1
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Mason K, Davies J, Ruutu M. Immunoglobulin E-specific allergens against leaf in serum of dogs with clinical features of grass leaf allergy. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:393-403. [PMID: 37190989 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass leaf has been suspected of causing immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans and dogs. However, most studies in this area are case-control studies without in vitro data showing the involvement of IgE in the reaction. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the reactivity to a 50-55 kDa protein with clinical signs immediately after contact with grass leaf material. The clinical findings of dogs with atopic-like dermatitis immediately after contact with grass leaf material suggest the involvement of grass leaves as the allergen source. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the IgE-reactivity of grass leaf proteins in dogs with clinical signs and positive scratch test results against grass leaf material. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum of 41 patients with a history of allergy and suspected to grass leaf material was immunoblotted against grass leaf extracts from five suspected grass species. The IgE-positive blots were separated with 2D gel electrophoresis and analysed with mass spectrometry (MS). Commercially supplied proteins were used to validate immunoblot activity. RESULTS The serum of 25 dogs diagnosed with grass dermatitis had positive IgE-specific immunoblot against one or more grass leaf extracts. The MS data indicated a reactive band at 55 kDa to be beta-amylase or RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) large subunit (RbLS). All tested dog sera showed IgE-reactivity with beta-amylase and some with RbLS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Canines with clinical signs of grass-related dermatitis had IgE-reactivity against grass leaf proteins. Serum IgE-reactivity to beta-amylase and RuBisCO large subunit may indicate that these proteins act as allergens, possibly causing pruritus and skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Mason
- Animal Allergy and Dermatology Service, Slacks Creek, Queensland, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Merja Ruutu
- Animal Allergy and Dermatology Service, Slacks Creek, Queensland, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Li S, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhou X, Wu C, Qian ZY. A 90-day rodent feeding study with grain for genetically modified maize L4 conferring insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113733. [PMID: 36966880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A 90-day rat feeding study was performed to conduct a safety assessment on L4, a multi-gene genetically modified maize, conferring "Bt" insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance. A total of 140 Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups, 10 animals/group/sex, which comprised three genetically modified groups fed diets containing different concentrations of L4, three corresponding non-genetically modified groups fed diets containing different concentrations of zheng58 (parent plants), and a basal diet group fed the standard basal diet for 13 weeks. The fed diets contained L4 and Zheng58 at w/w% percentages of 12.5%, 25.0%, and 50% of the total. Animals were evaluated on some research parameters, including general behaviour, body weight/gain, feed consumption/efficiency, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. Throughout the feeding trial, all animals were in good condition. No mortality and no biologically relevant effects or toxicologically significant alterations were observed in the total research parameters of the rats in the genetically modified groups compared with those in the basal diet group or their corresponding non-genetically modified groups. No adverse effects were observed in any of the animals. The results indicated that L4 is as safe and wholesome as conventional, non-genetically modified control maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Shufei Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Qinghong Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China
| | - Zhi Yong Qian
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011, China.
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3
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Grácio M, Oliveira S, Lima A, Boavida Ferreira R. RuBisCO as a protein source for potential food applications: a review. Food Chem 2023; 419:135993. [PMID: 37030211 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
RuBisCO is a complete protein, widely abundant and recognized as ideal for human consumption. Further, its biochemical composition, organoleptic and physical features mean RuBisCO has potential as a nutritionally beneficial food additive. Nonetheless, despite growing plant-based market trends, there is a lack of information about the applications of this protein. Here, we explored the biochemical features of RuBisCO as a potential food additive and compared it with other plant protein sources currently available. We describe potential advantages, including nutritional content, digestibility, non-allergenicity and, potential bioactivities. Despite the lack of industrial procedures for RuBisCO purification, a growing number of novel methods are emerging, justifying discussion of their feasibilities. Overall, this information can help both researchers and industry to review the use RuBisCO as a sustainable source of protein for plant-based food products or formulation of novel functional foods.
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4
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Identification of allergen encoding sequences in a novel food ingredient from Moringa oleifera leaves. Food Chem 2023; 401:134185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of transgenic cotton expressing Cry1Ac, Cry2A and CP4-EPSPS proteins in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111783. [PMID: 32987108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered crops expressing insecticidal and herbicide-tolerant traits offer a new strategy for crop protection and enhanced production; however, at the same time present a challenge in terms of toxicology and safety. The current experiment presents the findings of a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic cottonseed which is expressing insecticidal Cry proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2A), and tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. There were 100 rats in this experiment divided into 5 groups of 10 rats/sex/group. Cottonseed from transgenic and control (near-isogenic) lines was formulated into standard diets at levels of 10% and 30% (w/w). All formulated diets were nutritionally balanced. Overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis were comparable between control and treatment groups. In addition, there was no treatment-related difference in findings of microscopic histopathology and gross appearance of tissues. In conclusion, following the 13-week of feeding transgenic cottonseed, no treatment-related adverse effects were observed in any of the parameters measured in this experiment. Thus, this study demonstrated that transgenic cottonseeds do not cause toxicity and are nutritionally equivalent to its conventional counterpart.
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6
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Ladics GS. Assessment of the potential allergenicity of genetically-engineered food crops. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 16:43-53. [PMID: 30409058 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1533904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive safety assessment process exists for genetically-engineered (GE) crops. The assessment includes an evaluation of the introduced protein as well as the crop containing the protein with the goal of demonstrating the GE crop is "as-safe-as" non-GE crops in the food supply. One of the evaluations for GE crops is to assess the expressed protein for allergenic potential. Currently, no single factor is recognized as a predictor for protein allergenicity. Therefore, a weight-of-the-evidence approach, which accounts for a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential, is conducted. This assessment includes an evaluation of the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; protein structure (e.g. amino acid sequence identity to human allergens); stability of the protein to pepsin digestion in vitro; heat stability of the protein; glycosylation status; and when appropriate, specific IgE binding studies with sera from relevant clinically allergic subjects. Since GE crops were first commercialized over 20 years ago, there is no proof that the introduced novel protein(s) in any commercialized GE food crop has caused food allergy.
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7
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Lu M, Jin Y, Cerny R, Ballmer-Weber B, Goodman RE. Combining 2-DE immunoblots and mass spectrometry to identify putative soybean (Glycine max) allergens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:207-215. [PMID: 29673863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is recognized as a commonly allergenic food, but the identity of important allergens is not well studied. Recently, some global regulatory agencies started requiring quantitative analysis of individual allergens, including unproven allergens, as part of the risk assessment for genetically engineered (GE) soybeans. We sought to identify soybean proteins that bind IgE from any of 10 individual soybean-sensitized subjects. Soybean IgE binding proteins were identified by 2-DE immunoblots using sera from four soy-allergic and plasma from six soy-sensitized human subjects. Corresponding spots were excised from stained gels, digested, and analyzed using a quadrupole TOF Synapt G2-S tandem mass spectrometer. Results showed the major IgE binding proteins were subunits of either β-conglycinin (Gly m 5) or glycinin (Gly m 6). Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) was a significant IgE binding protein for four subjects. Soybean agglutinin, seed biotinylated protein (SBP) of 65 kDa, late embryogenesis protein (LEP), and sucrose-binding protein were identified as IgE binding only for soy-sensitized subjects. We conclude that the major soybean allergens are isoforms of Gly m 5, Gly m 6, and possibly SKTI and that requirements for quantitative measurement of proteins that are not clear allergens is not relevant to safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ron Cerny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N. 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 North 21st Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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8
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Dunn SE, Vicini JL, Glenn KC, Fleischer DM, Greenhawt MJ. The allergenicity of genetically modified foods from genetically engineered crops: A narrative and systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119:214-222.e3. [PMID: 28890018 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Eliza Dunn
- Medical Sciences and Outreach Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri; Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John L Vicini
- Food and Feed Safety Scientific Affairs Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin C Glenn
- Allergenicity/Pipeline Issues Management Lead, Monsanto Company, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David M Fleischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew J Greenhawt
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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9
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Goodman RE, Ebisawa M, Ferreira F, Sampson HA, van Ree R, Vieths S, Baumert JL, Bohle B, Lalithambika S, Wise J, Taylor SL. AllergenOnline: A peer-reviewed, curated allergen database to assess novel food proteins for potential cross-reactivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1183-98. [PMID: 26887584 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Increasingly regulators are demanding evaluation of potential allergenicity of foods prior to marketing. Primary risks are the transfer of allergens or potentially cross-reactive proteins into new foods. AllergenOnline was developed in 2005 as a peer-reviewed bioinformatics platform to evaluate risks of new dietary proteins in genetically modified organisms (GMO) and novel foods. METHODS AND RESULTS The process used to identify suspected allergens and evaluate the evidence of allergenicity was refined between 2010 and 2015. Candidate proteins are identified from the NCBI database using keyword searches, the WHO/IUIS nomenclature database and peer reviewed publications. Criteria to classify proteins as allergens are described. Characteristics of the protein, the source and human subjects, test methods and results are evaluated by our expert panel and archived. Food, inhalant, salivary, venom, and contact allergens are included. Users access allergen sequences through links to the NCBI database and relevant references are listed online. Version 16 includes 1956 sequences from 778 taxonomic-protein groups that are accepted with evidence of allergic serum IgE-binding and/or biological activity. CONCLUSION AllergenOnline provides a useful peer-reviewed tool for identifying the primary potential risks of allergy for GMOs and novel foods based on criteria described by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Department of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sreedevi Lalithambika
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John Wise
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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10
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Sun N, Tekutyeva L, Wang S, Pu Q, Zhou C, Wang J, Che H. A modified weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate the allergenic potential of food proteins. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic interpretation of a modified weight-of-evidence approach for evaluating the allergenic potential of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Department of Commodity Science and Examination of Goods
- School of Business and Public Administration
- Far Eastern Federal University
- 8 Suhanova St. Vladivostok
- Russia
| | - Shiping Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qiankun Pu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Cui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Huilian Che
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- China
- The Supervision
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11
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Ladics GS, Fry J, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Madsen CB, Penninks A, Pomés A, Roggen EL, Smit J, Wal JM. Allergic sensitization: screening methods. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24739743 PMCID: PMC3990213 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental in silico, in vitro, and rodent models for screening and predicting protein sensitizing potential are discussed, including whether there is evidence of new sensitizations and allergies since the introduction of genetically modified crops in 1996, the importance of linear versus conformational epitopes, and protein families that become allergens. Some common challenges for predicting protein sensitization are addressed: (a) exposure routes; (b) frequency and dose of exposure; (c) dose-response relationships; (d) role of digestion, food processing, and the food matrix; (e) role of infection; (f) role of the gut microbiota; (g) influence of the structure and physicochemical properties of the protein; and (h) the genetic background and physiology of consumers. The consensus view is that sensitization screening models are not yet validated to definitively predict the de novo sensitizing potential of a novel protein. However, they would be extremely useful in the discovery and research phases of understanding the mechanisms of food allergy development, and may prove fruitful to provide information regarding potential allergenicity risk assessment of future products on a case by case basis. These data and findings were presented at a 2012 international symposium in Prague organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA
| | - Jeremy Fry
- ProImmune Limited, The Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Goodman
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte B Madsen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 19, Mørkhøj Bygade, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - André Penninks
- TNO Triskelion BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AV Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc, 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erwin L Roggen
- Novozymes AS and 3Rs Management and Consultancy, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Department SVS, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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12
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Goodman RE, Panda R, Ariyarathna H. Evaluation of endogenous allergens for the safety evaluation of genetically engineered food crops: review of potential risks, test methods, examples and relevance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8317-32. [PMID: 23848840 DOI: 10.1021/jf400952y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The safety of food produced from genetically engineered (GE) crops is assessed for potential risks of food allergy on the basis of an international consensus guideline outlined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). The assessment focuses on evaluation of the potential allergenicity of the newly expressed protein(s) as the primary potential risk using a process that markedly limits risks to allergic consumers. However, Codex also recommended evaluating a second concern, potential increases in endogenous allergens of commonly allergenic food crops that might occur due to insertion of the gene. Unfortunately, potential risks and natural variation of endogenous allergens in non-GE varieties are not understood, and risks from increases have not been demonstrated. Because regulatory approvals in some countries are delayed due to increasing demands for measuring endogenous allergens, we present a review of the potential risks of food allergy, risk management for food allergy, and test methods that may be used in these evaluations. We also present new data from our laboratory studies on the variation of the allergenic lipid transfer protein in non-GE maize hybrids as well as data from two studies of endogenous allergen comparisons for three GE soybean lines, their nearest genetic soy lines, and other commercial lines. We conclude that scientifically based limits of acceptable variation cannot been established without an understanding of natural variation in non-GE crops. Furthermore, the risks from increased allergen expression are minimal as the risk management strategy for food allergy is for allergic individuals to avoid consuming any food containing their allergenic source, regardless of the crop variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0955, United States
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13
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Nayak AP, Green BJ, Sussman G, Berlin N, Lata H, Chandra S, ElSohly MA, Hettick JM, Beezhold DH. Characterization of Cannabis sativa allergens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:32-7. [PMID: 23806457 PMCID: PMC3726218 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic sensitization to Cannabis sativa is rarely reported, but the increasing consumption of marijuana has resulted in an increase in the number of individuals who become sensitized. To date, little is known about the causal allergens associated with C sativa. OBJECTIVE To characterize marijuana allergens in different components of the C sativa plant using serum IgE from marijuana sensitized patients. METHODS Serum samples from 23 patients with a positive skin prick test result to a crude C sativa extract were evaluated. IgE reactivity was variable between patients and C sativa extracts. IgE reactivity to C sativa proteins in Western blots was heterogeneous and ranged from 10 to 70 kDa. Putative allergens derived from 2-dimensional gels were identified. RESULTS Prominent IgE reactive bands included a 23-kDa oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 and a 50-kDa protein identified to be the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Additional proteins were identified in the proteomic analysis, including those from adenosine triphosphate synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and luminal binding protein (heat shock protein 70), suggesting these proteins are potential allergens. Deglycosylation studies helped refine protein allergen identification and demonstrated significant IgE antibodies against plant oligosaccharides that could help explain cross-reactivity. CONCLUSION Identification and characterization of allergens from C sativa may be helpful in further understanding allergic sensitization to this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay P. Nayak
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Brett J. Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Gordon Sussman
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noam Berlin
- Gordon Sussman Clinical Allergy Research Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Justin M. Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Donald H. Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505
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14
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Panda R, Ariyarathna H, Amnuaycheewa P, Tetteh A, Pramod SN, Taylor SL, Ballmer-Weber BK, Goodman RE. Challenges in testing genetically modified crops for potential increases in endogenous allergen expression for safety. Allergy 2013; 68:142-51. [PMID: 23205714 DOI: 10.1111/all.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Premarket, genetically modified (GM) plants are assessed for potential risks of food allergy. The major risk would be transfer of a gene encoding an allergen or protein nearly identical to an allergen into a different food source, which can be assessed by specific serum testing. The potential that a newly expressed protein might become an allergen is evaluated based on resistance to digestion in pepsin and abundance in food fractions. If the modified plant is a common allergenic source (e.g. soybean), regulatory guidelines suggest testing for increases in the expression of endogenous allergens. Some regulators request evaluating endogenous allergens for rarely allergenic plants (e.g. maize and rice). Since allergic individuals must avoid foods containing their allergen (e.g. peanut, soybean, maize, or rice), the relevance of the tests is unclear. Furthermore, no acceptance criteria are established and little is known about the natural variation in allergen concentrations in these crops. Our results demonstrate a 15-fold difference in the major maize allergen, lipid transfer protein between nine varieties, and complex variation in IgE binding to various soybean varieties. We question the value of evaluating endogenous allergens in GM plants unless the intent of the modification was production of a hypoallergenic crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panda
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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15
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Suggested improvements for the allergenicity assessment of genetically modified plants used in foods. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011; 11:317-24. [PMID: 21487714 PMCID: PMC3130127 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) plants are increasingly used for food production and industrial applications. As the global population has surpassed 7 billion and per capita consumption rises, food production is challenged by loss of arable land, changing weather patterns, and evolving plant pests and disease. Previous gains in quantity and quality relied on natural or artificial breeding, random mutagenesis, increased pesticide and fertilizer use, and improved farming techniques, all without a formal safety evaluation. However, the direct introduction of novel genes raised questions regarding safety that are being addressed by an evaluation process that considers potential increases in the allergenicity, toxicity, and nutrient availability of foods derived from the GM plants. Opinions vary regarding the adequacy of the assessment, but there is no documented proof of an adverse effect resulting from foods produced from GM plants. This review and opinion discusses current practices and new regulatory demands related to food safety.
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Green BJ, Cummings KJ, Rittenour WR, Hettick JM, Bledsoe TA, Blachere FM, Siegel PD, Gaughan DM, Kullman GJ, Kreiss K, Cox-Ganser J, Beezhold DH. Occupational sensitization to soy allergens in workers at a processing facility. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1022-30. [PMID: 21545549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to soy antigens has been associated with asthma in community outbreaks and in some workplaces. Recently, 135 soy flake processing workers (SPWs) in a Tennessee facility were evaluated for immune reactivity to soy. Allergic sensitization to soy was common and was five times more prevalent than in health care worker controls (HCWs) with no known soy exposure. OBJECTIVE To characterize sensitization to soy allergens in SPWs. METHODS Sera that were positive to soy ImmunoCAP (n=27) were tested in IgE immunoblots. Wild-type (WT) and transgenic (TG) antigens were sequenced using nanoscale Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (nanoUPLC MS/MS). IgE reactivity towards 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (CP4-EPSP), a protein found in TG soy, was additionally investigated. De-identified sera from 50 HCWs were used as a control. RESULTS Immunoblotting of WT and TG soy flake extracts revealed IgE against multiple soy antigens with reactivity towards 48, 54, and 62 kDa bands being the most common. The prominent proteins that bound SPW IgE were identified by nanoUPLC MS/MS analysis to be the high molecular weight soybean storage proteins, β-conglycinin (Gly m 5), and Glycinin (Gly m 6). No specific IgE reactivity could be detected to lower molecular weight soy allergens, Gly m 1 and Gly m 2, in soybean hull (SH) extracts. IgE reactivity was comparable between WT and TG extracts; however, IgE antibodies to CP4-EPSP could not be detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SPWs with specific IgE to soy reacted most commonly with higher molecular weight soybean storage proteins compared with the lower molecular weight SH allergens identified in community asthma studies. IgE reactivity was comparable between WT and TG soy extracts, while no IgE reactivity to CP4-EPSP was observed. High molecular weight soybean storage allergens, Gly m 5 and Gly m 6, may be respiratory sensitizers in occupational exposed SPWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888,
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Scientific Opinion on applications (EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐40‐3‐2[8‐1a/20‐1a], EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐40‐3‐2) for renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1) food containing, consisting of, or produced from genetically modified soybean 40‐3‐2; (2) feed containing, consisting of, or produced from soybean 40‐3‐2; (3) other products containing or consisting of soybean 40‐3‐2 with the exception of cultivation, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Utility of animal models for predicting human allergenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:S46-51. [PMID: 19186207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of protein structures has led to a better understanding of allergens, their structure/function relationship, and can be very powerful in identifying protein sequences with significant structural similarity to known allergens. However, for scientists, regulators and food manufacturers there exists a need for acquiring additional data on potential allergenicity of proteins, particularly, biotechnology derived molecules in food products for which minimal or no prior human exposure information is available. Since human exposure testing, while direct, is unacceptable, understanding allergy in animals has been used to investigate the allergic response on a molecular level as well as test the potential in vivo allergenicity of food proteins. Rodents seem to be the most likely candidate for assessing allergenicity. For development of an animal test system for allergenicity characterization and testing, a number of criteria are required for qualification for a model of human allergy including acceptable immunization protocols, allergic response measurements, and for standardization and validation of materials and procedures. If an animal test system can minimally provide a basis for measuring the relative physiological response to known allergens, this should be enough to establish a model that produces a relative measure of potential allergenicity. Our article will consider development of an adequate animal model for allergenicity determination that can be validated as a tool in safety assessments.
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Analytical criteria for performance characteristics of IgE binding methods for evaluating safety of biotech food products. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 10:S15-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Model systems. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:276-85. [PMID: 18560306 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328303e104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goodman RE. Performing IgE serum testing due to bioinformatics matches in the allergenicity assessment of GM crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 10:S24-34. [PMID: 18715545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteins introduced into genetically modified (GM) organisms through genetic engineering must be evaluated for their potential to cause allergic disease under various national laws and regulations. The Codex Alimentarius Commission guidance document (2003) calls for testing of serum IgE binding to the introduced protein if the gene was from an allergenic source, or the sequence of the transferred protein has >35% identity in any segment of 80 or more amino acids to a known allergen or shares significant short amino acid identities. The Codex guidance recognized that the assessment will evolve based on new scientific knowledge. Arguably, the current criteria are too conservative as discussed in this paper and they do not provide practical guidance on serum testing. The goals of this paper are: (1) to summarize evidence supporting the level of identity that indicates potential risk of cross-reactivity for those with existing allergies; (2) to provide example bioinformatics results and discuss their interpretation using published examples of proteins expressed in transgenic crops; and (3) to discuss key factors of experimental design and methodology for serum IgE tests to minimize the rate of false negative and false positive identification of potential allergens and cross-reactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss studies on soy allergy. RECENT FINDINGS In Central Europe soy is a clinically relevant birch pollen-related allergenic food. Crossreaction is mediated by a Bet v 1 homologous protein, Gly m 4. Additionally, birch pollen allergic patients might acquire through Bet v 1 sensitization allergies to mungbean or peanut, in which Vig r 1 and Ara h 8 are the main cross-reactive allergens. Threshold doses in soy allergic individuals range from 10 mg to 50 g of soy and are more than one order of magnitude higher than in peanut allergy. No evidence was found for increased allergenicity of genetically modified soybeans. SUMMARY In Europe, both primary and pollen-related food allergy exist. The diagnosis of legume allergy in birch pollen-sensitized patients should not be excluded on a negative IgE testing to legume extracts. Bet v 1 related allergens are often underrepresented in extracts. Gly m 4 from soy and Ara h 8 from peanut are nowadays commercially available and are recommended in birch pollen allergic patients with suspicion of soy or peanut allergy, but negative extract-based diagnostic tests to screen for IgE specific to these recombinant allergens.
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