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Samuel MS, Jeyaram K, Datta S, Chandrasekar N, Balaji R, Selvarajan E. Detection, Contamination, Toxicity, and Prevention Methods of Ochratoxins: An Update Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13974-13989. [PMID: 34783556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxins (OTs) with nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties are thermostable fungal subordinate metabolites. OTs contamination can occur before or after harvesting, during the processing, packing, distribution, and storage of food. Mold development and mycotoxin contamination can occur in any crop or cereal that has not been stored properly for long periods of time and is subjected to high levels of humidity and temperature. Ochratoxin A (OTA) presents a significant health threat to creatures and individuals. There is also a concern of how human interaction with OTA will also express the remains of OTA from feedstuffs into animal-derived items. Numerous approaches have been studied for the reduction of the OTA content in agronomic products. These methods can be classified into two major classes: inhibition of OTA adulteration and decontamination or detoxification of food. A description of the various mycotoxins, the organism responsible for the development of mycotoxins, and their adverse effects are given. In the current paper, the incidence of OTA in various fodder and food materials is discussed, which is accompanied by a brief overview of the OTA mode of synthesis, physicochemical properties, toxic effects of various types of ochratoxins, and OTA decontamination adaptation methods. To our knowledge, we are the first to report on the structure of many naturally accessible OTAs and OTA metabolism. Finally, this paper seeks to be insightful and draw attention to dangerous OTA, which is too frequently neglected and overlooked in farm duplication from the list of discrepancy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin S Samuel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Kanimozhi Jeyaram
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saptashwa Datta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore 641022, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC
| | - Ethiraj Selvarajan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Thomas BT, Ogunkanmi LA, Iwalokun BA, Popoola OD. Transition-transversion mutations in the polyketide synthase gene of Aspergillus section Nigri. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01881. [PMID: 31338447 PMCID: PMC6579908 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the transition-transversion mutation in the pks gene of Aspergillus section Nigri in order to gain insight into the patterns of nucleotide base substitution and the process of molecular evolution using standard recommended techniques. Results obtained depict frequent occurrence of transition (23 ± 0.96) than transversion (11.37 ± 1.38) (p < 0.05) with C/T being the most frequently observed transitional base substitution and C/A the most frequently occurring transversional base change. The number of single base insertions (56 ± 1.00) were significantly higher than the observed single base deletions (38 ± 2.00) (p < 0.05) while varying degrees of two or more base deletions and insertions were also observed both inside and outside the open reading frame. The maximum likelihood value estimated for the pks gene was calculated to be -9458.80 in 423 positions of the final dataset while the transition-transversion ratio was estimated to be 0.50. The Tajima's neutrality test approaches seven (7) with the nucleotide diversity estimated to be approximately 65%. Evolutionary test depicts positive selection as ratio of non synonymous to synonymous divergence was found to be greater than ratio of the number of non synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms. The proportion of substitution driven by positive selection was calculated to be approximately 96.2%. This research therefore provides an insight into the understanding of pks gene mutation patterns as some of the observed indels resulted in frame shift mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thoha Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Bamidele Abiodun Iwalokun
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Sarma UP, Bhetaria PJ, Devi P, Varma A. Aflatoxins: Implications on Health. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 32:124-133. [PMID: 28428686 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental occurrence of Aspergillus and other fungal spores are hazardous to humans and animals. They cause a broad spectrum of clinical complications. Contamination of aflatoxins in agri-food and feed due to A. flavus and A. parasiticus result in toxicity in humans and animals. Recent advances in aspergillus genomics and aflatoxin management practices are encouraging to tackle the challenges posed by important aspergillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha P Sarma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Preetida J Bhetaria
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA
| | - Prameela Devi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Anupam Varma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Castellá G, Alborch L, Bragulat M, Cabañes F. Real time quantitative expression study of a polyketide synthase gene related to ochratoxin a biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of food and feed products, posing a substantial health risk to humans and animals throughout the world. A plethora of filamentous fungi has been identified as mycotoxin producers and most of these fungal species belong to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. A number of studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of key mycotoxins and the regulatory cascades controlling toxigenesis. In many cases, the mycotoxin biosynthetic genes are clustered and regulated by one or more pathway-specific transcription factor(s). In addition, as biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites is coordinated with fungal growth and development, there are a number of upstream regulators affecting biosynthesis of mycotoxins in fungi. This review presents a concise summary of the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis, focusing on the roles of the upstream regulatory elements governing biosynthesis of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin in Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Reverberi M, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C. Ochratoxin A and Related Mycotoxins. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1191-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Characterization of nonochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus carbonarius from grapes. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rousseaux S, Diguta CF, Radoï-Matei F, Alexandre H, Guilloux-Bénatier M. Non-Botrytis grape-rotting fungi responsible for earthy and moldy off-flavors and mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:104-21. [PMID: 24290633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grape microflora is complex and includes filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects on wine production. Most studies have focused on the wine microbiota, but a few studies have reported the ecology of grape microorganisms. Some of these organisms - such as non-Botrytis bunch rotting fungi, which greatly influence the safety or sensory quality of wine, due to the production of mycotoxins and off-flavors, respectively - are considered to be spoilage agents. We review here the diversity of filamentous fungi on grapes and the factors influencing their development, such as grape ripening stage, environmental factors (climate, rain and cultivation practices), grape variety and grape health status. We also discuss the pathways by which mycotoxins and off-flavors are produced, the control of the population, the metabolites responsible for wine spoilage and the methods for detecting and characterizing the microorganisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousseaux
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon Laboratoire VALMiS Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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Gallo A, Bruno KS, Solfrizzo M, Perrone G, Mulè G, Visconti A, Baker SE. New insight into the ochratoxin A biosynthetic pathway through deletion of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene in Aspergillus carbonarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8208-18. [PMID: 22983973 PMCID: PMC3497364 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02508-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is composed of a dihydroisocoumarin ring linked to phenylalanine, and its biosynthetic pathway has not yet been completely elucidated. Most of the knowledge regarding the genetic and enzymatic aspects of OTA biosynthesis has been elucidated in Penicillium species. In Aspergillus species, only pks genes involved in the initial steps of the pathway have been partially characterized. In our study, the inactivation of a gene encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) in OTA-producing A. carbonarius ITEM 5010 has eliminated the ability of this fungus to produce OTA. This is the first report on the involvement of an nrps gene product in OTA biosynthetic pathway in an Aspergillus species. The absence of OTA and ochratoxin α, the isocoumaric derivative of OTA, and the concomitant increase of ochratoxin β, the dechloro analog of ochratoxin α, were observed in the liquid culture of transformed strain. The data provide the first evidence that the enzymatic step adding phenylalanine to polyketide dihydroisocoumarin precedes the chlorination step to form OTA in A. carbonarius and that ochratoxin α is a product of hydrolysis of OTA, giving an interesting new insight into the biosynthetic pathway of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy.
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Hayat A, Paniel N, Rhouati A, Marty JL, Barthelmebs L. Recent advances in ochratoxin A-producing fungi detection based on PCR methods and ochratoxin A analysis in food matrices. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lin SH, Yoshimoto M, Lyu PC, Tang CY, Arita M. Phylogenomic and domain analysis of iterative polyketide synthases in Aspergillus species. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:373-87. [PMID: 22844193 PMCID: PMC3399418 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are industrially and agriculturally important as fermentors and as producers of various secondary metabolites. Among them, fungal polyketides such as lovastatin and melanin are considered a gold mine for bioactive compounds. We used a phylogenomic approach to investigate the distribution of iterative polyketide synthases (PKS) in eight sequenced Aspergilli and classified over 250 fungal genes. Their genealogy by the conserved ketosynthase (KS) domain revealed three large groups of nonreducing PKS, one group inside bacterial PKS, and more than 9 small groups of reducing PKS. Polyphyly of nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS)-PKS genes raised questions regarding the recruitment of the elegant conjugation machinery. High rates of gene duplication and divergence were frequent. All data are accessible through our web database at http://metabolomics.jp/wiki/Category:PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hsi Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Rojas JD, Sette LD, de Araujo WL, Lopes MSG, da Silva LF, Furlan RLA, Padilla G. The diversity of polyketide synthase genes from sugarcane-derived fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:565-577. [PMID: 21938508 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemical ecology and biotechnological potential of metabolites from endophytic and rhizosphere fungi are receiving much attention. A collection of 17 sugarcane-derived fungi were identified and assessed by PCR for the presence of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. The fungi were all various genera of ascomycetes, the genomes of which encoded 36 putative PKS sequences, 26 shared sequence homology with β-ketoacyl synthase domains, while 10 sequences showed homology to known fungal C-methyltransferase domains. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis of the translated sequences could group the domains into previously established chemistry-based clades that represented non-reducing, partially reducing and highly reducing fungal PKSs. We observed that, in many cases, the membership of each clade also reflected the taxonomy of the fungal isolates. The functional assignment of the domains was further confirmed by in silico secondary and tertiary protein structure predictions. This genome mining study reveals, for the first time, the genetic potential of specific taxonomic groups of sugarcane-derived fungi to produce specific types of polyketides. Future work will focus on isolating these compounds with a view to understanding their chemical ecology and likely biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Rojas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Development of a Real Time PCR system for detection of ochratoxin A-producing strains of the Aspergillus niger aggregate. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Spadaro D, Patharajan S, Kartikeyan M, Lorè A, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Specific PCR primers for the detection of isolates of Aspergillus carbonarius producing ochratoxin A on grapevine. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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15
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De Rossi P, Reverberi M, Ricelli A, Fabbri A, Fanelli C. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Aspergillus carbonarius in grapes at different time after inoculum. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-837x.2010.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Abrunhosa L, Paterson RRM, Venâncio A. Biodegradation of ochratoxin a for food and feed decontamination. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1078-99. [PMID: 22069627 PMCID: PMC3153227 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins that is found in food and feed products. It has proven toxic properties, being primarily known for its nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity to certain animal species. OTA is produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium that can be found in a wide variety of agricultural products, which makes the presence of OTA in these products common. Many countries have statutory limits for OTA, and concentrations need to be reduced to as low as technologically possible in food and feed. The most important measures to be taken to control OTA are preventive in order to avoid fungal growth and OTA production. However, these measures are difficult to implement in all cases with the consequence of OTA remaining in agricultural commodities. Remediation processes are often used to eliminate, reduce or avoid the toxic effects of OTA. Biological methods have been considered increasingly as an alternative to physical and chemical treatments. However, examples of practical applications are infrequent. This review will focus on the (i) known microorganisms and enzymes that are able to biodegrade OTA; (ii) mode of action of biodegradation and (iii) current applications. A critical discussion about the technical applicability of these strategies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Abrunhosa
- IBB, Institute for Biotechnology, Bioengineering, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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el Khoury A, Atoui A. Ochratoxin a: general overview and actual molecular status. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:461-93. [PMID: 22069596 PMCID: PMC3153212 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi, contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient information related to the molecular background, this paper will discuss in detail the recent advances in molecular biology of OTA biosynthesis, based on information and on new data about identification and characterization of ochratoxin biosynthetic genes in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. This review will also cover the development of the molecular methods for the detection and quantification of OTA producing fungi in various foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André el Khoury
- Centre d’analyses et de recherches, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ali Atoui
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon
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López-Mendoza MC, Crespo-Sempere A, Martínez-Culebras PV. Identification ofAspergillus tubingensisstrains responsible for OTA contamination in grapes and wine based on the acyl transferase domain of a polyketide synthase gene. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martínez Culebras P, Crespo-Sempere A, Gil J, Ramón D. Acyl Transferase Domains of Putative Polyketide Synthase (PKS) Genes in Aspergillus and Penicillium Producers of Ochratoxin A and the Evaluation of PCR Primers to Amplify PKS Sequences in Black Aspergillus Species. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013208102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal polyketide synthases (PKS) are responsible for the biosynthesis of several mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. PKS genes in ochratoxin producing species from Aspergillus and Penicillum genera have been identified using a degenerate primer pair developed for the acyl transferase (AT) domain of fungal PKSs. Sequences of AT domains were aligned and analyzed using phylogenetic methods. The AT domain sequences appeared to be specific for a particular type of fungal PKSs and were related to PKSs involved in different mycotoxin biosynthesis pathways, including ochratoxin A. We have also developed primers suitable for amplifying AT domain sequences in strains belonging to the A. niger aggregate. DNA from most of the black Aspergillus species currently recognized was tested. Primers showed general applicability and other Aspergillus species belonging to section Nigri were successfully amplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.V. Martínez Culebras
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València. Vicente Andrès Estellès s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, , Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). PO Box 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A. Crespo-Sempere
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València. Vicente Andrès Estellès s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). PO Box 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J.V. Gil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València. Vicente Andrès Estellès s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). PO Box 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - D. Ramón
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). PO Box 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Zhao XQ, Jiao WC, Jiang B, Yuan WJ, Yang TH, Hao S. Screening and identification of actinobacteria from marine sediments: Investigation of potential producers for antimicrobial agents and type I polyketides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-9964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gallo A, Perrone G, Solfrizzo M, Epifani F, Abbas A, Dobson ADW, Mulè G. Characterisation of a pks gene which is expressed during ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 129:8-15. [PMID: 19038469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is considered the main fungus responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes. OTA is a potent nephrotoxin and a possible human carcinogen with a polyketide derived structure. Fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs) have recently been demonstrated to be involved in OTA biosynthesis in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. We report here on the identification and characterisation of part of a novel polyketide synthase gene, ACpks from A. carbonarius. The sequence appears to encode conserved ketosynthase and acyl transferase domains, which are characteristic of previously characterised PKS enzymes. Expression of the ACpks gene is differentially regulated, with transcription being observed when the fungus was grown on synthetic grape medium and on OTA permissive medium (MM) whereas no transcription was detected when the fungus was grown on OTA restrictive medium (YES). ACpks expression was also observed when A. carbonarius was grown at low pH, with concomitant increases in OTA production. This correlation between ACpks gene expression and OTA production suggests the likely involvement for the product of this gene in ochratoxin A biosynthesis in the fungus. From a preliminary screening of Aspergillus isolates with ACpks specific primers, ACpks gene homologues appear to be present in A. sclerotioniger and A. ibericus, two species of section Nigri which are closely related to A. carbonarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR, Bari, Italy.
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Atoui A, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A. Targeting a polyketide synthase gene for Aspergillus carbonarius quantification and ochratoxin A assessment in grapes using real-time PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:313-8. [PMID: 17291614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is an ochratoxin producing fungus that has been considered to be responsible of the ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes and wine. In order to monitor and quantify A. carbonarius, a specific primer pair Ac12RL_OTAF/Ac12RL_OTAR has been designed from the acyltransferase (AT) domain of the polyketide synthase sequence Ac12RL3 to amplify 141 bp PCR product. Among the mycotoxigenic fungi tested, only A. carbonarius gave a positive result. This specific primer pair was also successfully employed in real-time PCR conjugated with SYBR Green I dye for the direct quantification of this fungus in grape samples. A positive correlation (R(2)=0.81) was found between A. carbonarius DNA content and OTA concentration in 72 grape samples, allowing for the estimation of the potential risk from OTA contamination. Consequently, this work offers a quick alternative to conventional methods of OTA quantification and mycological detection and quantification of A. carbonarius in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoui
- Département Bioprocédés et Systèmes Microbiens, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique UMR5503, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 1, avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, BP32607, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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