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Koens LH, Klamer MR, Sival DA, Balint B, Bhatia KP, Contarino MF, van Egmond ME, Erro R, Friedman J, Fung VSC, Ganos C, Kurian MA, Lang AE, McGovern EM, Roze E, de Koning TJ, Tijssen MAJ. A Screening Tool to Quickly Identify Movement Disorders in Patients with Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Mov Disord 2023; 38:646-653. [PMID: 36727539 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement disorders are frequent in patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) but poorly recognized, particularly by nonmovement disorder specialists. We propose an easy-to-use clinical screening tool to help recognize movement disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim is to develop a user-friendly rapid screening tool for nonmovement disorder specialists to detect moderate and severe movement disorders in patients aged ≥4 years with IEMs. METHODS Videos of 55 patients with different IEMs were scored by experienced movement disorder specialists (n = 12). Inter-rater agreements were determined on the presence and subtype of the movement disorder. Based on ranking and consensus, items were chosen to be incorporated into the screening tool. RESULTS A movement disorder was rated as present in 80% of the patients, with a moderate inter-rater agreement (κ =0.420, P < 0.001) on the presence of a movement disorder. When considering only moderate and severe movement disorders, the inter-rater agreement increased to almost perfect (κ = 0.900, P < 0.001). Dystonia was most frequently scored (27.3%) as the dominant phenotype. Treatment was mainly suggested for patients with moderate or severe movement disorders. Walking, observations of the arms, and drawing a spiral were found to be the most informative tasks and were included in the screening tool. CONCLUSIONS We designed a screening tool to recognize movement disorders in patients with IEMs. We propose that this screening tool can contribute to select patients who should be referred to a movement disorder specialist for further evaluation and, if necessary, treatment of the movement disorder. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H Koens
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marrit R Klamer
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah A Sival
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fiorella Contarino
- Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martje E van Egmond
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- UCSD Department of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eavan M McGovern
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Grillini A, Koens L, Lizaitiene G, Lange F, Cornelissen F, Tijssen M. Measuring saccades in patients with Niemann-Pick type C: A comparison between video-oculography and a novel eye tracking test based on continuous psychophysics. Clin Park Relat Disord 2022; 7:100170. [PMID: 36338825 PMCID: PMC9627094 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy is a key feature of Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) and is commonly quantified using video-oculography (VOG). VOG requires sitting still for long times and performing specific tasks, thus it can be challenging or impossible for patients severely affected by movement disorders or cognitive impairment. To overcome this limitation, we measure saccades of NP-C patients using a fast eye tracking test based on continuous psychophysics and compare it to VOG. Methods Saccades of six NP-C patients and six age-matched controls were assessed using VOG and Standardized Oculomotor and Neuro-ophthalmic Disorders Assessment (SONDA). In SONDA, participants continuously track a semi-randomly moving dot on a computer screen while their gaze is being tracked. For both assessments, saccades were quantified using four conventional measures: amplitude, gain, latency, and peak velocity. Furthermore, SONDA's continuous measures were quantified with several novel spatio-temporal properties. Results In the NP-C patients, both methods revealed reduced amplitude, gain, peak velocity, and increased latency of vertical saccades compared to horizontal saccades and compared to healthy controls. Effect sizes obtained with SONDA were overall larger than those for VOG. SONDA's spatio-temporal properties showed similar trends. Conclusion SONDA reveals a deterioration of vertical saccades in NP-C patients that is consistent with VOG. SONDA's measures based on continuous psychophysics are consistent with traditional saccadic parameters and can potentially provide complementary information. SONDA shows larger effect sizes than VOG, suggesting that it provides robust and clinically relevant outcomes with a more intuitive task and shorter testing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Grillini
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L.H. Koens
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Lizaitiene
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - F. Lange
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F.W. Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M.A.J. Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Koens LH, Tuitert I, Blokzijl H, Engelen M, Klouwer FCC, Lange F, Leen WG, Lunsing RJ, Koelman JHTM, Verrips A, de Koning TJ, Tijssen MAJ. Eye movement disorders in inborn errors of metabolism: A quantitative analysis of 37 patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:981-995. [PMID: 35758105 PMCID: PMC9541348 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic disorders that need to be recognized as early as possible because treatment may be available. In late-onset forms, core symptoms are movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Eye movement disorders are considered to be frequent too, although specific knowledge is lacking. We describe and analyze eye movements in patients with an inborn error of metabolism, and see whether they can serve as an additional clue in the diagnosis of particularly late-onset inborn errors of metabolism. Demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment data were collected. All patients underwent a standardized videotaped neurological examination and a video-oculography. Videos are included. We included 37 patients with 15 different inborn errors of metabolism, including 18 patients with a late-onset form. With the exception of vertical supranuclear gaze palsy in Niemann-Pick type C and external ophthalmolplegia in Kearns-Sayre syndrome, no relation was found between the type of eye movement disorder and the underlying metabolic disorder. Movement disorders were present in 29 patients (78%), psychiatric symptoms in 14 (38%), and cognitive deficits in 26 patients (70%). In 87% of the patients with late-onset disease, eye movement disorders were combined with one or more of these core symptoms. To conclude, eye movement disorders are present in different types of inborn errors of metabolism, but are often not specific to the underlying disorder. However, the combination of eye movement disorders with movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, or cognitive deficits can serve as a diagnostic clue for an underlying late-onset inborn error of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H. Koens
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Inge Tuitert
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Femke C. C. Klouwer
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fiete Lange
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina G. Leen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyCanisius Wilhelmina HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Roelineke J. Lunsing
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. T. M. Koelman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aad Verrips
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyCanisius Wilhelmina HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tom J. de Koning
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)GroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsClinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Marina A. J. Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)GroningenThe Netherlands
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Garanto A, Ferreira CR, Boon CJF, van Karnebeek CDM, Blau N. Clinical and biochemical footprints of inherited metabolic disorders. VII. Ocular phenotypes. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:311-319. [PMID: 35227579 PMCID: PMC10518078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular manifestations are observed in approximately one third of all inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Although ocular involvement is not life-threatening, it can result in severe vision loss, thereby leading to an additional burden for the patient. Retinal degeneration with or without optic atrophy is the most frequent phenotype, followed by oculomotor problems, involvement of the cornea and lens, and refractive errors. These phenotypes can provide valuable clues that contribute to its diagnosis. In this issue we found 577 relevant IMDs leading to ophthalmologic manifestations. This article is the seventh of a series attempting to create and maintain a comprehensive list of clinical and metabolic differential diagnoses according to system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud Center for Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud Center for Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Nenad Blau
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yue Y, Tian T. Retinal Degeneration: A Window to Understand the Origin and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease? Front Neurosci 2022; 15:799526. [PMID: 35185448 PMCID: PMC8854654 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.799526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, manifests with motor and non-motor symptoms associated with two main pathological hallmarks, including the deterioration of dopaminergic cells and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Yet, PD is a neurodegenerative process whose origin is uncertain and progression difficult to monitor and predict. Currently, a possibility is that PD may be secondary to long lasting peripheral affectations. In this regard, it has been shown that retinal degeneration is present in PD patients. Although it is unknown if retinal degeneration precedes PD motor symptoms, the possibility exists since degeneration of peripheral organs (e.g., olfaction, gut) have already been proven to antedate PD motor symptoms. In this paper, we explore this possibility by introducing the anatomical and functional relationship of retina and brain and providing an overview of the physiopathological changes of retinal structure and visual function in PD. On the basis of the current status of visual deficits in individuals with PD, we discuss the modalities and pathological mechanism of visual function or morphological changes in the retina and focus on the correlation between visual impairment and some representative structural features with clinical significance. To consider retinal degeneration as a contributor to PD origin and progress is important because PD evolution may be monitored and predicted by retinal studies through state-of-the-art techniques of the retina. It is significant to integrally understand the role of retinal morphological and functional changes in the neurodegenerative process for the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhua Yue
- Department of Neurology, Yangpu Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yunhua Yue,
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Tian Tian,
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Koens LH, de Vries JJ, Vansenne F, de Koning TJ, Tijssen MAJ. How to detect late-onset inborn errors of metabolism in patients with movement disorders - A modern diagnostic approach. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 85:124-132. [PMID: 33745796 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose a modern approach to assist clinicians to recognize and diagnose inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) in adolescents and adults that present with a movement disorder. IEMs presenting in adults are still largely unexplored. These disorders receive little attention in neurological training and daily practice, and are considered complicated by many neurologists. Adult-onset presentations of IEMs differ from childhood-onset phenotypes, which may lead to considerable diagnostic delay. The identification of adult-onset phenotypes at the earliest stage of the disease is important, since early treatment may prevent or lessen further brain damage. Our approach is based on a systematic review of all papers that concerned movement disorders due to an IEM in patients of 16 years or older. Detailed clinical phenotyping is the diagnostic cornerstone of the approach. An underlying IEM should be suspected in particular in patients with more than one movement disorder, or in patients with additional neurological, psychiatric, or systemic manifestations. As IEMs are all genetic disorders, we recommend next-generation sequencing (NGS) as the first diagnostic approach to confirm an IEM. Biochemical tests remain the first choice in acute-onset or treatable IEMs that require rapid diagnosis, or to confirm the metabolic diagnosis after NGS results. With the use of careful and systematic clinical phenotyping combined with novel diagnostic approaches such as NGS, the diagnostic yield of late-onset IEMs will increase, in particular in patients with mild or unusual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H Koens
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J de Vries
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur Vansenne
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands; Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Lal V, Mehta S, Takkar A, Ray S. Ophthalmological findings in movement disorders. ANNALS OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aomd.aomd_35_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Davison JE. Eye involvement in inherited metabolic disorders. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2020; 12:2515841420979109. [PMID: 33447730 PMCID: PMC7780305 DOI: 10.1177/2515841420979109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders are a large group of rare disorders affecting normal biochemical pathways. Many metabolic disorders can present with symptoms affecting the eye, and eye disorders can evolve later in the natural history of an already diagnosed metabolic disorder. The ophthalmic involvement can be very varied affecting any part of the eye, including abnormalities of cornea, lens dislocation and cataracts, retina and the distal optic pathway, and extraocular muscles. Awareness of inherited metabolic disorders is important to facilitate early diagnosis and in some cases instigate early treatment if a patient presents with eye involvement suggestive of a metabolic disorder. Ophthalmological interventions are also an important component of the multisystem holistic approach to treating patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Davison
- Metabolic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), London WC1N 3JH, UK
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How to approach a patient with parkinsonism - red flags for atypical parkinsonism. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 149:1-34. [PMID: 31779810 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome defined by bradykinesia plus rigidity or tremor. Though most commonly encountered in the setting of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, a number of neurodegenerative, structural, metabolic and toxic neurological disorders can result in parkinsonism. Accurately diagnosing the underlying cause of parkinsonism is of both therapeutic and prognostic relevance, especially as we enter the era of disease-modifying treatment trials for neurodegenerative disorders. Being aware of the wide array of potential causes of parkinsonism is of paramount importance for clinicians. In this chapter, we present a pragmatic clinical approach to patients with parkinsonism, specifically focusing on 'red flags', which should alert one to consider diagnoses other than idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
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