Mutations in PDLIM5 are rare in dilated cardiomyopathy but are emerging as potential disease modifiers

Expression of PDLIM5 Spliceosomes and Regulatory Functions on Myogenesis in Pigs

Meat yield, determined by muscle growth and development, is an important economic trait for the swine industry and a focus of research in animal genetics and breeding. PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) are cytoskeleton-related proteins that play key roles in various tissues and cells. These proteins have multiple isoforms, primarily categorized as short (PDLIM5-short) and long (PDLIM5-long) types, distinguished by the absence and presence of an LIM domain, respectively. However, the expression patterns of swine PDLIM5 isoforms and their regulation during porcine skeletal muscle development remain largely unexplored. We observed that PDLIM5-long was expressed at very low levels in pig muscles and that PDLIM5-short and total PDLIM5 were highly expressed in the muscles of slow-growing pigs, suggesting that PDLIM5-short, the dominant transcript in pigs, is associated with a slow rate of muscle growth. PDLIM5-short suppressed myoblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation in vitro. We also identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (-258 A > T and -191 T > G) in the 5' flanking region of PDLIM5, which influenced the activity of the promoter and were associated with muscle growth rate in pigs. In summary, we demonstrated that PDLIM5-short negatively regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation, providing a theoretical basis for improving pig breeding programs.

Genome sequencing detects a wide range of clinically relevant copy-number variants and other genomic alterations

PURPOSE

Copy-number variants (CNVs) and other non-single nucleotide variant/indel variant types contribute an important proportion of diagnoses in individuals with suspected genetic disease. This study describes the range of such variants detected by genome sequencing (GS).

METHODS

For a pediatric cohort of 1032 participants undergoing clinical GS, we characterize the CNVs and other non-single nucleotide variant/indel variant types that were reported, including aneuploidies, mobile element insertions, and uniparental disomies, and we describe the bioinformatic pipeline used to detect these variants.

RESULTS

Together, these genetic alterations accounted for 15.8% of reported variants. Notably, 67.9% of these were deletions, 32.9% of which overlapped a single gene, and many deletions were reported together with a second variant in the same gene in cases of recessive disease. A retrospective medical record review in a subset of this cohort revealed that up to 6 additional genetic tests were ordered in 68% (26/38) of cases, some of which failed to report the CNVs/rare variants reported on GS.

CONCLUSION

GS detected a broad range of reported variant types, including CNVs ranging in size from 1 Kb to 46 Mb.

The unexpected versatility of ALP/Enigma family proteins

One of the most intriguing features of multicellular animals is their ability to move. On a cellular level, this is accomplished by the rearrangement and reorganization of the cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of filamentous proteins which provides stability and structure in a stationary context, but also facilitates directed movement by contracting. The ALP/Enigma family proteins are a diverse group of docking proteins found in numerous cellular milieus and facilitate these processes among others. In vertebrates, they are characterized by having a PDZ domain in combination with one or three LIM domains. The family is comprised of CLP-36 (PDLIM1), Mystique (PDLIM2), ALP (PDLIM3), RIL (PDLIM4), ENH (PDLIM5), ZASP (PDLIM6), and Enigma (PDLIM7). In this review, we will outline the evolution and function of their protein domains which confers their versatility. Additionally, we highlight their role in different cellular environments, focusing specifically on recent advances in muscle research using Drosophila as a model organism. Finally, we show the relevance of this protein family to human myopathies and the development of muscle-related diseases.

Hemodynamic stress-induced cardiac remodelling is not modulated by ablation of phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein

Adrenergic stimulation in the heart activates the protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates key proteins involved in intracellular Ca²⁺ handling. PKA is held in proximity to its substrates by protein scaffolds, the A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). We have previously identified the transcript of phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein (Pde4dip; also known as myomegalin), one of the sarcomeric AKAPs, as being differentially expressed following hemodynamic overload, a condition inducing hyperadrenergic state in the heart. Here, we addressed whether PDE4DIP is involved in the adverse cardiac remodelling following hemodynamic stress. Homozygous Pde4dip knockout (KO) mice, generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to aortocaval shunt (shunt) or transthoracic aortic constriction (TAC) to induce hemodynamic volume overload (VO) or pressure overload (PO), respectively. The mortality, cardiac structure, function and pathological cardiac remodelling were followed up after hemodynamic injuries. The PDE4DIP protein level was markedly downregulated in volume-overloaded- but upregulated in pressure-overloaded-WT hearts. Following shunt or TAC, mortality rates were comparably increased in both genotypes. Twelve weeks after shunt or TAC, Pde4dip-KO animals showed a similar degree of cardiac hypertrophy, dilatation and dysfunction as WT mice. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, reactivation of cardiac stress genes and downregulation of ATPase, Ca²⁺ transporting, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 transcript did not differ between WT and Pde4dip-KO hearts following shunt or TAC. In summary, despite a differential expression of PDE4DIP protein in remodelled WT hearts, Pde4dip deficiency does not modulate adverse cardiac remodelling after hemodynamic VO or PO.

Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyopathy

Inherited cardiomyopathies are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and can be caused by mutations in a wide range of proteins located in different cellular compartments. The present review is based on Dr. Ju Chen's 2021 Robert M. Berne Distinguished Lectureship of the American Physiological Society Cardiovascular Section, in which he provided an overview of the current knowledge on the cardiomyopathy-associated proteins that have been studied in his laboratory. The review provides a general summary of the proteins in different compartments of cardiomyocytes associated with cardiomyopathies, with specific focus on the proteins that have been studied in Dr. Chen's laboratory.

Genetic Variation in Enhancers Modifies Cardiomyopathy Gene Expression and Progression

BACKGROUND

Inherited cardiomyopathy associates with a range of phenotypes, mediated by genetic and nongenetic factors. Noninherited cardiomyopathy also displays varying progression and outcomes. Expression of cardiomyopathy genes is under the regulatory control of promoters and enhancers, and human genetic variation in promoters and enhancers may contribute to this variability.

METHODS

We superimposed epigenomic profiling from hearts and cardiomyocytes, including promoter-capture chromatin conformation information, to identify enhancers for 2 cardiomyopathy genes, MYH7 and LMNA. Enhancer function was validated in human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. We also conducted a genome-wide search to ascertain genomic variation in enhancers positioned to alter cardiac expression and correlated one of these variants to cardiomyopathy progression using biobank data.

RESULTS

Multiple enhancers were identified and validated for LMNA and MYH7, including a key enhancer that regulates the switch from MYH6 expression to MYH7 expression. Deletion of this enhancer resulted in a dose-dependent increase in MYH6 and faster contractile rate in engineered heart tissues. We searched for genomic variation in enhancer sequences across the genome, with a focus on nucleotide changes that create or interrupt transcription factor binding sites. The sequence variant, rs875908, disrupts a T-Box Transcription Factor 5 binding motif and maps to an enhancer region 2 kilobases from the transcriptional start site of MYH7. Gene editing to remove the enhancer that harbors this variant markedly reduced MYH7 expression in human cardiomyocytes. Using biobank-derived data, rs875908 associated with longitudinal echocardiographic features of cardiomyopathy.

CONCLUSIONS

Enhancers regulate cardiomyopathy gene expression, and genomic variation within these enhancer regions associates with cardiomyopathic progression over time. This integrated approach identified noncoding modifiers of cardiomyopathy and is applicable to other cardiac genes.

EPB41L5 controls podocyte extracellular matrix assembly by adhesome-dependent force transmission

The integrity of the kidney filtration barrier essentially relies on the balanced interplay of podocytes and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Here, we show by analysis of in vitro and in vivo models that a loss of the podocyte-specific FERM-domain protein EPB41L5 results in impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. By using quantitative proteomics analysis of the secretome and matrisome, we demonstrate a shift in ECM composition characterized by diminished deposition of core GBM components, such as LAMA5. Integrin adhesome proteomics reveals that EPB41L5 recruits PDLIM5 and ACTN4 to integrin adhesion complexes (IACs). Consecutively, EPB41L5 knockout podocytes show insufficient maturation of integrin adhesion sites, which translates into impaired force transmission and ECM assembly. These observations build the framework for a model in which EPB41L5 functions as a cell-type-specific regulator of the podocyte adhesome and controls a localized adaptive module in order to prevent podocyte detachment and thereby ensures GBM integrity.

Mutations in PDLIM5 are rare in dilated cardiomyopathy but are emerging as potential disease modifiers

BACKGROUND

A causal genetic mutation is found in 40% of families with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), leaving a large percentage of families genetically unsolved. This prevents adequate counseling and clear recommendations in these families. We aim to identify novel genes or modifiers associated with DCM.

METHODS

We performed computational ranking of human genes based on coexpression with a predefined set of genes known to be associated with DCM, which allowed us to prioritize gene candidates for their likelihood of being involved in DCM. Top candidates will be checked for variants in the available whole-exome sequencing data of 142 DCM patients. RNA was isolated from cardiac biopsies to investigate gene expression.

RESULTS

PDLIM5 was classified as the top candidate. An interesting heterozygous variant (189_190delinsGG) was found in a DCM patient with a known pathogenic truncating TTN-variant. The PDLIM5 loss-of-function (LoF) variant affected all cardiac-specific isoforms of PDLIM5 and no LoF variants were detected in the same region in a control cohort of 26,000 individuals. RNA expression of PDLIM5 and its direct interactors (MYOT, LDB3, and MYOZ2) was increased in cardiac tissue of this patient, indicating a possible compensatory mechanism. The PDLIM5 variant cosegregated with the TTN-variant and the phenotype, leading to a high disease penetrance in this family. A second patient was an infant with a homozygous 10 kb-deletion of exon 2 in PDLIM5 resulting in early-onset cardiac disease, showing the importance of PDLIM5 in cardiac function.

CONCLUSIONS

Heterozygous PDLIM5 variants are rare and therefore will not have a major contribution in DCM. Although they likely play a role in disease development as this gene plays a major role in contracting cardiomyocytes and homozygous variants lead to early-onset cardiac disease. Other environmental and/or genetic factors are probably necessary to unveil the cardiac phenotype in PDLIM5 mutation carriers.