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Buenaventura RGM, Merlino G, Yu Y. Ez-Metastasizing: The Crucial Roles of Ezrin in Metastasis. Cells 2023; 12:1620. [PMID: 37371090 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is the cytoskeletal organizer and functions in the modulation of membrane-cytoskeleton interaction, maintenance of cell shape and structure, and regulation of cell-cell adhesion and movement, as well as cell survival. Ezrin plays a critical role in regulating tumor metastasis through interaction with other binding proteins. Notably, Ezrin has been reported to interact with immune cells, allowing tumor cells to escape immune attack in metastasis. Here, we review the main functions of Ezrin, the mechanisms through which it acts, its role in tumor metastasis, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Gabriel M Buenaventura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Doi N, Togari H, Minagi K, Iwaoka Y, Tai A, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Tatsuka M. 2-O-Octadecylascorbic acid represses RhoGDIβ expression and ameliorates DNA damage-induced abnormal spindle orientations. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:739-751. [PMID: 33586155 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate regulation of spindle orientation maintains proper tissue homeostasis and avoids aberrant tissue repair or regeneration. Spindle misorientation due to imbalance or improper functioning leads to a loss of tissue integrity and aberrant growth, such as tissue loss or overgrowth. Pharmacological manipulation to prevent spindle misorientation will enable a better understanding of how spindle orientation is involved in physiological and pathological conditions and will provide therapeutic possibilities to treat patients associated with abnormal tissue function caused by spindle misorientation. N-terminal-deleted Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor β (RhoGDIβ/RhoGDI2/LyGDI) produced by caspase-3 activation perturbs spindle orientation in surviving cells following exposure to either ionizing radiation or UVC. Thus, presumably, RhoGDIβ cleaved by caspase-3 activation acts as a determinant of radiation-induced spindle misorientation that promote aberrant tissue repair due to deregulation of directional organization of cell population and therefore becomes a potential target of drugs to prevent such response. The objective of this study was to screen and identify chemicals that suppress RhoGDIβ expression. We focused our attention on ascorbic acid (AA) derivatives because of their impact on the maintenance of skin tissue homeostasis. Here, we screened for AA derivatives that suppress RhoGDIβ expression in HeLa cells and identified a lipophilic derivative, 2-O-octadecylascorbic acid (2-OctadecylAA), as a novel RhoGDIβ inhibitor that ameliorated ionizing radiation-induced abnormal spindle orientations. Among all examined AA derivatives, which were also antioxidative, the inhibition activity was specific to 2-OctadecylAA. Therefore, this activity was not due to simple antioxidant properties. 2-OctadecylAA was previously shown to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma development. Our findings suggest that the anticarcinogenic effects of 2-OctadecylAA are partly due to RhoGDIβ inhibition mechanisms by which spindle orientation perturbations are attenuated. Thus, the molecular targeting features of RhoGDIβ warrant its further development for the treatment or control of spindle orientation abnormalities that affect epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Doi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiro Togari
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Minagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwaoka
- Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoji
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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Doi N, Kunimatsu Y, Fujiura K, Togari H, Minagi K, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Temme A, Tatsuka M. RhoGDIβ affects HeLa cell spindle orientation following UVC irradiation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15134-15146. [PMID: 30652309 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular signals that regulate mitotic spindle orientation to determine the proper division axis play a critical role in the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, deregulation of signaling events can result in spindle misorientation, which in turn can trigger developmental defects and cancer progression. Little is known about the cellular signaling pathway involved in the misorientation of proliferating cells that evade apoptosis after DNA damage. In this study, we found that perturbations to spindle orientation were induced in ultraviolet C (UVC)-irradiated surviving cells. N-terminal truncated Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor β (RhoGDIβ), which is produced by UVC irradiation, distorted the spindle orientation of HeLa cells cultured on Matrigel. The short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of RhoGDIβ significantly attenuated UVC-induced misorientation. Subsequent expression of wild-type RhoGDIβ, but not a noncleavable mutant, RhoGDIβ (D19A), again led to a relative increase in spindle misorientation in response to UVC. Our findings revealed that RhoGDIβ impacts spindle orientation in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Doi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kunimatsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouhei Fujiura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiro Togari
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Minagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoji
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
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Grl1 Protein is a Candidate K Antigen in Tetrahymena thermophila. Protist 2018; 169:321-332. [PMID: 29803115 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In Tetrahymena, K antigens associate only with mature basal bodies and are expected to play important roles in the morphogenesis and function of the membrane skeleton around basal bodies, but these proteins have not been identified and their functions are unknown. Commercially available anti-human Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) antibody (sc-33201) was accidentally found to show very similar immunofluorescence staining patterns to those of anti-K antigen antibodies, such as 424A8 and 10D12 mouse monoclonal antibodies, in Tetrahymena. A 40kDa protein recognized by this antibody was partially purified and identified as granule lattice protein 1 (Grl1p) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In immunoblotting experiments this antibody was suggested to recognize endogenous Grl1p. The three-dimensional structure of proGrl1p protein predicted by I-TASSER was similar to a spectrin family protein. Grl1 may be a K antigen and a spectrin-like protein in Tetrahymena.
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Liu Z, Yu J, Wu R, Tang S, Cai X, Guo G, Chen S. Rho/ROCK Pathway Regulates Migration and Invasion of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating Caveolin-1. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:6174-6185. [PMID: 29288243 PMCID: PMC5757863 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) and Rho/ROCK pathway play important roles in tumor metastasis, separately. However, less research was focused on the relationship between Cav1 and Rho/ROCK in ECSS metastasis. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between Cav1 and Rho/ROCK pathway in ESCC metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cav1 and phosphorylated Cav1 (PY14Cav1) were examined in ESCC and in adjacent and non-tumorous tissues from ESCC patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Cav1 or Rho/ROCK inhibitor was used to treat EC109, Eca109, TE1, and TE13 cells. Western blotting (WB) was used to detect Cav1 and PY14Cav1 expression. The wound healing scratch test and transwell assays were used to assess migration and invasion. RESULTS Cav1 and PY14Cav1 were gradually expressed at higher levels in ECSS than in adjacent and non-tumor tissues as ESCC stage and lymphatic metastasis increased, and this difference was significant (P<0.05). Cav1 was expressed at higher levels in TE1 and TE13 than in EC109 and Eca109, while PY14Cav1 was enhanced in TE1 and TE13 cells but not in EC109 and Eca109, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). TE1 and TE13 had significantly (P<0.05) stronger motility, migratory, and invasion abilities than EC109 and Eca109 cells. Silencing Cav1 decreased PY14Cav1 expression in TE1 and TE13 cells, as well as suppressing the migration and invasion of all ECSS cells, and these differences were significant (P<0.05). Suppressing the Rho/ROCK pathway obviously inhibited Cav1 and PY14Cav1 expressions, as well as significantly (P<0.05) decreasing migration and invasion of ESCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Cav1 and PY14Cav1 were positively correlated with ESCC lymphatic metastasis and cancer stages. Rho/ROCK pathway activation promoted ESCC metastasis by regulating Cav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ruinuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shengxin Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Corresponding Authors: Guanghua Guo, e-mail: , Suzuan Chen, e-mail:
| | - Suzuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Corresponding Authors: Guanghua Guo, e-mail: , Suzuan Chen, e-mail:
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Ota T, Jiang YS, Fujiwara M, Tatsuka M. Apoptosis‑independent cleavage of RhoGDIβ at Asp19 during PMA‑stimulated differentiation of THP‑1 cells to macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1722-1726. [PMID: 28260067 PMCID: PMC5365007 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor β (RhoGDIβ), a regulator of the Rho family of proteins, is expressed abundantly in the hematopoietic cell lineage. During apoptosis of hematopoietic cells, RhoGDIβ is cleaved by caspase-3 at Asp19 and this cleaved form (Δ19-RhoGDIβ) has been implicated in the apoptotic pathway. To clarify the role of RhoGDIβ in hematopoietic cells, the present study performed immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining to examine the expression of RhoGDIβ and ∆19-RhoGDIβ during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated differentiation of human THP-1 monocytic cells to macrophages. During differentiation of the THP-1 cells to macrophages, the expression of RhoGDIβ remained stable; however, the expression of Δ19-RhoGDIβ increased, particularly in well-spreading, non-apoptotic cells, which differentiated into macrophages. These results suggested that Δ19-RhoGDIβ has an apoptosis-independent role in the PMA-induced differentiation of THP-1 cells to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Ota
- Division of Tumor Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920‑02, Japan
| | - Yong-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mamoru Fujiwara
- Department of Life Sciences, Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima 727‑0023, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima 727‑0023, Japan
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Fujiwara M, Okamoto M, Hori M, Suga H, Jikihara H, Sugihara Y, Shimamoto F, Mori T, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Ota T, Wiedemuth R, Temme A, Tatsuka M. Radiation-Induced RhoGDIβ Cleavage Leads to Perturbation of Cell Polarity: A Possible Link to Cancer Spreading. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2493-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fujiwara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masato Hori
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jikihara
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuka Sugihara
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Radioisotope Research Center; Nara Medical University School of Medicine; Kashihara Nara Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoji
- Research & Development Division; Pias Corporation; Kobe Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research & Development Division; Pias Corporation; Kobe Japan
| | - Takahide Ota
- Department of Life Science; Medical Research Institute; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Ralf Wiedemuth
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
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Ota T, Maeda M, Okamoto M, Tatsuka M. Positive regulation of Rho GTPase activity by RhoGDIs as a result of their direct interaction with GAPs. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25628036 PMCID: PMC4312443 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Rho GTPases function as molecular switches in many different signaling pathways and control a wide range of cellular processes. Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) regulate Rho GTPase signaling and can function as both negative and positive regulators. The role of RhoGDIs as negative regulators of Rho GTPase signaling has been extensively investigated; however, little is known about how RhoGDIs act as positive regulators. Furthermore, it is unclear how this opposing role of GDIs influences the Rho GTPase cycle. We constructed ordinary differential equation models of the Rho GTPase cycle in which RhoGDIs inhibit the regulatory activities of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) by interacting with them directly as well as by sequestering the Rho GTPases. Using this model, we analyzed the role of RhoGDIs in Rho GTPase signaling. Results The model constructed in this study showed that the functions of GEFs and GAPs are integrated into Rho GTPase signaling through the interactions of these regulators with GDIs, and that the negative role of GDIs is to suppress the overall Rho activity by inhibiting GEFs. Furthermore, the positive role of GDIs is to sustain Rho activation by inhibiting GAPs under certain conditions. The interconversion between transient and sustained Rho activation occurs mainly through changes in the affinities of GDIs to GAPs and the concentrations of GAPs. Conclusions RhoGDIs positively regulate Rho GTPase signaling primarily by interacting with GAPs and may participate in the switching between transient and sustained signals of the Rho GTPases. These findings enhance our understanding of the physiological roles of RhoGDIs and Rho GTPase signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0143-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Ota
- Division of Tumor Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Karagoz K, Sinha R, Arga KY. Triple negative breast cancer: a multi-omics network discovery strategy for candidate targets and driving pathways. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:115-30. [PMID: 25611337 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of breast cancers and is characterized by lack of expression of both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), together with absence of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). TNBC has attracted considerable attention due to its aggressiveness such as large tumor size, high proliferation rate, and metastasis. The absence of clinically efficient molecular targets is of great concern in treatment of patients with TNBC. In light of the complexity of TNBC, we applied a systematic and integrative transcriptomics and interactomics approach utilizing transcriptional regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks to discover putative transcriptional control mechanisms of TNBC. To this end, we identified TNBC-driven molecular pathways such as the Janus kinase-signal transducers, and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. The multi-omics molecular target and biomarker discovery approach presented here can offer ways forward on novel diagnostics and potentially help to design personalized therapeutics for TNBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Karagoz
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
RhoGDI2 is a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) specific for the Rho family of small GTPases that plays dual opposite roles in tumor progression, being both a promoter in tissues such as breast and a metastasis suppressor in tissues such as the bladder. Despite a clear role for this protein in modulating the invasive and metastatic process, the mechanisms through which RhoGDI2 executes these functions remain unclear. This review will highlight the current state of our knowledge regarding how RhoGDI2 functions in metastasis with a focus on bladder cancer and will also seek to highlight other potential underappreciated avenues through which this protein may affect cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Griner
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Jiang YS, Maeda M, Okamoto M, Fujii M, Fukutomi R, Hori M, Tatsuka M, Ota T. Centrosomal localization of RhoGDIβ and its relevance to mitotic processes in cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:460-8. [PMID: 23232495 PMCID: PMC3583720 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) are regulators of Rho family GTPases. RhoGDIβ has been implicated in cancer progression, but its precise role remains unclear. We determined the subcellular localization of RhoGDIβ and examined the effects of its overexpression and RNAi knockdown in cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed that RhoGDIβ localized to centrosomes in human cancer cells. In HeLa cells, exogenous GFP-tagged RhoGDIβ localized to centrosomes and its overexpression caused prolonged mitosis and aberrant cytokinesis in which the cell shape was distorted. RNAi knockdown of RhoGDIβ led to increased incidence of monopolar spindle mitosis resulting in polyploid cells. These results suggest that RhoGDIβ has mitotic functions, including regulation of cytokinesis and bipolar spindle formation. The dysregulated expression of RhoGDIβ may contribute to cancer progression by disrupting these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Tumor Biology, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Hatakeyama K, Fukuda Y, Ohshima K, Terashima M, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki T. Placenta-specific novel splice variants of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor β are highly expressed in cancerous cells. BMC Res Notes 2012. [PMID: 23206989 PMCID: PMC3554444 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA transcripts not only plays a role in normal molecular processes but is also associated with cancer development. While normal transcripts are ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, splice variants created through abnormal alternative splicing events are often expressed in cancer cells. Although the Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor β (ARHGDIB) gene has been found to be ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues and involved in cancer development, the presence of splice variants of ARHGDIB has not yet been investigated. Results Validation analysis for the presence of and exon structures of splice variants of ARHGDIB, performed using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, successfully identified novel splice variants of ARHGDIB, that is, 6a, 6b, and 6c, in colon, pancreas, stomach, and breast cancer cell lines. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that these variants were also highly expressed in normal placental tissue but not in other types of normal tissue. Conclusions Expression of ARHGDIB variants 6a, 6b, and 6c appears to be restricted to cancer cells and normal placental tissue, suggesting that these variants possess cancer-specific functions and, as such, are potential cancer-related biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hatakeyama
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Wang P, Xu S, Wang Y, Wu P, Zhang J, Sato T, Yamagata S, Yamagata T. GM3 suppresses anchorage-independent growth via Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor beta in melanoma B16 cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1476-85. [PMID: 21518140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly-GDI, Rho GTPase dissociation inhibitor beta, was found to be expressed parallel to the GM3 level in mouse B16 cells whose GM3 contents were modified by B4galt6 sense, B4galt6 antisense cDNA, or St3galt5 siRNA transfection. Ly-GDI expression was increased on GM3 addition to these cells and decreased with D-PDMP treatment, a glucosylceramide synthesis inhibitor. Suppression of GM3 or Ly-GDI by RNAi was concomitantly associated with an increase in anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. These results clearly indicate that GM3 suppresses anchorage-independent growth through Ly-GDI. GM3 signals regulating Ly-GDI expression was inhibited by LY294002, siRNA against Akt1 and Akt2 and rapamycin, showing that GM3 signals are transduced via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Either siRNA towards Rictor or Raptor suppressed Ly-GDI expression. The Raptor siRNA suppressed the effects of GM3 on Ly-GDI expression and Akt phosphorylation at Thr(308) , suggesting GM3 signals to be transduced to mTOR-Raptor and Akt-Thr(308) , leading to Ly-GDI stimulation. siRNA targeting Pdpk1 reduced Akt phosphorylation at Thr(308) and rendered the cells insensitive to GM3 stimulation, indicating that Akt-Thr(308) plays a critical role in the pathway. The components aligned in this pathway showed similar effects on anchorage-independent growth as GM3 and Ly-GDI. Taken together, GM3 signals are transduced in B16 cells through PI3K, Pdpk1, Akt(Thr308) and the mTOR/Raptor pathway, leading to enhanced expression of Ly-GDI mRNA, which in turn suppresses anchorage-independent growth in melanoma B16 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Glycobiology, Department of Life Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Yoshida T, Kobayashi T, Itoda M, Muto T, Miyaguchi K, Mogushi K, Shoji S, Shimokawa K, Iida S, Uetake H, Ishikawa T, Sugihara K, Mizushima H, Tanaka H. Clinical omics analysis of colorectal cancer incorporating copy number aberrations and gene expression data. Cancer Inform 2010; 9:147-61. [PMID: 20706620 PMCID: PMC2918356 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers in Japan, and thus a wide range of methods have been deployed to study the molecular mechanisms of CRC. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of CRC, incorporating copy number aberration (CRC) and gene expression data. For the last four years, we have been collecting data from CRC cases and organizing the information as an “omics” study by integrating many kinds of analysis into a single comprehensive investigation. In our previous studies, we had experienced difficulty in finding genes related to CRC, as we observed higher noise levels in the expression data than in the data for other cancers. Because chromosomal aberrations are often observed in CRC, here, we have performed a combination of CNA analysis and expression analysis in order to identify some new genes responsible for CRC. This study was performed as part of the Clinical Omics Database Project at Tokyo Medical and Dental University. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of genetic instability in CRC by this combination of expression analysis and CNA, and to establish a new method for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC. Materials and methods: Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed on 79 CRC cases using an Affymetrix Gene Chip, and comprehensive CNA analysis was performed using an Affymetrix DNA Sty array. To avoid the contamination of cancer tissue with normal cells, laser micro-dissection was performed before DNA/RNA extraction. Data analysis was performed using original software written in the R language. Result: We observed a high percentage of CNA in colorectal cancer, including copy number gains at 7, 8q, 13 and 20q, and copy number losses at 8p, 17p and 18. Gene expression analysis provided many candidates for CRC-related genes, but their association with CRC did not reach the level of statistical significance. The combination of CNA and gene expression analysis, together with the clinical information, suggested UGT2B28, LOC440995, CXCL6, SULT1B1, RALBP1, TYMS, RAB12, RNMT, ARHGDIB, S1000A2, ABHD2, OIT3 and ABHD12 as genes that are possibly associated with CRC. Some of these genes have already been reported as being related to CRC. TYMS has been reported as being associated with resistance to the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil, and we observed a copy number increase for this gene. RALBP1, ARHGDIB and S100A2 have been reported as oncogenes, and we observed copy number increases in each. ARHGDIB has been reported as a metastasis-related gene, and our data also showed copy number increases of this gene in cases with metastasis. Conclusion: The combination of CNA analysis and gene expression analysis was a more effective method for finding genes associated with the clinicopathological classification of CRC than either analysis alone. Using this combination of methods, we were able to detect genes that have already been associated with CRC. We also identified additional candidate genes that may be new markers or targets for this form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yoshida
- Information Center for Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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15
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Li YL, Ye F, Cheng XD, Hu Y, Zhou CY, LÜ WG, Xie X. Identification of glia maturation factor beta as an independent prognostic predictor for serous ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:2104-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Zhen H, Yang S, Wu H, Wang S, Lv J, Ma L, Zhang X. LyGDI is a Promising Biomarker for Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20:316-22. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181d0b02d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Despite the recent advances in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, recurrence after surgical intervention for muscle invasive disease is still problematic as nearly half of the patients harbor occult distant metastases and this, in turn, is associated with poor 5-year survival rate. We have recently identified Rho family GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) protein as functional metastasis suppressor and a prognostic marker in patients after cystectomy. In identifying the mechanisms underlying metastasis suppression by RhoGDI2, we found this protein to be associated with the c-Src kinase in human tumors, where the expression of both is diminished as a function of stage. Interestingly, c-Src bound to and phosphorylated RhoGDI2 resulting in enhanced metastasis suppressive potency. In this review, we will discuss the established roles of c-Src and RhoGDI2 in bladder cancer and speculate on their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Box 800422, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Neary PM, Hallihan P, Wang JH, Pfirrmann RW, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Redmond HP. The evolving role of taurolidine in cancer therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 17:1135-43. [PMID: 20039217 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND DESIGN Taurolidine consists of two taurinamide rings derived from the naturally occurring amino acid taurine. It has been utilized to prevent adhesions, as an antimicrobial, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. More recently, it has been found to exert antineoplastic activity. We reviewed the literature regarding taurolidine and its role in cancer treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Taurolidine induces cancer cell death through a variety of mechanisms. Even now, all the antineoplastic pathways it employs are not completely elucidated. It has been shown to enhance apoptosis, inhibit angiogenesis, reduce tumor adherence, downregulate proinflammatory cytokine release, and stimulate anticancer immune regulation following surgical trauma. Apoptosis is activated through both a mitochondrial cytochrome-c-dependent mechanism and an extrinsic direct pathway. A lot of in vitro and animal data support taurolidine's tumoricidal action. Taurolidine has been used as an antimicrobial agent in the clinical setting since the 1970s and thus far appears nontoxic. The nontoxic nature of taurolidine makes it a favorable option compared with current chemotherapeutic regimens. Few published clinical studies exist evaluating the role of taurolidine as a chemotherapeutic agent. The literature lacks a gold-standard level 1 randomized clinical trial to evaluate taurolidine's potential antineoplastic benefits. However, these trials are currently underway. Such randomized control studies are vital to clarify the role of taurolidine in modern cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Neary
- Department of Academic Surgery, University College Cork, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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Elfenbein A, Rhodes JM, Meller J, Schwartz MA, Matsuda M, Simons M. Suppression of RhoG activity is mediated by a syndecan 4-synectin-RhoGDI1 complex and is reversed by PKCalpha in a Rac1 activation pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 186:75-83. [PMID: 19581409 PMCID: PMC2712988 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200810179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a major regulator of developmental, pathological, and therapeutic angiogenesis. Its activity is partially mediated by binding to syndecan 4 (S4), a proteoglycan receptor. Angiogenesis requires polarized activation of the small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1, which involves localized dissociation from RhoGDI1 and association with the plasma membrane. Previous work has shown that genetic deletion of S4 or its adapter, synectin, leads to depolarized Rac activation, decreased endothelial migration, and other physiological defects. In this study, we show that Rac1 activation downstream of S4 is mediated by the RhoG activation pathway. RhoG is maintained in an inactive state by RhoGDI1, which is found in a ternary complex with synectin and S4. Binding of S4 to synectin increases the latter's binding to RhoGDI1, which in turn enhances RhoGDI1's affinity for RhoG. S4 clustering activates PKCalpha, which phosphorylates RhoGDI1 at Ser(96). This phosphorylation triggers release of RhoG, leading to polarized activation of Rac1. Thus, FGF2-induced Rac1 activation depends on the suppression of RhoG by a previously uncharacterized ternary S4-synectin-RhoGDI1 protein complex and activation via PKCalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arye Elfenbein
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Zhang Y, Rivera Rosado LA, Moon SY, Zhang B. Silencing of D4-GDI inhibits growth and invasive behavior in MDA-MB-231 cells by activation of Rac-dependent p38 and JNK signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12956-65. [PMID: 19269969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807845200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor D4-GDI is overexpressed in some human breast cancer cell lines (Zhang, Y., and Zhang, B. (2006) Cancer Res. 66, 5592-5598). Here, we show that silencing of D4-GDI by RNA interference abrogates tumor growth and lung metastasis of otherwise highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Under anchorage-independent culture conditions, D4-GDI-depleted cells undergo rapid apoptosis (anoikis), which is known to hinder metastasis. We also found that D4-GDI associates with Rac1 and Rac3 in breast cancer cells, but not with other Rho GTPases tested (Cdc42, RhoA, RhoC, and TC10). Silencing of D4-GDI results in constitutive Rac1 activation and translocation from the cytosol to cellular membrane compartments and in sustained activation of p38 and JNK kinases. Rac1 blockade inhibits p38/JNK kinase activities and the spontaneous anoikis of D4-GDI knockdown cells. These results suggest that D4-GDI regulates cell function by interacting primarily with Rac GTPases and may play an integral role in breast cancer tumorigenesis. D4-GDI could prove to be a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Huang CY, Yang LC, Liu KY, Liao PH, Chou JIY, Chou MY, Lin WW, Yang JJ. RhoGDIbeta-induced hypertrophic growth in H9c2 cells is negatively regulated by ZAK. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:11. [PMID: 19272173 PMCID: PMC2653512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that overexpression of RhoGDIβ, a Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, induced hypertrophic growth and suppressed cell cycle progression in a cultured cardiomyoblast cell line. Knockdown of RhoGDIβ expression by RNA interference blocked hypertrophic growth. We further demonstrated that RhoGDIβ physically interacts with ZAK and is phosphorylated by ZAK in vitro, and this phosphorylation negatively regulates RhoGDIβ functions. Moreover, the ZAK-RhoGDIβ interaction may maintain ZAK in an inactive hypophosphorylated form. These two proteins could negatively regulate one another such that ZAK suppresses RhoGDIβ functions through phosphorylation and RhoGDIβ counteracts the effects of ZAK by physical interaction. Knockdown of ZAK expression in ZAK- and RhoGDIβ-expressing cells by ZAK-specific RNA interference restored the full functions of RhoGDIβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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22
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Daigeler A, Brenzel C, Bulut D, Geisler A, Hilgert C, Lehnhardt M, Steinau HU, Flier A, Steinstraesser L, Klein-Hitpass L, Mittelkötter U, Uhl W, Chromik AM. TRAIL and Taurolidine induce apoptosis and decrease proliferation in human fibrosarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:82. [PMID: 19077262 PMCID: PMC2635882 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated soft tissue sarcoma still represents a therapeutic dilemma because effective cytostatics are missing. Therefore we tested TRAIL and Tarolidine (TRD), two substances with apoptogenic properties on human fibrosarcoma (HT1080). METHODS Viability, apoptosis and necrosis were visualized by TUNEL-Assay and quantitated by FACS analysis (Propidiumiodide/AnnexinV staining). Gene expression was analysed by RNA-Microarray and the results validated for selected genes by rtPCR. Protein level changes were documented by Western Blot analysis. NFKB activity was analysed by ELISA and proliferation assays (BrdU) were performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The single substances TRAIL and TRD induced apoptotic cell death and decreased proliferation in HT1080 cells significantly. Gene expression of several genes related to apoptotic pathways (TRAIL: ARHGDIA, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3; TRD: HSPA1A/B, NFKBIA, GADD45A, SGK, JUN, MAP3K14) was changed. The combination of TRD and TRAIL significantly increased apoptotic cell death compared to the single substances and lead to expression changes in a variety of genes (HSPA1A/B, NFKBIA, PPP1R15A, GADD45A, AXL, SGK, DUSP1, JUN, IRF1, MYC, BAG5, BIRC3). NFKB activity assay revealed an antipodal regulation of the several subunits of NFKB by TRD and TRD+TRAIL compared to TRAIL alone. CONCLUSION TRD and TRAIL are effective to induce apoptosis and decrease proliferation in human fibrosarcoma. A variety of genes seems to be involved, pointing to the NFKB pathway as key regulator in TRD/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Daigeler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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23
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Schunke D, Span P, Ronneburg H, Dittmer A, Vetter M, Holzhausen HJ, Kantelhardt E, Krenkel S, Müller V, Sweep FC, Thomssen C, Dittmer J. Cyclooxygenase-2Is a Target Gene of Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor β in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10694-702. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Ota T, Maeda M, Sakita-Suto S, Zhou X, Murakami M, Takegami T, Tatsuka M. RhoGDIbeta lacking the N-terminal regulatory domain suppresses metastasis by promoting anoikis in v-src-transformed cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:323-34. [PMID: 17111235 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) regulate the activity of Rho family GTPases. RhoGDIbeta (LyGDI/GDID4/RhoGDI2) has two caspase cleavage sites after Asp19 and Asp55. The resulting cleavage products, DeltaN(1-19)RhoGDIbeta and DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta, are expressed in cells under conditions that activate caspases. DeltaN(1-19)RhoGDIbeta, which can inhibit GDP dissociation, is implicated in the process of apoptosis, whereas the physiological roles for DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta, which lacks the ability to inhibit GDP dissociation, are largely unknown. To explore the roles of DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta, we examined the phenotypes of v-src-transformed metastatic fibroblasts transfected with plasmids for expressing DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta. Although the expression of DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta had no effect on the rate of growth in vitro, it suppressed experimental metastasis and decreased the rate of growth in vivo. In addition, DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta-expressing cells had enhanced adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, and collagens but reduced retention in the lung after intravenous injection. Also, the expression of DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta promoted anoikis without affecting the levels of activated Rac1 or Cdc42. Furthermore, DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta did not affect the expression or phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases, or Akt1 before or after induction of anoikis. Thus, DeltaN(1-55)RhoGDIbeta appears to promote anoikis by undefined mechanisms, thereby suppressing metastasis in v-src-transformed fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Ota
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Virology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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25
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Dovas A, Couchman J. RhoGDI: multiple functions in the regulation of Rho family GTPase activities. Biochem J 2005; 390:1-9. [PMID: 16083425 PMCID: PMC1184558 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RhoGDI (Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor) was identified as a down-regulator of Rho family GTPases typified by its ability to prevent nucleotide exchange and membrane association. Structural studies on GTPase-RhoGDI complexes, in combination with biochemical and cell biological results, have provided insight as to how RhoGDI exerts its effects on nucleotide binding, the membrane association-dissociation cycling of the GTPase and how these activities are controlled. Despite the initial negative roles attributed to RhoGDI, recent evidence has come to suggest that it may also act as a positive regulator necessary for the correct targeting and regulation of Rho activities by conferring cues for spatial restriction, guidance and availability to effectors. These potential functions are discussed in the context of RhoGDI-associated multimolecular complexes, the newly emerged shuttling capability and the importance of the particular membrane microenvironment that represents the site of action for GTPases. All these results point to a wider role for RhoGDI than initially perceived, making it a binding partner that can tightly control Rho GTPases, but which also allows them to reach their full spectrum of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Dovas
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John R. Couchman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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26
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Lehnhardt M, Klein-Hitpass L, Kuhnen C, Homann HH, Daigeler A, Steinau HU, Roehrs S, Schnoor L, Steinstraesser L, Mueller O. Response rate of fibrosarcoma cells to cytotoxic drugs on the expression level correlates to the therapeutic response rate of fibrosarcomas and is mediated by regulation of apoptotic pathways. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:74. [PMID: 16001973 PMCID: PMC1183194 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the high resistance rate of fibrosarcomas against cytotoxic agents clinical chemotherapy of these tumors is not established. A better understanding of the diverse modes of tumor cell death following cytotoxic therapies will provide a molecular basis for new chemotherapeutic strategies. In this study we elucidated the response of a fibrosarcoma cell line to clinically used cytostatic agents on the level of gene expression. METHODS HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells were exposed to the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, actinomycin D or vincristine. Total RNA was isolated and the gene expression patterns were analyzed by microarray analysis. Expression levels for 46 selected candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The analysis of the microarray data resulted in 3.309 (actinomycin D), 1.019 (doxorubicin) and 134 (vincristine) probesets that showed significant expression changes. For the RNA synthesis blocker actinomycin D, 99.4% of all differentially expressed probesets were under-represented. In comparison, probesets down-regulated by doxorubicin comprised only 37.4% of all genes effected by this agent. Closer analysis of the differentially regulated genes revealed that doxorubicin induced cell death of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells mainly by regulating the abundance of factors mediating the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway. Furthermore doxorubicin influences other pathways and crosstalk to other pathways (including to the death receptor pathway) at multiple levels. We found increased levels of cytochrome c, APAF-1 and members of the STAT-family (STAT1, STAT3), while Bcl-2 expression was decreased. Caspase-1, -3, -6, -8, and -9 were increased indicating that these proteases are key factors in the execution of doxorubicin mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that chemotherapy regulates the expression of apoptosis-related factors in fibrosarcoma cells. The number and the specific pattern of the genes depend on the used cytotoxic drug. The response rates on the gene expression level, i.e. the number of genes regulated by the drugs actinomycin D, doxorubicin and vincristine, correlate to the clinical effectiveness of the drugs. Doxorubicin seems to exert its cytotoxic mechanism by regulating genes, which are involved in several different apoptosis regulating pathways. The exact knowledge of the genes affected by the drugs will help to understand the diverse modes of soft tissue sarcoma cell death in response to cytotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Tumor Research), IFZ, University of Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Kuhnen
- Institute of Pathology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heinz Herbert Homann
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrien Daigeler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Ulrich Steinau
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonja Roehrs
- Tumor Genetics Group, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto Hahnstr. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura Schnoor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Steinstraesser
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Mueller
- Tumor Genetics Group, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto Hahnstr. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Zhou X, Suto S, Ota T, Tatsuka M. Nuclear Translocation of Cleaved LyGDI Dissociated from Rho and Rac during Trp53-Dependent Ionizing Radiation-Induced Apoptosis of Thymus CellsIn Vitro. Radiat Res 2004; 162:287-95. [PMID: 15332996 DOI: 10.1667/rr3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
LyGDI inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Rho family GTPases and is found in abundance in hematopoietic cells. Here we report truncation of LyGDI after irradiation in mouse 3SB thymus cells. A 21-kDa fragment of LyGDI, resulting from activated caspase 3-induced cleavage at an N-terminal consensus site following the Asp(18) residue, accumulated at peak quantities between 5 and 12 h after irradiation. Cleavage of LyGDI was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor benzoyloxycarbonyl-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence revealed the truncated 21-kDa fragment of LyGDI within the nuclear fraction of irradiated 3SB cells, whereas full-length LyGDI was found only in the cytoplasmic fraction. Truncated LyGDI within the nucleus had no association with the Rho family proteins RhoA and Rac1, since these proteins were observed only in the cytoplasmic fractions. These data demonstrate that regulation of Rho family GTPases by LyGDI is disrupted during apoptosis, suggesting that fragmentation of LyGDI implicates the transmission of a signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during Trp53-dependent apoptosis of thymus cells after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhou
- Department of Molecular Radiobiology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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