0.03-0.39 were obtained under the given conditions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H correlation spectroscopy (COSY), and (1)H-(13)C correlation two-dimensional (2D) NMR [heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (HSQC)] characterization provided more evidence of the attachment of side chains onto xylan. Only one ε-CL was confirmed to be attached onto xylan with each side chain. Integration of resonances assigned to the substituted C2 and C3 in the HSQC spectrum also indicated 69.23 and 30.77% of PCL side chains attached to AXU at C3 and C2 positions, respectively. Although the attachment of PCL onto xylan led to the decreased thermal stability of xylan, the loss of unrecovered xylan fractions with low molecular weight because of the high solubility of xylan in DMSO/LiCl resulted in the increased thermal stability of the samples. This kind of xylan derivative has potential application in environmentally friendly and biodegradable materials considering the good biodegradability of xylan and PCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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Mikkonen KS, Tenkanen M. Sustainable food-packaging materials based on future biorefinery products: Xylans and mannans. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stoklosa RJ, Hodge DB. Extraction, Recovery, and Characterization of Hardwood and Grass Hemicelluloses for Integration into Biorefining Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301260w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå,
Sweden
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Froschauer C, Hummel M, Laus G, Schottenberger H, Sixta H, Weber HK, Zuckerstätter G. Dialkyl phosphate-related ionic liquids as selective solvents for xylan. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1973-80. [PMID: 22591036 DOI: 10.1021/bm300582s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a possibility of selective dissolution of xylan, the most important type of hemicellulose, from Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp using ionic liquids (ILs). On the basis of the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate, which is well-known to dissolve pulp, the phosphate anion was modified by substituting one oxygen atom for sulfur and selenium, respectively. This alteration reduces the hydrogen bond basicity of the IL and therefore prevents dissolution of cellulose fibers, whereas the less ordered xylan is still dissolved. (1)H NMR spectra of model solutions and Kamlet-Taft parameters were used to quantify the solvent polarity and hydrogen bond acceptor properties of the ILs. These parameters have been correlated to their ability to dissolve xylan and cellulose, which was monitored by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the selectivity for xylan dissolution increases to a certain extent with decreasing hydrogen-bond-accepting ability of anions of the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Froschauer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Enomoto-Rogers Y, Iwata T. Synthesis of xylan-graft-poly(l-lactide) copolymers via click chemistry and their thermal properties. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Heinze T, Daus S. Xylan and Xylan Derivatives – Basis of Functional Polymers for the Future. RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOR FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND BIOMATERIALS 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733519-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights xylan and xylan derivatives. It depicts the occurrence and structural diversity of the biopolymer, followed by a presentation of different ways of isolation from biomass. The determination of characteristics, i.e., molecular weight, interaction with other polysaccharides, thermal behaviour, and the biological activity of xylan are reviewed. The application potential arising from the structural features of the unmodified xylan is pointed out. Special attention is concentrated on the possibilities of the modification of functional properties by chemical functionalization of the biopolymers in order to design advanced materials. Within this review recent results in the field are accompanied with selected results of our own work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinze
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10 D-07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stephan Daus
- Centre of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10 D-07743 Jena Germany
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Eronen P, Österberg M, Heikkinen S, Tenkanen M, Laine J. Interactions of structurally different hemicelluloses with nanofibrillar cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wrigstedt P, Kylli P, Pitkänen L, Nousiainen P, Tenkanen M, Sipilä J. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acid xylan esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6937-6943. [PMID: 20465216 DOI: 10.1021/jf9043953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic and sinapic acids, are known to possess antioxidant activity. In this study, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were covalently attached to oat spelt arabinoxylan and birch wood glucuronoxylan by esterification in a two-step feasible synthesis to generate modified xylans with various degrees of substitution. The obtained derivatives were fully analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, and HPSEC experiments to confirm the esterification of xylans and the degree of substitution. The antioxidative potential of the conjugates was evaluated using the emulsion lipid oxidation test. The results demonstrate that the derivatized xylans inhibited lipid oxidation notably better than the native oat spelt and birch wood xylans. It was found that ferulic acid esters of glucuronoxylan were more efficient antioxidants than those of arabinoxylan and that sinapic acid xylan esters were more efficient than their ferulic acid counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Wrigstedt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Pastell H, Virkki L, Harju E, Tuomainen P, Tenkanen M. Presence of 1→3-linked 2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl side chains in cereal arabinoxylans. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:2480-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mikkonen KS, Heikkinen S, Soovre A, Peura M, Serimaa R, Talja RA, Helén H, Hyvönen L, Tenkanen M. Films from oat spelt arabinoxylan plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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