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Noverraz F, Montanari E, Pimenta J, Szabó L, Ortiz D, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH, Gerber-Lemaire S. Antifibrotic Effect of Ketoprofen-Grafted Alginate Microcapsules in the Transplantation of Insulin Producing Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1932-1941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Noverraz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Montanari
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit, CMU-1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joël Pimenta
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit, CMU-1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Szabó
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, SSMI, Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit, CMU-1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léo H. Bühler
- University Hospitals of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit, CMU-1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, EPFL SB ISIC SCI-SB-SG, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Meier RPH, Muller YD, Balaphas A, Morel P, Pascual M, Seebach JD, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation: back to the future? Transpl Int 2018; 31:465-477. [PMID: 29210109 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of xenotransplantation has fluctuated between great optimism and doubts over the last 50 years. The initial clinical attempts were extremely ambitious but faced technical and ethical issues that prompted the research community to go back to preclinical studies. Important players left the field due to perceived xenozoonotic risks and the lack of progress in pig-to-nonhuman-primate transplant models. Initial apparently unsurmountable issues appear now to be possible to overcome due to progress of genetic engineering, allowing the generation of multiple-xenoantigen knockout pigs that express human transgenes and the genomewide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses. These important steps forward were made possible by new genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, allowing researchers to precisely remove or insert genes anywhere in the genome. An additional emerging perspective is the possibility of growing humanized organs in pigs using blastocyst complementation. This article summarizes the current advances in xenotransplantation research in nonhuman primates, and it describes the newly developed genome editing technology tools and interspecific organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.,Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Balaphas
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Buhler
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Passemard S, Szabó L, Noverraz F, Montanari E, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH, Wandrey C, Gerber-Lemaire S. Synthesis Strategies to Extend the Variety of Alginate-Based Hybrid Hydrogels for Cell Microencapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2747-2755. [PMID: 28742341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogel microspheres (MS) for cell immobilization, maintaining the favorable properties of alginate gels but presenting enhanced performance in terms of in vivo durability and physical properties, is desirable to extend the therapeutic potential of cell transplantation. A novel type of hydrogel MS was produced by straightforward functionalization of sodium alginate (Na-alg) with heterotelechelic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives equipped with either end thiol or 1,2-dithiolane moieties. Activation of the hydroxyl moieties of the alginate backbone in the form of imidazolide intermediate allowed for fast conjugation to PEG oligomers through a covalent carbamate linkage. Evaluation of the modified alginates for the preparation of MS combining fast ionic gelation ability of the alginate carboxylate groups and slow covalent cross-linking provided by the PEG-end functionalities highlighted the influence of the chemical composition of the PEG-grafting units on the physical characteristics of the MS. The mechanical properties of the MS (resistance and shape recovery) and durability of PEG-grafted alginates in physiological environment can be adjusted by varying the nature of the end functionalities and the length of the PEG chains. In vitro cell microencapsulation studies and preliminary in vivo assessment suggested the potential of these hydrogels for cell transplantation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Passemard
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LSPN, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Szabó
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LSPN, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Noverraz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LSPN, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Montanari
- University Hospital of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit , CMU-1, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- University Hospital of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit , CMU-1, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léo H Bühler
- University Hospital of Geneva, Surgical Research Unit , CMU-1, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Wandrey
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LSPN, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL SB ISIC LSPN, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Agüero L, Zaldivar-Silva D, Peña L, Dias ML. Alginate microparticles as oral colon drug delivery device: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mahou R, Zhang DK, Vlahos AE, Sefton MV. Injectable and inherently vascularizing semi-interpenetrating polymer network for delivering cells to the subcutaneous space. Biomaterials 2017; 131:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Machaidze Z, Yeh H, Wei L, Schuetz C, Carvello M, Sgroi A, Smith RN, Schuurman HJ, Sachs DH, Morel P, Markmann JF, Bühler LH. Testing of microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes in a new model of fulminant liver failure in baboons. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28261903 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no standard therapy for acute liver failure. Hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed for temporary liver function support, while the injured liver regenerates or while waiting for transplantation. We have previously shown such efficacy for microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes in mice with fulminant liver failure. We aimed to establish a large animal model for fulminant liver failure to assess the efficacy of microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes in temporary liver function support. METHODS The model was developed in baboons; for testing microencapsulated hepatocytes, the best condition was 75% hepatectomy and 60 min warm ischemia time. Fulminant liver failure was characterized by steep increases in liver biochemical parameters, severe steatosis, and massive hepatocyte necrosis during the first 10 days. Hepatocytes from miniature swine were microencapsulated in alginate-poly-l-lysine microspheres, and transplanted intraperitoneally immediately after hepatectomy and warm ischemia (80-120 mL packed hepatocytes in 200-350 mL microspheres, about 30%-50% of the baboon's native liver volume). RESULTS In the control group, three of five animals were sacrificed after 6-10 days because of fulminant liver failure, and two of five animals recovered normal liver function and survived until elective euthanasia (28 days). In the treatment group of four animals, one animal developed liver failure but survived to 21 days, and three animals recovered completely with normal liver function. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes provide temporary liver function support in baboons with fulminant liver failure. These data support development of this cell therapy product toward clinical trials in patients with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Machaidze
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lingling Wei
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Schuetz
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Carvello
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonino Sgroi
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rex N Smith
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henk-Jan Schuurman
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David H Sachs
- Transplant Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Morel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James F Markmann
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Léo H Bühler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Microencapsulation of Hepatocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1506:259-271. [PMID: 27830559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated hepatocyte transplantation and encapsulated mesenchymal stem cell transplantation are newly developed potential treatments for acute and chronic liver diseases, respectively. Cells are microencapsulated in biocompatible semipermeable alginate-based hydrogels. Microspheres protect cells against antibodies and immune cells, while allowing nutrients, small/medium size proteins and drugs to diffuse inside and outside the polymer matrix. Microencapsulated cells are assessed in vitro and designed for experimental transplantation and for future clinical applications.Here, we describe the protocol for microencapsulation of hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells within hybrid poly(ethylene glycol)-alginate hydrogels.
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Mahou R, Passemard S, Carvello M, Petrelli A, Noverraz F, Gerber-Lemaire S, Wandrey C. Contribution of polymeric materials to progress in xenotransplantation of microencapsulated cells: a review. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:179-201. [PMID: 27250036 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell microencapsulation and subsequent transplantation of the microencapsulated cells require multidisciplinary approaches. Physical, chemical, biological, engineering, and medical expertise has to be combined. Several natural and synthetic polymeric materials and different technologies have been reported for the preparation of hydrogels, which are suitable to protect cells by microencapsulation. However, owing to the frequent lack of adequate characterization of the hydrogels and their components as well as incomplete description of the technology, many results of in vitro and in vivo studies appear contradictory or cannot reliably be reproduced. This review addresses the state of the art in cell microencapsulation with special focus on microencapsulated cells intended for xenotransplantation cell therapies. The choice of materials, the design and fabrication of the microspheres, as well as the conditions to be met during the cell microencapsulation process, are summarized and discussed prior to presenting research results of in vitro and in vivo studies. Overall, this review will serve to sensitize medically educated specialists for materials and technological aspects of cell microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouan Mahou
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Solène Passemard
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - François Noverraz
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Wandrey
- Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Meier RPH, Navarro-Alvarez N, Morel P, Schuurman HJ, Strom S, Bühler LH. Current status of hepatocyte xenotransplantation. Int J Surg 2015; 23:273-279. [PMID: 26361861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acute liver failure, a condition with high mortality, comprises optimal clinical care, and in severe cases liver transplantation. However, there are limitations in availability of organ donors. Hepatocyte transplantation is a promising alternative that could fill the medical need, in particular as the bridge to liver transplantation. Encapsulated porcine hepatocytes represent an unlimited source that could function as a bioreactor requiring minimal immunosuppression. Besides patients with acute liver failure, patients with alcoholic hepatitis who are unresponsive to a short course of corticosteroids are a target for hepatocyte transplantation. In this review we present an overview of the innate immune barriers in hepatocyte xenotransplantation, including the role of complement and natural antibodies; the role of phagocytic cells and ligands like CD47 in the regulation of phagocytic cells; and the role of Natural Killer cells. We present also some illustrations of physiological species incompatibilities in hepatocyte xenotransplantation, such as incompatibilities in the coagulation system. An overview of the methodology for cell microencapsulation is presented, followed by proof-of-concept studies in rodent and nonhuman primate models of fulminant liver failure: these studies document the efficacy of microencapsulated porcine hepatocytes which warrants progress towards clinical application. Lastly, we present an outline of a provisional clinical trial, that upon completion of preclinical work could start within the upcoming 2-3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center for Transplantation Sciences (CTS), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Morel
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henk-Jan Schuurman
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Strom
- Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo H Bühler
- Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Microencapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells decrease liver fibrosis in mice. J Hepatol 2015; 62:634-41. [PMID: 25450712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation was shown to be effective for the treatment of liver fibrosis, but the mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. We transplanted encapsulated human MSCs in two mouse models of liver fibrosis to determine the mechanisms behind the protective effect. METHODS Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were microencapsulated in novel alginate-polyethylene glycol microspheres. In vitro, we analyzed the effect of MSC-conditioned medium on the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the viability, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and differentiation capacity of encapsulated MSCs. The level of fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was assessed after intraperitoneal transplantation of encapsulated MSCs, encapsulated human fibroblasts, and empty microspheres. RESULTS MSC-conditioned medium inhibited hepatic stellate cell activation and release of MSC secreted anti-apoptotic (IL-6, IGFBP-2) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1Ra) cytokines. Viability, proliferation, and cytokine secretion of microencapsulated MSCs were similar to those of non-encapsulated MSCs. Within the microspheres, MSCs maintained their capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. 23% (5/22) of the MSC clones were able to produce anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra in vitro. Microencapsulated MSCs significantly delayed the development of BDL- and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Fibroblasts had an intermediate effect against CCl4-induced fibrosis. Mice transplanted with encapsulated MSCs showed lower mRNA levels of collagen type I, whereas levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 were significantly higher. Human IL-1Ra was detected in the serum of 36% (4/11) of the mice transplanted with microencapsulated MSCs. CONCLUSIONS MSC-derived soluble molecules are responsible for an anti-fibrotic effect in experimental liver fibrosis.
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Alginate-Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Microspheres for Primary Cell Microencapsulation. MATERIALS 2014; 7:275-286. [PMID: 28788456 PMCID: PMC5453158 DOI: 10.3390/ma7010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The progress of medical therapies, which rely on the transplantation of microencapsulated living cells, depends on the quality of the encapsulating material. Such material has to be biocompatible, and the microencapsulation process must be simple and not harm the cells. Alginate-poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid microspheres (alg-PEG-M) were produced by combining ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate (Na-alg) using calcium ions with covalent crosslinking of vinyl sulfone-terminated multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-VS). In a one-step microsphere formation process, fast ionotropic gelation yields spherical calcium alginate gel beads, which serve as a matrix for simultaneously but slowly occurring covalent cross-linking of the PEG-VS molecules. The feasibility of cell microencapsulation was studied using primary human foreskin fibroblasts (EDX cells) as a model. The use of cell culture media as polymer solvent, gelation bath, and storage medium did not negatively affect the alg-PEG-M properties. Microencapsulated EDX cells maintained their viability and proliferated. This study demonstrates the feasibility of primary cell microencapsulation within the novel microsphere type alg-PEG-M, serves as reference for future therapy development, and confirms the suitability of EDX cells as control model.
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