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Graafen D, Müller L, Halfmann MC, Stoehr F, Foerster F, Düber C, Yang Y, Emrich T, Kloeckner R. Soft Reconstruction Kernels Improve HCC Imaging on a Photon-Counting Detector CT. Acad Radiol 2023; 30 Suppl 1:S143-S154. [PMID: 37095047 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the only tumor entity that allows non-invasive diagnosis based on imaging without further histological proof. Therefore, excellent image quality is of utmost importance for HCC diagnosis. Novel photon-counting detector (PCD) CT improves image quality via noise reduction and higher spatial resolution, inherently providing spectral information. The aim of this study was to investigate these improvements for HCC imaging with triple-phase liver PCD-CT in a phantom and patient population study focusing on identification of the optimal reconstruction kernel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phantom experiments were performed to analyze objective quality characteristics of the regular body and quantitative reconstruction kernels, each with four sharpness levels (36-40-44-48). For 24 patients with viable HCC lesions on PCD-CT, virtual monoenergetic images at 50 keV were reconstructed using these kernels. Quantitative image analysis included contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and edge sharpness. Three raters performed qualitative analyses evaluating noise, contrast, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality. RESULTS In all contrast phases, the CNR was highest using the kernels with a sharpness level of 36 (all p < 0.05), with no significant influence on lesion sharpness. Softer reconstruction kernels were also rated better regarding noise and image quality (all p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in image contrast and lesion conspicuity. Comparing body and quantitative kernels with equal sharpness levels, there was no difference in image quality criteria, neither regarding in vitro nor in vivo analysis. CONCLUSION Soft reconstruction kernels yield the best overall quality for the evaluation of HCC in PCD-CT. As the image quality of quantitative kernels with potential for spectral post-processing is not restricted compared to regular body kernels, they should be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Graafen
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.).
| | - L Müller
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.)
| | - M C Halfmann
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (M.C.H., T.E.)
| | - F Stoehr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.)
| | - F Foerster
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (F.F.)
| | - C Düber
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.)
| | - Y Yang
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.)
| | - T Emrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (M.C.H., T.E.); Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (T.E.)
| | - R Kloeckner
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (D.G., L.M., M.C.H., F.S., C.D., Y.Y., T.E., R.K.)
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Terzis R, Reimer RP, Nelles C, Celik E, Caldeira L, Heidenreich A, Storz E, Maintz D, Zopfs D, Große Hokamp N. Deep-Learning-Based Image Denoising in Imaging of Urolithiasis: Assessment of Image Quality and Comparison to State-of-the-Art Iterative Reconstructions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2821. [PMID: 37685359 PMCID: PMC10486912 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the image quality and diagnostic accuracy of deep-learning-based image denoising reconstructions (DLIDs) to established iterative reconstructed algorithms in low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) of patients with suspected urolithiasis. LDCTs (CTDIvol, 2 mGy) of 76 patients (age: 40.3 ± 5.2 years, M/W: 51/25) with suspected urolithiasis were retrospectively included. Filtered-back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative and model-based iterative reconstruction (HIR/MBIR, respectively) were reconstructed. FBP images were processed using a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved DLID. ROIs were placed in renal parenchyma, fat, muscle and urinary bladder. Signal- and contrast-to-noise ratios (SNR/CNR, respectively) were calculated. Two radiologists evaluated image quality on five-point Likert scales and urinary stones. The results showed a progressive decrease in image noise from FBP, HIR and DLID to MBIR with significant differences between each method (p < 0.05). SNR and CNR were comparable between MBIR and DLID, while it was significantly lower in HIR followed by FBP (e.g., SNR: 1.5 ± 0.3; 1.4 ± 0.4; 1.0 ± 0.3; 0.7 ± 0.2, p < 0.05). Subjective analysis confirmed best image quality in MBIR, followed by DLID and HIR, both being superior to FBP (p < 0.05). Diagnostic accuracy for urinary stone detection was best using MBIR (0.94), lowest using FBP (0.84) and comparable between DLID (0.90) and HIR (0.90). Stone size measurements were consistent between all reconstructions and showed excellent correlation (r2 = 0.958-0.975). In conclusion, MBIR yielded the highest image quality and diagnostic accuracy, with DLID producing better results than HIR and FBP in image quality and matching HIR in diagnostic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Terzis
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Robert Peter Reimer
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Christian Nelles
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Erkan Celik
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Liliana Caldeira
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, Uro-Oncology, Robot-Assisted and Specialized Urologic Surger, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Enno Storz
- Department of Urology, Uro-Oncology, Robot-Assisted and Specialized Urologic Surger, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - David Maintz
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - David Zopfs
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Nils Große Hokamp
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany (D.M.); (D.Z.)
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Graafen D, Stoehr F, Halfmann MC, Emrich T, Foerster F, Yang Y, Düber C, Müller L, Kloeckner R. Quantum iterative reconstruction on a photon-counting detector CT improves the quality of hepatocellular carcinoma imaging. Cancer Imaging 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 37480062 PMCID: PMC10362630 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-023-00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excellent image quality is crucial for workup of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with liver cirrhosis because a signature tumor signal allows for non-invasive diagnosis without histologic proof. Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) can enhance abdominal image quality, especially in combination with a novel iterative reconstruction algorithm, quantum iterative reconstruction (QIR). The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of different QIR levels on PCD-CT imaging of HCC in both phantom and patient scans. METHODS Virtual monoenergetic images at 50 keV were reconstructed using filtered back projection and all available QIR levels (QIR 1-4). Objective image quality properties were investigated in phantom experiments. The study also included 44 patients with triple-phase liver PCD-CT scans of viable HCC lesions. Quantitative image analysis involved assessing the noise, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio of the lesions. Qualitative image analysis was performed by three raters evaluating noise, artifacts, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS Noise power spectra in the phantom experiments showed increasing noise suppression with higher QIR levels without affecting the modulation transfer function. This pattern was confirmed in the in vivo scans, in which the lowest noise levels were found in QIR-4 reconstructions, with around a 50% reduction in median noise level compared with the filtered back projection images. As contrast does not change with QIR, QIR-4 also yielded the highest contrast-to-noise ratios. With increasing QIR levels, rater scores were significantly better for all qualitative image criteria (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Without compromising image sharpness, the best image quality of iodine contrast optimized low-keV virtual monoenergetic images can be achieved using the highest QIR level to suppress noise. Using these settings as standard reconstruction for HCC in PCD-CT imaging might improve diagnostic accuracy and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Graafen
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fabian Stoehr
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz C Halfmann
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tilman Emrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Friedrich Foerster
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Düber
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Müller
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Kloeckner
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Funama Y, Nakaura T, Hasegawa A, Sakabe D, Oda S, Kidoh M, Nagayama Y, Hirai T. Noise power spectrum properties of deep learning-based reconstruction and iterative reconstruction algorithms: Phantom and clinical study. Eur J Radiol 2023; 165:110914. [PMID: 37295358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the noise power spectrum (NPS) properties and perform a qualitative analysis of hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR), model-based IR (MBIR), and deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) at a similar noise level in clinical study and compare these outcomes with those in phantom study. METHODS A Catphan phantom with an external body ring was used in the phantom study. In the clinical study, computed tomography (CT) examination data of 34 patients were reviewed. NPS was calculated from DLR, hybrid IR, and MBIR images. The noise magnitude ratio (NMR) and the central frequency ratio (CFR) were calculated from DLR, hybrid IR, and MBIR images relative to filtered back-projection images using NPS. Clinical images were independently reviewed by two radiologists. RESULTS In the phantom study, DLR with a mild level had a similar noise level as hybrid IR and MBIR with strong levels. In the clinical study, DLR with a mild level had a similar noise level as hybrid IR with standard and MBIR with strong levels. The NMR and CFR were 0.40 and 0.76 for DLR, 0.42 and 0.55 for hybrid IR, and 0.48 and 0.62 for MBIR. The visual inspection of the clinical DLR image was superior to that of the hybrid IR and MBIR images. CONCLUSION Deep learning-based reconstruction improves overall image quality with substantial noise reduction while maintaining image noise texture compared with the CT reconstruction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Funama
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Nakaura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- Department of Radiological Technology, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan; AlgoMedica, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Daisuke Sakabe
- Department of Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seitaro Oda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kidoh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nagayama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Sandbukt Johnsen AM, Fenn JM, Henning MK, Hauge IH. Optimization of chest CT protocols based on pixel image matrix, kernels and iterative reconstruction levels - A phantom study. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:752-759. [PMID: 37229844 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the impact of high matrix image reconstruction in combination with different reconstruction kernels and levels of iterative reconstructions on image quality in chest CT. METHODS An anthropomorphic chest phantom (Kyoto Kagaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), and a Catphan® 600 (The Phantom Laboratory, Greenwich, NY, USA) phantom were scanned using a dual source scanner. Standard institutional protocol with 512 × 512 matrix was used as a reference. Reconstructions were performed for 768 × 768 and 1024 × 1024 matrices and all possible combinations of three different kernels and five levels of iterative reconstructions were included. Signal difference to noise ratio (SdNR) and line pairs per cm (lp/cm) were manually measured. A Linear regression model was applied for objective image analysis (SdNR) and inter-and intra-reader agreement was given as Cohen's kappa for the visual image assessment. RESULTS Matrix size did not have a significant impact on SdNR (p = 0.595). Kernel (p = 0.014) and ADMIRE level (p = 0.001) had a statistically significant impact on SdNR. The spatial resolution ranged from 7 lp/cm to 9 lp/cm. The highest spatial resolution was achieved using kernel Br64 and ADMIRE 1, 2 and 3 in both 768- and 1024-matrices, and with Br59 with ADMIRE 2 and 4 and 768-matrix, all visualizing 9 lp/cm. Both readers scored kernel Br59 highest, and the scoring increased with increasing levels of Iterative Reconstruction. CONCLUSION Matrix size did not influence image quality, however, the choice of kernel and degree of IR had an impact on objective and visual image quality in 768 - and 1024-matrices, suggesting that increased degree of IR may improve diagnostic image quality in chest CT. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Image quality in CT of the lung may be improved by increasing the level of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Sandbukt Johnsen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 48, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - J M Fenn
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - M K Henning
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 48, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - I H Hauge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 48, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
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Nikolau EP, Toia GV, Nett B, Tang J, Szczykutowicz TP. A Characterization of Deep Learning Reconstruction Applied to Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Monochromatic and Material Basis Images. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2023; 47:437-444. [PMID: 36944100 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advancements in computed tomography (CT) reconstruction have enabled image quality improvements and dose reductions. Previous advancements have included iterative and model-based reconstruction. The latest image reconstruction advancement uses deep learning, which has been evaluated for polychromatic imaging only. This article characterizes a commercially available deep learning imaging reconstruction applied to dual-energy CT. METHODS Monochromatic, iodine basis, and water basis images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), iterative (ASiR-V), and deep learning (DLIR) methods in a phantom experiment. Slice thickness, contrast-to-noise ratio, modulation transfer function, and noise power spectrum metrics were used to characterize ASiR-V and DLIR relative to FBP over a range of dose levels, phantom sizes, and iodine concentrations. RESULTS Slice thicknesses for ASiR-V and DLIR demonstrated no statistically significant difference relative to FBP for all measurement conditions. Contrast-to-noise ratio performance for DLIR-high and ASiR-V 40% at 2 mg I/mL on 40-keV images were 162% and 30% higher than FBP, respectively. Task-based modulation transfer function measurements demonstrated no clinically significant change between FBP and ASiR-V and DLIR on monochromatic or iodine basis images. CONCLUSIONS Deep learning image reconstruction enabled better image quality at lower monochromatic energies and on iodine basis images where image contrast is maximized relative to polychromatic or high-energy monochromatic images. Deep learning image reconstruction did not demonstrate thicker slices, decreased spatial resolution, or poor noise texture (ie, "plastic") relative to FBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe V Toia
- Radiology University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Brian Nett
- GE Healthcare, Waukesha Wisconsin, Waukesha; and
| | - Jie Tang
- GE Healthcare, Waukesha Wisconsin, Waukesha; and
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A Review of Deep Learning CT Reconstruction: Concepts, Limitations, and Promise in Clinical Practice. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-022-00399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Deep Learning reconstruction (DLR) is the current state-of-the-art method for CT image formation. Comparisons to existing filter back-projection, iterative, and model-based reconstructions are now available in the literature. This review summarizes the prior reconstruction methods, introduces DLR, and then reviews recent findings from DLR from a physics and clinical perspective.
Recent Findings
DLR has been shown to allow for noise magnitude reductions relative to filtered back-projection without suffering from “plastic” or “blotchy” noise texture that was found objectionable with most iterative and model-based solutions. Clinically, early reader studies have reported increases in subjective quality scores and studies have successfully implemented DLR-enabled dose reductions.
Summary
The future of CT image reconstruction is bright; deep learning methods have only started to tackle problems in this space via addressing noise reduction. Artifact mitigation and spectral applications likely be future candidates for DLR applications.
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Steuwe A, Valentin B, Bethge OT, Ljimani A, Niegisch G, Antoch G, Aissa J. Influence of a Deep Learning Noise Reduction on the CT Values, Image Noise and Characterization of Kidney and Ureter Stones. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071627. [PMID: 35885532 PMCID: PMC9317055 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-learning (DL) noise reduction techniques in computed tomography (CT) are expected to reduce the image noise while maintaining the clinically relevant information in reduced dose acquisitions. This study aimed to assess the size, attenuation, and objective image quality of reno-ureteric stones denoised using DL-software in comparison to traditionally reconstructed low-dose abdominal CT-images and evaluated its clinical impact. In this institutional review-board-approved retrospective study, 45 patients with renal and/or ureteral stones were included. All patients had undergone abdominal CT between August 2019 and October 2019. CT-images were reconstructed using the following three methods: filtered back-projection, iterative reconstruction, and PixelShine (DL-software) with both sharp and soft kernels. Stone size, CT attenuation, and objective image quality (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)) were evaluated and compared using Bonferroni-corrected Friedman tests. Objective image quality was measured in six regions-of-interest. Stone size ranged between 4.4 × 3.1−4.4 × 3.2 mm (sharp kernel) and 5.1 × 3.8−5.6 × 4.2 mm (soft kernel). Mean attenuation ranged between 704−717 Hounsfield Units (HU) (soft kernel) and 915−1047 HU (sharp kernel). Differences in measured stone sizes were ≤1.3 mm. DL-processed images resulted in significantly higher CNR and SNR values (p < 0.001) by decreasing image noise significantly (p < 0.001). DL-software significantly improved objective image quality while maintaining both correct stone size and CT-attenuation values. Therefore, the clinical impact of stone assessment in denoised image data sets remains unchanged. Through the relevant noise suppression, the software additionally offers the potential to further reduce radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Steuwe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-211-81-18897
| | - Birte Valentin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Oliver T. Bethge
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Alexandra Ljimani
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Gerald Antoch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Joel Aissa
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany; (B.V.); (O.T.B.); (A.L.); (G.A.); (J.A.)
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Thomas MA, Meier JG, Mawlawi OR, Sun P, Pan T. Impact of acquisition time and misregistration with CT on data-driven gated PET. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac5f73. [PMID: 35313286 PMCID: PMC9128538 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac5f73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Data-driven gating (DDG) can address patient motion issues and enhance PET quantification but suffers from increased image noise from utilization of <100% of PET data. Misregistration between DDG-PET and CT may also occur, altering the potential benefits of gating. Here, the effects of PET acquisition time and CT misregistration were assessed with a combined DDG-PET/DDG-CT technique.Approach. In the primary PET bed with lesions of interest and likely respiratory motion effects, PET acquisition time was extended to 12 min and a low-dose cine CT was acquired to enable DDG-CT. Retrospective reconstructions were created for both non-gated (NG) and DDG-PET using 30 s to 12 min of PET data. Both the standard helical CT and DDG-CT were used for attenuation correction of DDG-PET data. SUVmax, SUVpeak, and CNR were compared for 45 lesions in the liver and lung from 27 cases.Main results. For both NG-PET (p= 0.0041) and DDG-PET (p= 0.0028), only the 30 s acquisition time showed clear SUVmaxbias relative to the 3 min clinical standard. SUVpeakshowed no bias at any change in acquisition time. DDG-PET alone increased SUVmaxby 15 ± 20% (p< 0.0001), then was increased further by an additional 15 ± 29% (p= 0.0007) with DDG-PET/CT. Both 3 min and 6 min DDG-PET had lesion CNR statistically equivalent to 3 min NG-PET, but then increased at 12 min by 28 ± 48% (p= 0.0022). DDG-PET/CT at 6 min had comparable counts to 3 min NG-PET, but significantly increased CNR by 39 ± 46% (p< 0.0001).Significance. 50% counts DDG-PET did not lead to inaccurate or biased SUV-increased SUV resulted from gating. Improved registration from DDG-CT was equally as important as motion correction with DDG-PET for increasing SUV in DDG-PET/CT. Lesion detectability could be significantly improved when DDG-PET used equivalent counts to NG-PET, but only when combined with DDG-CT in DDG-PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Allan Thomas
- Department of Imaging Physics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Joseph G. Meier
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Osama R. Mawlawi
- Department of Imaging Physics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Imaging Physics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tinsu Pan
- Department of Imaging Physics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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Adamson PM, Bhattbhatt V, Principi S, Beriwal S, Strain LS, Offe M, Wang AS, Vo N, Schmidt TG, Jordan P. Technical note: Evaluation of a V‐Net autosegmentation algorithm for pediatric CT scans: Performance, generalizability and application to patient‐specific CT dosimetry. Med Phys 2022; 49:2342-2354. [PMID: 35128672 PMCID: PMC9007850 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study developed and evaluated a fully convolutional network (FCN) for pediatric CT organ segmentation and investigated the generalizability of the FCN across image heterogeneities such as CT scanner model protocols and patient age. We also evaluated the autosegmentation models as part of a software tool for patient-specific CT dose estimation. METHODS A collection of 359 pediatric CT datasets with expert organ contours were used for model development and evaluation. Autosegmentation models were trained for each organ using a modified FCN 3D V-Net. An independent test set of 60 patients was withheld for testing. To evaluate the impact of CT scanner model protocol and patient age heterogeneities, separate models were trained using a subset of scanner model protocols and pediatric age groups. Train and test sets were split to answer questions about the generalizability of pediatric FCN autosegmentation models to unseen age groups and scanner model protocols, as well as the merit of scanner model protocol or age-group-specific models. Finally, the organ contours resulting from the autosegmentation models were applied to patient-specific dose maps to evaluate the impact of segmentation errors on organ dose estimation. RESULTS Results demonstrate that the autosegmentation models generalize to CT scanner acquisition and reconstruction methods which were not present in the training dataset. While models are not equally generalizable across age groups, age-group-specific models do not hold any advantage over combining heterogeneous age groups into a single training set. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean surface distance results are presented for 19 organ structures, for example, median DSC of 0.52 (duodenum), 0.74 (pancreas), 0.92 (stomach), and 0.96 (heart). The FCN models achieve a mean dose error within 5% of expert segmentations for all 19 organs except for the spinal canal, where the mean error was 6.31%. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results are promising for the adoption of FCN autosegmentation models for pediatric CT, including applications for patient-specific CT dose estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Principi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53201 United States
| | | | - Linda S. Strain
- Department of Radiology Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53226 United States
| | - Michael Offe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53201 United States
| | - Adam S. Wang
- Department of Radiology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 United States
| | - Nghia‐Jack Vo
- Department of Radiology Children's Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53226 United States
| | - Taly Gilat Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53201 United States
| | - Petr Jordan
- Varian Medical Systems Palo Alto CA 94304 United States
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11
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Hasegawa A, Ishihara T, Thomas MA, Pan T. Noise reduction profile: A new method for evaluation of noise reduction techniques in CT. Med Phys 2021; 49:186-200. [PMID: 34837717 PMCID: PMC9300212 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Noise power spectrum (NPS) is a commonly used performance metric to evaluate noise‐reduction techniques (NRT) in imaging systems. The images reconstructed with and without an NRT can be compared via their NPS to better understand the NRT's effects on image noise. However, when comparing NPSs, simple visual assessments or a comparison of NPS peaks or medians are often used. These assessments make it difficult to objectively evaluate the effect of noise reduction across all spatial frequencies. In this work, we propose a new noise reduction profile (NRP) to facilitate a more complete and objective evaluation of NPSs for a range of NRTs used specifically in computed tomography (CT). Methods and materials The homogeneous section of the ACR or Catphan phantoms was scanned on different CT scanners equipped with the following NRTs: AIDR3D, AiCE, ASiR, ASiR‐V, TrueFidelity, iDose, SAFIRE, and ADMIRE. The images were then reconstructed with all strengths of each NRT in reference to the baseline filtered back projection (FBP) images. One set of the baseline FBP images was also processed with PixelShine, an NRT based on artificial intelligence. The NPSs of the images before and after noise reduction were calculated in both the xy‐plane and along the z‐direction. The difference in the logarithmic scale between each NPS (baseline FBP and NRT) was then calculated and deemed the NRP. Furthermore, the relationship between the NRP and NPS peak positions was mathematically analyzed. Results Each NRT has its own unique NRP. By comparing the NPS and NRP for each NRT, it was found that NRP is related to the peak shift of NPS. Additionally, under the assumption that the NPS has one peak and is differentiable, a relationship was mathematically derived between the slope of the NRP at the peak position of the NPS before noise reduction and the shift of the NPS peak position after noise reduction. Conclusions A new metric, NRP, was proposed based on NPS to objectively evaluate and compare methods for noise reduction in CT. The NRP can be used to compare the effects of various NRTs on image noise in both the xy‐plane and z‐direction. It also enables unbiased assessment of the detailed noise reduction properties of each NRT over all relevant spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- Department of Radiological Technology, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan.,AlgoMedica, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Toshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Radiological Technology, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Allan Thomas
- Department of Imaging Physics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tinsu Pan
- Department of Imaging Physics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Improved precision of noise estimation in CT with a volume-based approach. Eur Radiol Exp 2021; 5:39. [PMID: 34505172 PMCID: PMC8429536 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-021-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of image noise is a relevant issue in computed tomography (CT). Noise is routinely measured by the standard deviation of density values (Hounsfield units, HU) within a circular region of interest (ROI). We explored the effect of a spherical volume of interest (VOI) on noise measurements. Forty-nine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients underwent CT with clinical protocol (regular dose [RD], volumetric CT dose index [CTDIvol] 3.04 mGy, 64-slice unit), and ultra-low dose (ULD) protocol (median CTDIvol 0.38 mGy, dual-source unit). Noise was measured in 27 1-cm2 ROIs and 27 0.75-cm3 VOIs inside the trachea. Median true noise was 21 HU (range 17-29) for RD-CT and 33 HU (26-39) for ULD-CT. The VOI approach resulted in a lower mean distance between limits of agreement compared to ROI: 5.9 versus 10.0 HU for RD-CT (-40%); 4.7 versus 9.9 HU for ULD-CT (-53%). Mean systematic bias barely changed: -1.6 versus -0.9HU for RD-CT; 0.0 to 0.4HU for ULD-CT. The average measurement time was 6.8 s (ROI) versus 9.7 (VOI), independent of dose level. For chest CT, measuring noise with a VOI-based instead of a ROI-based approach reduces variability by 40-53%, without a relevant effect on systematic bias and measurement time.
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13
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Hasegawa A, Ishihara T, Allan Thomas M, Pan T. Scanner dependence of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction with 3D noise power spectrum central frequency and noise magnitude ratios. Med Phys 2021; 48:4993-5003. [PMID: 34287936 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the noise reduction properties of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (IR) on two different CT scanners of 64 and 256-slice were compared and their differences were assessed. METHODS AND MATERIALS The homogeneous module of the ACR CT phantom was scanned on the 64 and 256 slices CT scanners from the same vendor in the range of 15-40 mA. On each scanner, the data were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and at all strengths of IR with the STANDARD kernel. For each reconstruction, a 3D noise power spectrum (NPS) was calculated and the central frequency ratio in the xy plane (CFRxy ), CFR in the z-direction (CFRz ), and noise magnitude ratio (NMR) were derived. CFR is the central frequency ratio of NPS between the denoised image and the FBP image, and NMR is the ratio of the areas under the NPS curves. Ideally, both CFRxy and CFRz should be near 1, indicating minimal texture changes in both xy and z directions, while NMR should be as close to 0 as possible, indicating more noise reduction. RESULTS When comparing strengths with equivalent impact on noise texture, IR on the 64-slice reduced the noise magnitude in the xy plane more than that on the 256-slice. In the z-direction, the IR on the 256-slice produced a central frequency shift on the 256-slice but not on the 64-slice. In addition, the noise reduction effects of the IR on the 256-slice were affected when radiation exposure was below 2.0 mGy, but there was no observable dose-dependence on the 64-slice. CONCLUSIONS Our noise property analysis revealed that iterative reconstructions on different scanner platforms from the same vendor can be distinct, with unique effects on the noise texture and magnitude in CT images. The IR on a 64-slice scanner provides slightly enhanced noise reduction and maintains a noise reduction rate independent of dose, unlike the one on a 256-slice scanner. Notably, the IR on the 64-slice scanner was a 2D noise reduction technique (NRT), while the one on the 256-slice was a 3D NRT. These observations showcase the impact of different NRTs on clinical CT images, even when comparing the same NRT on different scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- Department of Radiological Technology, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan.,AlgoMedica, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Toshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Radiological Technology, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew Allan Thomas
- Department of Imaging Physics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tinsu Pan
- Department of Imaging Physics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Nakamura Y, Higaki T, Honda Y, Tatsugami F, Tani C, Fukumoto W, Narita K, Kondo S, Akagi M, Awai K. Advanced CT techniques for assessing hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiol Med 2021; 126:925-935. [PMID: 33954894 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-021-01366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth-most common cancer in the world, and hepatic dynamic CT studies are routinely performed for its evaluation. Ongoing studies are examining advanced imaging techniques that may yield better findings than are obtained with conventional hepatic dynamic CT scanning. Dual-energy CT-, perfusion CT-, and artificial intelligence-based methods can be used for the precise characterization of liver tumors, the quantification of treatment responses, and for predicting the overall survival rate of patients. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of conventional hepatic dynamic CT imaging are reviewed and the general principles of dual-energy- and perfusion CT, and the clinical applications and limitations of these technologies are discussed with respect to HCC. Finally, we address the utility of artificial intelligence-based methods for diagnosing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Toru Higaki
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukiko Honda
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Fuminari Tatsugami
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tani
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukumoto
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keigo Narita
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shota Kondo
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Motonori Akagi
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuo Awai
- Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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15
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Weakly-supervised progressive denoising with unpaired CT images. Med Image Anal 2021; 71:102065. [PMID: 33915472 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although low-dose CT imaging has attracted a great interest due to its reduced radiation risk to the patients, it suffers from severe and complex noise. Recent fully-supervised methods have shown impressive performances on CT denoising task. However, they require a huge amount of paired normal-dose and low-dose CT images, which is generally unavailable in real clinical practice. To address this problem, we propose a weakly-supervised denoising framework that generates paired original and noisier CT images from unpaired CT images using a physics-based noise model. Our denoising framework also includes a progressive denoising module that bypasses the challenges of mapping from low-dose to normal-dose CT images directly via progressively compensating the small noise gap. To quantitatively evaluate diagnostic image quality, we present the noise power spectrum and signal detection accuracy, which are well correlated with the visual inspection. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves remarkable performances, even superior to fully-supervised CT denoising with respect to the signal detectability. Moreover, our framework increases the flexibility in data collection, allowing us to utilize any unpaired data at any dose levels.
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16
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Wisselink HJ, Pelgrim GJ, Rook M, Imkamp K, van Ooijen PMA, van den Berge M, de Bock GH, Vliegenthart R. Ultra-low-dose CT combined with noise reduction techniques for quantification of emphysema in COPD patients: An intra-individual comparison study with standard-dose CT. Eur J Radiol 2021; 138:109646. [PMID: 33721769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phantom studies in CT emphysema quantification show that iterative reconstruction and deep learning-based noise reduction (DLNR) allow lower radiation dose. We compared emphysema quantification on ultra-low-dose CT (ULDCT) with and without noise reduction, to standard-dose CT (SDCT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHOD Forty-nine COPD patients underwent ULDCT (third generation dual-source CT; 70ref-mAs, Sn-filter 100kVp; median CTDIvol 0.38 mGy) and SDCT (64-multidetector CT; 40mAs, 120kVp; CTDIvol 3.04 mGy). Scans were reconstructed with filtered backprojection (FBP) and soft kernel. For ULDCT, we also applied advanced modelled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE), levels 1/3/5, and DLNR, levels 1/3/5/9. Emphysema was quantified as Low Attenuation Value percentage (LAV%, ≤-950HU). ULDCT measures were compared to SDCT as reference standard. RESULTS For ULDCT, the median radiation dose was 84 % lower than for SDCT. Median extent of emphysema was 18.6 % for ULD-FBP and 15.4 % for SDCT (inter-quartile range: 11.8-28.4 % and 9.2 %-28.7 %, p = 0.002). Compared to SDCT, the range in limits of agreement of emphysema quantification as measure of variability was 14.4 for ULD-FBP, 11.0-13.1 for ULD-ADMIRE levels and 10.1-13.9 for ULD-DLNR levels. Optimal settings were ADMIRE 3 and DLNR 3, reducing variability of emphysema quantification by 24 % and 27 %, at slight underestimation of emphysema extent (-1.5 % and -2.9 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Ultra-low-dose CT in COPD patients allows dose reduction by 84 %. State-of-the-art noise reduction methods in ULDCT resulted in slight underestimation of emphysema compared to SDCT. Noise reduction methods (especially ADMIRE 3 and DLNR 3) reduced variability of emphysema quantification in ULDCT by up to 27 % compared to FBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Wisselink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G J Pelgrim
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Rook
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, the Netherlands; Martini Hospital Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Imkamp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - P M A van Ooijen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Vliegenthart
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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17
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Steuwe A, Weber M, Bethge OT, Rademacher C, Boschheidgen M, Sawicki LM, Antoch G, Aissa J. Influence of a novel deep-learning based reconstruction software on the objective and subjective image quality in low-dose abdominal computed tomography. Br J Radiol 2021; 94:20200677. [PMID: 33095654 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modern reconstruction and post-processing software aims at reducing image noise in CT images, potentially allowing for a reduction of the employed radiation exposure. This study aimed at assessing the influence of a novel deep-learning based software on the subjective and objective image quality compared to two traditional methods [filtered back-projection (FBP), iterative reconstruction (IR)]. METHODS In this institutional review board-approved retrospective study, abdominal low-dose CT images of 27 patients (mean age 38 ± 12 years, volumetric CT dose index 2.9 ± 1.8 mGy) were reconstructed with IR, FBP and, furthermore, post-processed using a novel software. For the three reconstructions, qualitative and quantitative image quality was evaluated by means of CT numbers, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in six different ROIs. Additionally, the reconstructions were compared using SNR, peak SNR, root mean square error and mean absolute error to assess structural differences. RESULTS On average, CT numbers varied within 1 Hounsfield unit (HU) for the three assessed methods in the assessed ROIs. In soft tissue, image noise was up to 42% lower compared to FBP and up to 27% lower to IR when applying the novel software. Consequently, SNR and CNR were highest with the novel software. For both IR and the novel software, subjective image quality was equal but higher than the image quality of FBP-images. CONCLUSION The assessed software reduces image noise while maintaining image information, even in comparison to IR, allowing for a potential dose reduction of approximately 20% in abdominal CT imaging. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE The assessed software reduces image noise by up to 27% compared to IR and 48% compared to FBP while maintaining the image information.The reduced image noise allows for a potential dose reduction of approximately 20% in abdominal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Steuwe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Weber
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Thomas Bethge
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Christin Rademacher
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Boschheidgen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lino Morris Sawicki
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Antoch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Joel Aissa
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
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18
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Rozema R, Kruitbosch HT, van Minnen B, Dorgelo B, Kraeima J, van Ooijen PMA. Iterative reconstruction and deep learning algorithms for enabling low-dose computed tomography in midfacial trauma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 132:247-254. [PMID: 34034999 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the image quality of Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE) and the PixelShine (PS) deep learning algorithm for the optimization of low-dose computed tomography protocols in midfacial trauma. STUDY DESIGN Six fresh frozen human cadaver head specimens were scanned by computed tomography using both standard and low-dose scan protocols. Three iterative reconstruction strengths were applied to reconstruct bone and soft tissue data sets and these were subsequently applied to the PS algorithm. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for each data set by using the image noise measurements of 10 consecutive image slices from a standardized region of interest template. RESULTS The low-dose scan protocol resulted in a 61.7% decrease in the radiation dose. Radiation dose reduction significantly reduced, and iterative reconstruction and the deep learning algorithm significantly improved, the CNR for bone and soft tissue data sets. The algorithms improved image quality after substantial dose reduction. The greatest improvement in SNRs and CNRs was found using the iterative reconstruction algorithm. CONCLUSION Both the ADMIRE and PS algorithms significantly improved image quality after substantial radiation dose reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romke Rozema
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Herbert T Kruitbosch
- Center for Information Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baucke van Minnen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Dorgelo
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Kraeima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M A van Ooijen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Singh R, Wu W, Wang G, Kalra MK. Artificial intelligence in image reconstruction: The change is here. Phys Med 2020; 79:113-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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