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Courtney KE, Baca R, Thompson C, Andrade G, Doran N, Jacobson A, Liu TT, Jacobus J. The effects of nicotine use during adolescence and young adulthood on gray matter cerebral blood flow estimates. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:34-43. [PMID: 37851272 PMCID: PMC10844445 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use remains prevalent in adolescence/young adulthood. The effects of NTPs on markers of brain health during this vulnerable neurodevelopmental period remain largely unknown. This report investigates associations between NTP use and gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adolescents/young adults. Adolescent/young adult (16-22 years-old) nicotine users (NTP; N = 99; 40 women) and non-users (non-NTP; N = 95; 56 women) underwent neuroimaging sessions including anatomical and optimized pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling scans. Groups were compared on whole-brain gray matter CBF estimates and their relation to age and sex at birth. Follow-up analyses assessed correlations between identified CBF clusters and NTP recency and dependence measures. Controlling for age and sex, the NTP vs. non-NTP contrast revealed a single cluster that survived thresholding which included portions of bilateral precuneus (voxel-wise alpha < 0.001, cluster-wise alpha < 0.05; ≥7 contiguous voxels). An interaction between NTP group contrast and age was observed in two clusters including regions of the left posterior cingulate (PCC)/lingual gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC): non-NTP exhibited positive correlations between CBF and age in these clusters, whereas NTP exhibited negative correlations between CBF and age. Lower CBF from these three clusters correlated with urine cotinine (rs=-0.21 - - 0.16; ps < 0.04) and nicotine dependence severity (rs=-0.16 - - 0.13; ps < 0.07). This is the first investigation of gray matter CBF in adolescent/young adult users of NTPs. The results are consistent with literature on adults showing age- and nicotine-related declines in CBF and identify the precuneus/PCC and ACC as potential key regions subserving the development of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rachel Baca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Courtney Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gianna Andrade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Finan PH, Hunt C, Keaser ML, Smith K, Lerman S, Bingham CO, Barrett F, Garland EL, Zeidan F, Seminowicz DA. Effects of Savoring Meditation on Positive Emotions and Pain-Related Brain Function: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024:104478. [PMID: 38244899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Positive emotions are a promising target for intervention in chronic pain, but mixed findings across trials to date suggest that existing interventions may not be optimized to efficiently engage the target. The aim of the current pilot mechanistic randomized controlled trial was to test the effects of a positive emotion-enhancing intervention called Savoring Meditation on pain-related neural and behavioral targets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Participants included 44 patients with a physician-confirmed diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (n = 29 included in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses), who were randomized to either Savoring Meditation or a Slow Breathing control. Both meditation interventions were brief (four 20-minute sessions). Self-report measures were collected pre-and post-intervention. An fMRI task was conducted at post-intervention, during which participants practiced the meditation technique on which they had been trained while exposed to non-painful and painful thermal stimuli. Savoring significantly reduced experimental pain intensity ratings relative to rest (P < .001). Savoring also increased cerebral blood flow in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increased connectivity between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and caudate during noxious thermal stimulation relative to Slow Breathing (z = 2.3 voxelwise, false discovery rate cluster corrected P = .05). Participants in the Savoring condition also reported significantly increased positive emotions (ps < .05) and reduced anhedonic symptoms (P < .01) from pre- to post-intervention. These findings suggest that Savoring recruits reward-enhancing corticostriatal circuits in the face of pain, and future work should extend these findings to evaluate if these mechanisms of Savoring are associated with improved clinical pain outcomes in diverse patient populations. PERSPECTIVE: Savoring Meditation is a novel positive emotion-enhancing intervention designed for patients with chronic pain. The present findings provide preliminary evidence that Savoring Meditation is acutely analgesic, and engages neural and subjective emotional targets that are relevant to pain self-management. Future work should evaluate the clinical translation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Finan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carly Hunt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Michael L Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD; Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katie Smith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sheera Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Frederick Barrett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric L Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Fadel Zeidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - David A Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD; Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD; Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Finan PH, Hunt C, Keaser ML, Smith K, Lerman S, Bingham CO, Barrett F, Garland EL, Zeidan F, Seminowicz DA. Effects of Savoring Meditation on Positive Emotions and Pain-Related Brain Function: A Mechanistic Randomized Controlled Trial in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.07.23294949. [PMID: 37732231 PMCID: PMC10508795 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.23294949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Positive emotions are a promising target for intervention in chronic pain, but mixed findings across trials to date suggest that existing interventions may not be optimized to efficiently engage the target. The aim of the current mechanistic randomized controlled trial was to test the effects of a single skill positive emotion-enhancing intervention called Savoring Meditation on pain-related neural and behavioral targets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Participants included 44 patients with a physician-confirmed diagnosis of RA (n=29 included in fMRI analyses), who were randomized to either Savoring Meditation or a Slow Breathing control. Both meditation interventions were brief (four 20-minute sessions). Self-report measures were collected pre- and post-intervention. An fMRI task was conducted at post-intervention, during which participants practiced the meditation technique on which they had been trained while exposed to non-painful and painful thermal stimuli. Relative to Slow Breathing, Savoring significantly reduced experimental pain intensity ratings relative to rest (p<.001), increased cerebral blood flow in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and increased connectivity between the vmPFC and caudate during noxious thermal stimulation (z=2.3 voxelwise, FDR cluster corrected p=0.05). Participants in the Savoring condition also reported significantly increased positive emotions (ps<.05) and reduced anhedonic symptoms (p<.01) from pre- to post-intervention. These findings suggest that that Savoring recruits reward-enhancing corticostriatal circuits in the face of pain, and future work should extend these findings to evaluate if these mechanisms of Savoring are associated with improved clinical pain outcomes in diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H. Finan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Carly Hunt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Michael L. Keaser
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore
| | - Katie Smith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Sheera Lerman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Clifton O. Bingham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Frederick Barrett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Eric L. Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah
| | - Fadel Zeidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego
| | - David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario
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Hays Weeks CC, Zlatar ZZ, Meloy MJ, Shin DD, Thomas L, Wierenga CE. APOE Genotype Modifies the Association of Fusiform Gyrus Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Object Naming Performance. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1371-1383. [PMID: 36641668 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele confers risk for age and Alzheimer's disease related cognitive decline but the mechanistic link remains poorly understood. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response in the fusiform gyrus (FG) during object naming appears greater among APOEɛ4 carriers even in the face of equivalent cognitive performance, suggesting neural compensation. However, BOLD is susceptible to known age and APOE-related vascular changes that could confound its interpretation. OBJECTIVE To address this limitation, we used calibrated fMRI during an object naming task and a hypercapnic challenge to obtain a more direct measure of neural function - percent change cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (%ΔCMRO2). METHODS Participants were 45 older adults without dementia (28 ɛ4-, 17 ɛ4+) between the ages of 65 and 85. We examined APOE-related differences in %ΔCMRO2 in the FG during object naming and the extent to which APOE modified associations between FG %ΔCMRO2 and object naming accuracy. Exploratory analyses also tested the hypothesis that %ΔCMRO2 is less susceptible to vascular compromise than are measures of %ΔCBF and %ΔBOLD. RESULTS We observed a modifying role of APOE on associations between FG %ΔCMRO2 and cognition, with ɛ4 carriers (but not non-carriers) demonstrating a positive association between right FG %ΔCMRO2 and object naming accuracy. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the relationship between neural function and cognition is altered among older adult APOEɛ4 carriers prior to the onset of dementia, implicating CMRO2 response as a potential mechanism to support cognition in APOE-related AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea C Hays Weeks
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - M J Meloy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Liu Thomas
- Department of Radiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Saïb G, Koretsky AP, Talagala SL. Optimization of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling using off-resonance compensation strategies at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1720-1730. [PMID: 34775619 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sensitivity of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) to off-resonance effects (ΔB0 ) is a major limitation at ultra-high field (≥7T). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different PCASL ΔB0 compensation methods at 7T and measure the labeling efficiency with off-resonance correction. THEORY AND METHODS Phase offset errors induced by ΔB0 at the feeding arteries can be compensated by adding an extra radiofrequency (RF) phase increment and transverse gradient blips into the PCASL RF pulse train. The effectiveness of an average field correction (AVGcor), a vessel-specific field-map-based correction (FMcor) and a vessel-specific prescan-based correction (PScor) were compared at 7T. After correction, the PCASL labeling efficiency was directly measured in feeding arteries downstream from the labeling location. RESULTS The perfusion signal was more uniform throughout the brain after off-resonance correction. Whole-brain average perfusion signal increased by a factor of 2.4, 2.5, and 2.1, respectively, with AVGcor, FMcor and PScor compared to acquisitions without correction. With off-resonance correction, the maximum labeling efficiency was ~0.68 at mean B1 (B1mean ) of 0.70 µT when using a mean gradient (Gmean ) of 0.25 mT/m. CONCLUSION Either a prescan or a field map can be used to correct for off-resonance effects and retrieve a good brain perfusion signal at 7T. Although the three methods performed well in this study, FMcor may be better suited for patient studies because it accounted for vessel-specific ΔB0 variations. Further improvements in image quality will be possible by optimizing the labeling efficiency with advanced hardware and software while satisfying specific absorption rate constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Saïb
- NINDS/LFMI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- NINDS/LFMI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abbott NT, Baker CJ, Chen C, Liu TT, Love TE. Defining Hypoperfusion in Chronic Aphasia: An Individualized Thresholding Approach. Brain Sci 2021; 11:491. [PMID: 33924446 PMCID: PMC8070458 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the aphasia literature, it is common to link location of lesioned brain tissue to specific patterns of language impairment. This has provided valuable insight into the relationship between brain structure and function, but it does not capture important underlying alterations in function of regions that remain structurally intact. Research has demonstrated that in the chronic stage of aphasia, variable patterns of reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF; hypoperfusion) in structurally intact regions of the brain contribute to persisting language impairments. However, one consistent issue in this literature is a lack of clear consensus on how to define hypoperfusion, which may lead to over- or underestimation of tissue functionality. In the current study, we conducted an exploratory analysis in six individuals with chronic aphasia (>1 year post-onset) using perfusion imaging to (1) suggest a new, individualized metric for defining hypoperfusion; (2) identify the extent of hypoperfused tissue in perilesional bands; and (3) explore the relationship between hypoperfusion and language impairment. Results indicated that our individualized metric for defining hypoperfusion provided greater precision when identifying functionally impaired tissue and its effects on language function in chronic aphasia. These results have important implications for intervention approaches that target intact (or impaired) brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle T. Abbott
- San Diego State University and University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.J.B.); (T.E.L.)
| | - Carolyn J. Baker
- San Diego State University and University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.J.B.); (T.E.L.)
| | - Conan Chen
- Center for Functional MRI and Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.C.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Thomas T. Liu
- Center for Functional MRI and Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (C.C.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Tracy E. Love
- San Diego State University and University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.J.B.); (T.E.L.)
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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7
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Zhao MY, Fan AP, Chen DYT, Sokolska MJ, Guo J, Ishii Y, Shin DD, Khalighi MM, Holley D, Halbert K, Otte A, Williams B, Rostami T, Park JH, Shen B, Zaharchuk G. Cerebrovascular reactivity measurements using simultaneous 15O-water PET and ASL MRI: Impacts of arterial transit time, labeling efficiency, and hematocrit. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117955. [PMID: 33716155 PMCID: PMC8272558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the capacity of the brain to meet changing physiological demands and can predict the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. CVR can be obtained by measuring the change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during a brain stress test where CBF is altered by a vasodilator such as acetazolamide. Although the gold standard to quantify CBF is PET imaging, the procedure is invasive and inaccessible to most patients. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a non-invasive and quantitative MRI method to measure CBF, and a consensus guideline has been published for the clinical application of ASL. Despite single post labeling delay (PLD) pseudo-continuous ASL (PCASL) being the recommended ASL technique for CBF quantification, it is sensitive to variations to the arterial transit time (ATT) and labeling efficiency induced by the vasodilator in CVR studies. Multi-PLD ASL controls for the changes in ATT, and velocity selective ASL is in theory insensitive to both ATT and labeling efficiency. Here we investigate CVR using simultaneous 15O-water PET and ASL MRI data from 19 healthy subjects. CVR and CBF measured by the ASL techniques were compared using PET as the reference technique. The impacts of blood T1 and labeling efficiency on ASL were assessed using individual measurements of hematocrit and flow velocity data of the carotid and vertebral arteries measured using phase-contrast MRI. We found that multi-PLD PCASL is the ASL technique most consistent with PET for CVR quantification (group mean CVR of the whole brain = 42 ± 19% and 40 ± 18% respectively). Single-PLD ASL underestimated the CVR of the whole brain significantly by 15 ± 10% compared with PET (p<0.01, paired t-test). Changes in ATT pre- and post-acetazolamide was the principal factor affecting ASL-based CVR quantification. Variations in labeling efficiency and blood T1 had negligible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moss Y Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Audrey P Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Medical University - Shuan-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Magdalena J Sokolska
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Yosuke Ishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Dawn Holley
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kim Halbert
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Otte
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Brittney Williams
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Taghi Rostami
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jun-Hyung Park
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bin Shen
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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Courtney KE, Baca R, Doran N, Jacobson A, Liu TT, Jacobus J. The effects of nicotine and cannabis co-use during adolescence and young adulthood on white matter cerebral blood flow estimates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3615-3624. [PMID: 32803367 PMCID: PMC7686080 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Co-use of cannabis and nicotine is common among adolescents/young adults and is associated with poorer psychological and physical outcomes, compared with single substance use. Little is known about the impact of co-use on the developing brain. OBJECTIVES Preliminary investigation of the effects of nicotine on white matter (WM) cerebral blood flow (CBF) in adolescents/young adults and its potential moderation by cannabis use. METHODS Adolescent/young adult (16-22 years old) nicotine and tobacco product users (NTP; N = 37) and non-nicotine users (non-NTP; N = 26) underwent a neuroimaging session comprised of anatomical, optimized pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling, and diffusion tensor imaging scans. Groups were compared on whole-brain WM CBF estimates and their relation to past-year cannabis use. Follow-up analyses assessed correlations between identified CBF clusters and corresponding fractional anisotropy (FA) values. RESULTS Group by cannabis effects were observed in five clusters (voxel-wise alpha < 0.001, cluster-wise alpha < 0.05; ≥ 11 contiguous voxels): non-NTP exhibited positive correlations between CBF and cannabis use in all clusters, whereas no significant relationships were observed for NTP. Greater CBF extracted from one cluster (including portions of right superior longitudinal fasciculus) was associated with reduced FA for non-NTP group only. CONCLUSIONS This is the first investigation of WM health as indexed by CBF, and its association with FA, in adolescents/young adults with nicotine and/or cannabis use. Results suggest that cannabis use by itself may be related to increased CBF in WM fiber tracts demonstrating poorer structural intergrity, yet the occurrence of even infrequent NTP use (greater than once per month) appears to diminish this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rachel Baca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Guo J, Das S, Hernandez-Garcia L. Comparison of velocity-selective arterial spin labeling schemes. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:2027-2039. [PMID: 33128484 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In velocity-selective (VS) arterial spin labeling, strategies using multiple saturation modules or using VS inversion (VSI) pulse can provide improved SNR efficiency compared to the original labeling scheme using one VS saturation (VSS) module. Their performance improvement, however, has not been directly compared. METHODS Different VS labeling schemes were evaluated by Bloch simulation for their SNR efficiency, eddy current sensitivity, and robustness against B1 and B0 variation. These schemes included dual-module double-refocused hyperbolic secant and symmetric 8-segment B1 -insensitive rotation (sBIR8-) VSS pulses, the original and modified Fourier transform-based VSI pulses. A subset of the labeling schemes was examined further in phantom and in vivo experiments for their eddy current sensitivity and SNR performance. An additional sBIR8-VSS with a built-in inversion (sBIR8-VSS-inversion) was evaluated for the effects of partial background suppression to allow a fairer comparison to VSI. RESULTS According to the simulations, the sBIR8-VSS was the most robust against field imperfections and had similarly high SNR efficiency (dual-module, dual-sBIR8-VSS) compared with the best VSI pulse (sinc-modulated, sinc-VSI). These were confirmed by the phantom and in vivo data. Without additional background suppression, the sinc-VSI pulses had the highest temporal SNR, closely followed by the sBIR8-VSS-inversion pulse, both benefited from partial background suppression effects. CONCLUSION Dual-sBIR8-VSS and sinc-VSI measured the highest SNR efficiency among the VS labeling schemes. Dual-sBIR8-VSS was the most robust against field imperfections, whereas sinc-VSI may provide a higher SNR efficiency if its immunity to field imperfections can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shaurov Das
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Luis Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,FMRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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10
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Abstract
Pain and depressive mood commonly exhibit a comorbid relationship. Yet, the brain mechanisms that moderate the relationship between dysphoric mood and pain remain unknown. An exploratory analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging, behavioral, and psychophysical data was collected from a previous study in 76 healthy, nondepressed, and pain-free individuals. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI), a measure of negative mood/depressive symptomology, and provided pain intensity and pain unpleasantness ratings in response to noxious heat (49°C) during perfusion-based, arterial spin-labeled functional magnetic resonance imaging. Moderation analyses were conducted to determine neural mechanisms involved in facilitating the hypothesized relationship between depressive mood and pain sensitivity. Higher BDI-II scores were positively associated with pain intensity (R = 0.10; P = 0.006) and pain unpleasantness (R = 0.12; P = 0.003) ratings. There was a high correlation between pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings (r = 0.94; P < 0.001); thus, brain moderation analyses were focused on pain intensity ratings. Individuals with higher levels of depressive mood exhibited heightened sensitivity to experimental pain. Greater activation in regions supporting the evaluation of pain (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; anterior insula) and sensory-discrimination (secondary somatosensory cortex; posterior insula) moderated the relationship between higher BDI-II scores and pain intensity ratings. This study demonstrates that executive-level and sensory-discriminative brain mechanisms play a multimodal role in facilitating the bidirectional relationship between negative mood and pain.
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11
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Msayib Y, Craig M, Simard MA, Larkin JR, Shin DD, Liu TT, Sibson NR, Okell TW, Chappell MA. Robust estimation of quantitative perfusion from multi-phase pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2020; 83:815-829. [PMID: 31429999 PMCID: PMC6899553 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multi-phase PCASL has been proposed as a means to achieve accurate perfusion quantification that is robust to imperfect shim in the labeling plane. However, there exists a bias in the estimation process that is a function of noise in the data. In this work, this bias is characterized and then addressed in animal and human data. METHODS The proposed algorithm to overcome bias uses the initial biased voxel-wise estimate of phase tracking error to cluster regions with different off-resonance phase shifts, from which a high-SNR estimate of regional phase offset is derived. Simulations were used to predict the bias expected at typical SNR. Multi-phase PCASL in 3 rat strains (n = 21) at 9.4 T was considered, along with 20 human subjects previously imaged using ASL at 3 T. The algorithm was extended to include estimation of arterial blood flow velocity. RESULTS Based on simulations, a perfusion estimation bias of 6-8% was expected using 8-phase data at typical SNR. This bias was eliminated when a high-precision estimate of phase error was available. In the preclinical data, the bias-corrected measure of perfusion (107 ± 14 mL/100g/min) was lower than the standard analysis (116 ± 14 mL/100g/min), corresponding to a mean observed bias across strains of 8.0%. In the human data, bias correction resulted in a 15% decrease in the estimate of perfusion. CONCLUSIONS Using a retrospective algorithmic approach, it was possible to exploit common information found in multiple voxels within a whole region of the brain, offering superior SNR and thus overcoming the bias in perfusion quantification from multi-phase PCASL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Msayib
- Department of Engineering ScienceInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - M. Craig
- Department of Engineering ScienceInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - M. A. Simard
- Department of OncologyCancer Research UK and Medical Research Council (CRUK/MRC) Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - J. R. Larkin
- Department of OncologyCancer Research UK and Medical Research Council (CRUK/MRC) Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - T. T. Liu
- Center for Functional MRIUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - N. R. Sibson
- Department of OncologyCancer Research UK and Medical Research Council (CRUK/MRC) Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIBNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - T. W. Okell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIBNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - M. A. Chappell
- Department of Engineering ScienceInstitute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIBNuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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12
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Suzuki Y, Fujima N, van Osch MJP. Intracranial 3D and 4D MR Angiography Using Arterial Spin Labeling: Technical Considerations. Magn Reson Med Sci 2019; 19:294-309. [PMID: 31761840 PMCID: PMC7809141 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2019-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1980’s some of the earliest studies of arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI have demonstrated its ability to generate MR angiography (MRA) images. Thanks to many technical improvements, ASL has been successfully moving its position from the realm of research into the clinical area, albeit more known as perfusion imaging than as MRA. For MRA imaging, other techniques such as time-of-flight, phase contrast MRA and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA are more popular choices for clinical applications. In the last decade, however, ASL-MRA has been experiencing a remarkable revival, especially because of its non-invasive nature, i.e. the fact that it does not rely on the use of contrast agent. Very importantly, there are additional benefits of using ASL for MRA. For example, its higher flexibility to achieve both high spatial and temporal resolution than CE dynamic MRA, and the capability of vessel specific visualization, in which the vascular tree arising from a selected artery can be exclusively visualized. In this article, the implementation and recent developments of ASL-based MRA are discussed; not only focusing on the basic sequences based upon pulsed ASL or pseudo-continuous ASL, but also including more recent labeling approaches, such as vessel-selective labeling, velocity-selective ASL, vessel-encoded ASL and time-encoded ASL. Although these ASL techniques have been already utilized in perfusion imaging and their usefulness has been suggested by many studies, some additional considerations should be made when employing them for MRA, since there is something more than the difference of the spatial resolution of the readout sequence. Moreover, extensive discussion is included on what readout sequence to use, especially by highlighting how to achieve high spatial resolution while keeping scan-time reasonable such that the ASL-MRA sequence can easily be included into a clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Suzuki
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford
| | - Noriyuki Fujima
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
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13
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Schollenberger J, Figueroa CA, Nielsen JF, Hernandez-Garcia L. Practical considerations for territorial perfusion mapping in the cerebral circulation using super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:492-504. [PMID: 31418475 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper discusses several challenges faced by super-selective pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling, which is used to quantify territorial perfusion in the cerebral circulation. The effects of off-resonance, pulsatility, vessel movement, and label rotation scheme are investigated, and methods to maximize labeling efficiency and overall image quality are evaluated. A strategy to calculate the territorial perfusion fractions of individual vessels is proposed. METHODS The effects of off-resonance, label rotation scheme, and vessel movement on labeling efficiency were simulated. Two off-resonance compensation strategies (multiphase prescan, field map), cardiac triggering, and vessel movement were studied in vivo in a group of 10 subjects. Subsequently, a territorial perfusion fraction map was acquired in 2 subjects based on the mean vessel labeling efficiency. RESULTS Multiphase calibration provided the highest labeling efficiency (P = .002) followed by the field map compensation (P = .037) compared with the uncompensated acquisition. Cardiac triggering resulted in a qualitative improvement of the image and an increase in signal contrast between the perfusion territory and the surrounding tissue (P = .010) but failed to show a significant change in temporal and spatial SNR. The constant clockwise label rotation scheme yielded the highest labeling efficiency. Significant vessel movement (>2 mm according to simulations) was observed in 50% of subjects. The measured territorial perfusion fractions showed good agreement with anatomical data. CONCLUSION Optimized labeling efficiency resulted in increased image quality and accuracy of territorial perfusion fraction maps. Labeling efficiency depends critically on off-resonance calibration, cardiac triggering, optimal label rotation scheme, and vessel location tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schollenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - C Alberto Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jon-Fredrik Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,FMRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luis Hernandez-Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,FMRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Berry ESK, Jezzard P, Okell TW. Off-resonance correction for pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling using the optimized encoding scheme. Neuroimage 2019; 199:304-312. [PMID: 31158481 PMCID: PMC6892252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) MRI has become a popular tool for non-invasive perfusion imaging and angiography. However, it suffers from sensitivity to off-resonance effects within the labeling plane, which can be exacerbated at high field or in the presence of metallic implants, leading to spatially varying signal loss and cerebral blood flow underestimation. In this work we propose a prospective correction technique based on the optimized encoding scheme, which allows the rapid calculation of transverse gradient blips and RF phase modulations that best cancel phase offsets due to off-resonance at the locations of the feeding arteries within the labeling plane. This calculation is based upon a rapidly acquired single-slice fieldmap and is applicable to any number and arrangement of arteries. In addition, this approach is applicable to both conventional PCASL and a vessel-selective variant known as vessel-encoded PCASL (VEPCASL). Through simulations and experiments in healthy volunteers it was shown that in the presence of off-resonance effects a strong bias in the strength of the perfusion signal across vascular territories can be introduced, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency of PCASL and VEPCASL can be severely compromised (∼40% reduction in vivo), and that vessel-selective signal in VEPCASL can be incorrectly assigned. Distortion of the spatial regions placed in the label or control conditions in the presence of off-resonance effects was confirmed in phantom experiments. The application of the proposed correction restored SNR efficiency to levels present in the absence of off-resonance effects and corrected errors in the vascular territory maps derived from VEPCASL. Due to the rapid nature of the required calculations and fieldmap acquisition, this approach could be inserted into protocols with minimal effect on the total scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor S K Berry
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W Okell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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15
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刘 颖, 曾 祥, 王 筝, 张 函, 王 希, 袁 慧. [Cerebral blood flow measurements in patients with comorbid hypertension and depression using 3D arterial spin labeling]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:260-264. [PMID: 30996364 PMCID: PMC7441213 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with comorbid hypertension in depression using 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D pcASL) and to compare the differences of CBF values in depression, hypertension, and comorbid hypertension between depression and healthy control groups. To investigate the correlation between CBF values and degrees of depression. METHODS Sixteen patients with depression (depression group, 3 males and 13 females, age range of 42-72 years old), sixteen patients with hypertension (hypertension group, 3 males and 13 females, age range of 41-68 years old), sixteen patients with comorbid hypertension in depression (comorbidity group, 3 males and 13 females, age range of 45-74 years old), and sixteen healthy controls (control group, 3 males and 13 females, age range of 43-68 years old) were recruited. 3D pcASL sequence was performed by GE 3.0T magnetic resonance scanner and CBF map was generated automatically. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM8) was performed to preprocess the CBF map, which was spatially normalized and smoothed. Comparison of the CBF values among the four groups was conducted by ANOVA. Correlation between the average CBF values in areas of decreased CBF and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17) was investigated. RESULTS The patients with comorbid hypertension in depression demonstrated lower CBF in bilateral superior frontal gyri, middle frontal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, right superior parietal gyrus, right inferior parietal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, left caudate nucleus and left insula lobe in comparison with the controls. Compared with control group, CBF values decreased in bilateral frontal lobes, but did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences of CBF values between the patients with hypertension and control subjects. Compared with depression, the patients with comorbid hypertension in depression showed lower CBF values in bilateral frontal lobes and right supramarginal gyrus. Compared with hypertension, lower CBF values in left middle frontal gyrus in the patients with comorbid hypertension in depression were shown. Correlation analysis indicated that no correlation between CBF values and scores of HAMD-17 was shown. CONCLUSION Although there were no significant decreases of CBF values in patients with depression and hypertension, regional hypoperfusions were observed in patients with comorbid hypertension in depression. Hypertension might play a synergistic action on cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with comorbid hypertension in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- 颖 刘
- 北京大学第三医院放射科, 北京 100191Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 祥柱 曾
- 北京大学第三医院放射科, 北京 100191Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 筝 王
- 北京大学第三医院放射科, 北京 100191Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 函 张
- 北京大学第六医院联络会诊科, 北京 100191Department of Consultation Liaison, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 希林 王
- 北京大学第六医院联络会诊科, 北京 100191Department of Consultation Liaison, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 慧书 袁
- 北京大学第三医院放射科, 北京 100191Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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16
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Chen CY, Li CW, Mak HKF, Lin MF, Chan WP. Combined native magnetic resonance angiography, flow-quantifying, and perfusion-imaging for impending second-stroke assessment. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:521-529. [PMID: 31032198 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.03.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This special report introduces native flow quantitative imaging for evaluating stroke risk. Moreover, the advantage of combining three imaging techniques [magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), phase-contrast (PC) flow imaging, and arterial spin-labeling imaging] is shown to be beneficial for responding to ischemia and preserving viable neurons. These quantitative imaging techniques provide authoritative information for diagnosing impending stroke and selecting appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Fang Lin
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wing P Chan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
Interindividual differences in pain sensitivity vary as a function of interactions between sensory, cognitive-affective, and dispositional factors. Trait mindfulness, characterized as the innate capacity to nonreactively sustain attention to the present moment, is a psychological construct that is associated with lower clinical pain outcomes. Yet, the neural mechanisms supporting dispositional mindfulness are unknown. In an exploratory data analysis obtained during a study comparing mindfulness to placebo analgesia, we sought to determine whether dispositional mindfulness is associated with lower pain sensitivity. We also aimed to identify the brain mechanisms supporting the postulated inverse relationship between trait mindfulness and pain in response to noxious stimulation. We hypothesized that trait mindfulness would be associated with lower pain and greater deactivation of the default mode network. Seventy-six meditation-naive and healthy volunteers completed the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and were administered innocuous (35°C) and noxious stimulation (49°C) during perfusion-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Higher Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory ratings were associated with lower pain intensity (P = 0.005) and pain unpleasantness ratings (P = 0.005). Whole brain analyses revealed that higher dispositional mindfulness was associated with greater deactivation of a brain region extending from the precuneus to posterior cingulate cortex during noxious heat. These novel findings demonstrate that mindful individuals feel less pain and evoke greater deactivation of brain regions supporting the engagement sensory, cognitive, and affective appraisals. We propose that mindfulness and the posterior cingulate cortex should be considered as important mechanistic targets for pain therapies.
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18
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Liu F, Duan Y, Peterson BS, Asllani I, Zelaya F, Lythgoe D, Kangarlu A. Resting state cerebral blood flow with arterial spin labeling MRI in developing human brains. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018; 22:642-651. [PMID: 29656926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of brain circuits is coupled with changes in neurovascular coupling, which refers to the close relationship between neural activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF). Studying the characteristics of CBF during resting state in developing brain can be a complementary way to understand the functional connectivity of the developing brain. Arterial spin labeling (ASL), as a noninvasive MR technique, is particularly attractive for studying cerebral perfusion in children and even newborns. We have collected pulsed ASL data in resting state for 47 healthy subjects from young children to adolescence (aged from 6 to 20 years old). In addition to studying the developmental change of static CBF maps during resting state, we also analyzed the CBF time series to reveal the dynamic characteristics of CBF in differing age groups. We used the seed-based correlation analysis to examine the temporal relationship of CBF time series between the selected ROIs and other brain regions. We have shown the developmental patterns in both static CBF maps and dynamic characteristics of CBF. While higher CBF of default mode network (DMN) in all age groups supports that DMN is the prominent active network during the resting state, the CBF connectivity patterns of some typical resting state networks show distinct patterns of metabolic activity during the resting state in the developing brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yunsuo Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Keck School of Medicine, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iris Asllani
- The Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - David Lythgoe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Alayar Kangarlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Jezzard P, Chappell MA, Okell TW. Arterial spin labeling for the measurement of cerebral perfusion and angiography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:603-626. [PMID: 29168667 PMCID: PMC5888859 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17743240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an MRI technique that was first proposed a quarter of a century ago. It offers the prospect of non-invasive quantitative measurement of cerebral perfusion, making it potentially very useful for research and clinical studies, particularly where multiple longitudinal measurements are required. However, it has suffered from a number of challenges, including a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, and a confusing number of sequence variants, thus hindering its clinical uptake. Recently, however, there has been a consensus adoption of an accepted acquisition and analysis framework for ASL, and thus a better penetration onto clinical MRI scanners. Here, we review the basic concepts in ASL and describe the current state-of-the-art acquisition and analysis approaches, and the versatility of the method to perform both quantitative cerebral perfusion measurement, along with quantitative cerebral angiographic measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jezzard
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Thomas W Okell
- 1 Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Wierenga CE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Rasmusson G, Bailer UF, Berner LA, Liu TT, Kaye WH. Aberrant Cerebral Blood Flow in Response to Hunger and Satiety in Women Remitted from Anorexia Nervosa. Front Nutr 2017; 4:32. [PMID: 28770207 PMCID: PMC5515860 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of pathological eating in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains poorly understood. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an indirect marker of neuronal function. In healthy adults, fasting increases CBF, reflecting increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to support brain metabolism. This study investigated whether women remitted from restricting-type AN (RAN) have altered CBF in response to hunger that may indicate homeostatic dysregulation contributing to their ability to restrict food. We compared resting CBF measured with pulsed arterial spin labeling in 21 RAN and 16 healthy comparison women (CW) when hungry (after a 16-h fast) and after a meal. Only remitted subjects were examined to avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition on brain function. Compared to CW, RAN demonstrated a reduced difference in the Hungry − Fed CBF contrast in the right ventral striatum, right subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (pcorr < 0.05) and left posterior insula (punc < 0.05); RAN had decreased CBF when hungry versus fed, whereas CW had increased CBF when hungry versus fed. Moreover, decreased CBF when hungry in the left insula was associated with greater hunger ratings on the fasted day for RAN. This represents the first study to show that women remitted from AN have aberrant resting neurovascular function in homeostatic neural circuitry in response to hunger. Regions involved in homeostatic regulation showed group differences in the Hungry − Fed contrast, suggesting altered cellular energy metabolism in this circuitry that may reduce motivation to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Grace Rasmusson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura A Berner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas T Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Hirschler L, Debacker CS, Voiron J, Köhler S, Warnking JM, Barbier EL. Interpulse phase corrections for unbalanced pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling at high magnetic field. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1314-1324. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydiane Hirschler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- Inserm; Grenoble France
- Bruker Biospin; Ettlingen Germany
| | - Clément S. Debacker
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- Inserm; Grenoble France
- Bruker Biospin; Ettlingen Germany
| | | | | | - Jan M. Warnking
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- Inserm; Grenoble France
| | - Emmanuel L. Barbier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- Inserm; Grenoble France
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22
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Juttukonda MR, Jordan LC, Gindville MC, Davis LT, Watchmaker JM, Pruthi S, Donahue MJ. Cerebral hemodynamics and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling considerations in adults with sickle cell anemia. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3681. [PMID: 28052565 PMCID: PMC5351809 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic disorder resulting in reduced oxygen carrying capacity and elevated stroke risk. Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) measures of cerebral blood flow (CBF) may have relevance for stroke risk assessment; however, the effects of elevated flow velocity and reduced bolus arrival time (BAT) on CBF quantification in SCA patients have not been thoroughly characterized, and pCASL model parameters used in healthy adults are often applied to patients with SCA. Here, cervical arterial flow velocities and pCASL labeling efficiencies were computed in adults with SCA (n = 19) and age- and race-matched controls without sickle trait (n = 7) using pCASL in sequence with phase contrast MR angiography (MRA). Controls (n = 7) and a subgroup of patients (n = 8) also underwent multi-post-labeling-delay pCASL for BAT assessment. Mean flow velocities were elevated in SCA adults (velocity = 28.3 ± 4.1 cm/s) compared with controls (velocity = 24.5 ± 3.8 cm/s), and mean pCASL labeling efficiency (α) was reduced in SCA adults (α = 0.72) relative to controls (α = 0.91). In patients, mean whole-brain CBF from phase contrast MRA was 91.8 ± 18.1 ml/100 g/min, while mean pCASL CBF when assuming a constant labeling efficiency of 0.86 was 75.2 ± 17.3 ml/100 g/min (p < 0.01), resulting in a mean absolute quantification error of 23% when a labeling efficiency appropriate for controls was assumed. This difference cannot be accounted for by BAT (whole-brain BAT: control, 1.13 ± 0.06 s; SCA, 1.02 ± 0.09 s) or tissue T1 variation. In conclusion, BAT variation influences pCASL quantification less than elevated cervical arterial velocity and labeling efficiency variation in SCA adults; thus, a lower labeling efficiency (α = 0.72) or subject-specific labeling efficiency should be incorporated for SCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher R. Juttukonda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Lori C. Jordan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Melissa C. Gindville
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Larry T. Davis
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | | | - Sumit Pruthi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Manus J. Donahue
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
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Han PK, Choi SH, Park SH. Investigation of control scans in pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL): Strategies for improving sensitivity and reliability of pCASL. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:917-929. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kyu Han
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul South Korea
| | - Sung-Hong Park
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Daejeon South Korea
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Dolui S, Wang Z, Wang DJJ, Mattay R, Finkel M, Elliott M, Desiderio L, Inglis B, Mueller B, Stafford RB, Launer LJ, Jacobs DR, Bryan RN, Detre JA. Comparison of non-invasive MRI measurements of cerebral blood flow in a large multisite cohort. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1244-56. [PMID: 27142868 PMCID: PMC4929707 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16646124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arterial spin labeling and phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging provide independent non-invasive methods for measuring cerebral blood flow. We compared global cerebral blood flow measurements obtained using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling and phase contrast in 436 middle-aged subjects acquired at two sites in the NHLBI CARDIA multisite study. Cerebral blood flow measured by phase contrast (CBFPC: 55.76 ± 12.05 ml/100 g/min) was systematically higher (p < 0.001) and more variable than cerebral blood flow measured by pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (CBFPCASL: 47.70 ± 9.75). The correlation between global cerebral blood flow values obtained from the two modalities was 0.59 (p < 0.001), explaining less than half of the observed variance in cerebral blood flow estimates. Well-established correlations of global cerebral blood flow with age and sex were similarly observed in both CBFPCASL and CBFPC CBFPC also demonstrated statistically significant site differences, whereas no such differences were observed in CBFPCASL No consistent velocity-dependent effects on pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling were observed, suggesting that pseudo-continuous labeling efficiency does not vary substantially across typical adult carotid and vertebral velocities, as has previously been suggested. CONCLUSIONS Although CBFPCASL and CBFPC values show substantial similarity across the entire cohort, these data do not support calibration of CBFPCASL using CBFPC in individual subjects. The wide-ranging cerebral blood flow values obtained by both methods suggest that cerebral blood flow values are highly variable in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Dolui
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Functional Neuroimaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ze Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raghav Mattay
- Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mack Finkel
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Elliott
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Desiderio
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ben Inglis
- Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryon Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Randall B Stafford
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Center for Functional Neuroimaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Mindfulness Meditation-Based Pain Relief Employs Different Neural Mechanisms Than Placebo and Sham Mindfulness Meditation-Induced Analgesia. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15307-25. [PMID: 26586819 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2542-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mindfulness meditation reduces pain in experimental and clinical settings. However, it remains unknown whether mindfulness meditation engages pain-relieving mechanisms other than those associated with the placebo effect (e.g., conditioning, psychosocial context, beliefs). To determine whether the analgesic mechanisms of mindfulness meditation are different from placebo, we randomly assigned 75 healthy, human volunteers to 4 d of the following: (1) mindfulness meditation, (2) placebo conditioning, (3) sham mindfulness meditation, or (4) book-listening control intervention. We assessed intervention efficacy using psychophysical evaluation of experimental pain and functional neuroimaging. Importantly, all cognitive manipulations (i.e., mindfulness meditation, placebo conditioning, sham mindfulness meditation) significantly attenuated pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings when compared to rest and the control condition (p < 0.05). Mindfulness meditation reduced pain intensity (p = 0.032) and pain unpleasantness (p < 0.001) ratings more than placebo analgesia. Mindfulness meditation also reduced pain intensity (p = 0.030) and pain unpleasantness (p = 0.043) ratings more than sham mindfulness meditation. Mindfulness-meditation-related pain relief was associated with greater activation in brain regions associated with the cognitive modulation of pain, including the orbitofrontal, subgenual anterior cingulate, and anterior insular cortex. In contrast, placebo analgesia was associated with activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and deactivation of sensory processing regions (secondary somatosensory cortex). Sham mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia was not correlated with significant neural activity, but rather by greater reductions in respiration rate. This study is the first to demonstrate that mindfulness-related pain relief is mechanistically distinct from placebo analgesia. The elucidation of this distinction confirms the existence of multiple, cognitively driven, supraspinal mechanisms for pain modulation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent findings have demonstrated that mindfulness meditation significantly reduces pain. Given that the "gold standard" for evaluating the efficacy of behavioral interventions is based on appropriate placebo comparisons, it is imperative that we establish whether there is an effect supporting meditation-related pain relief above and beyond the effects of placebo. Here, we provide novel evidence demonstrating that mindfulness meditation produces greater pain relief and employs distinct neural mechanisms than placebo cream and sham mindfulness meditation. Specifically, mindfulness meditation-induced pain relief activated higher-order brain regions, including the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. In contrast, placebo analgesia was associated with decreased pain-related brain activation. These findings demonstrate that mindfulness meditation reduces pain through unique mechanisms and may foster greater acceptance of meditation as an adjunct pain therapy.
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26
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Loss of labelling efficiency caused by carotid stent in pseudocontinuous arterial spin labelling perfusion study. Clin Radiol 2015; 71:e21-7. [PMID: 26620708 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the cause of cerebral hypoperfusion on the stent placement side after carotid artery stent placement (CAS) measured by pseudocontinuous arterial spin labelling (PCASL) perfusion imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis receiving CAS were included in the study. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by PCASL perfusion imaging at 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the day before and 3 days after the procedure. Changes in cerebral haemodynamics after CAS were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-two patients were included; 17 patients had increased or stationary CBF after CAS and five patients had significantly reduced CBF on the stenting side after CAS whereas CBF increased on the contralateral side. High stent position was noticed in the five patients. After labelling plane adjustment to avoid labelling on the stent, no more cerebral hypoperfusion was noticed. CONCLUSION When using PCASL perfusion imaging to monitor post-stenting CBF, the stent may cause an artefact that leads to a low CBF in the territory of the stented vessel. Routinely adding a fast T2 star gradient-echo echo-planar-imaging covering the upper neck region before PCASL perfusion imaging to identify the stent position and avoid the stent-related artefact is recommended.
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MacDonald ME, Frayne R. Cerebrovascular MRI: a review of state-of-the-art approaches, methods and techniques. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:767-791. [PMID: 26010775 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular imaging is of great interest in the understanding of neurological disease. MRI is a non-invasive technology that can visualize and provide information on: (i) the structure of major blood vessels; (ii) the blood flow velocity in these vessels; and (iii) the microcirculation, including the assessment of brain perfusion. Although other medical imaging modalities can also interrogate the cerebrovascular system, MR provides a comprehensive assessment, as it can acquire many different structural and functional image contrasts whilst maintaining a high level of patient comfort and acceptance. The extent of examination is limited only by the practicalities of patient tolerance or clinical scheduling limitations. Currently, MRI methods can provide a range of metrics related to the cerebral vasculature, including: (i) major vessel anatomy via time-of-flight and contrast-enhanced imaging; (ii) blood flow velocity via phase contrast imaging; (iii) major vessel anatomy and tissue perfusion via arterial spin labeling and dynamic bolus passage approaches; and (iv) venography via susceptibility-based imaging. When designing an MRI protocol for patients with suspected cerebral vascular abnormalities, it is appropriate to have a complete understanding of when to use each of the available techniques in the 'MR angiography toolkit'. In this review article, we: (i) overview the relevant anatomy, common pathologies and alternative imaging modalities; (ii) describe the physical principles and implementations of the above listed methods; (iii) provide guidance on the selection of acquisition parameters; and (iv) describe the existing and potential applications of MRI to the cerebral vasculature and diseases. The focus of this review is on obtaining an understanding through the application of advanced MRI methodology of both normal and abnormal blood flow in the cerebrovascular arteries, capillaries and veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ethan MacDonald
- Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, and Clinical Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Frayne
- Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, and Clinical Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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28
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Alsop DC, Detre JA, Golay X, Günther M, Hendrikse J, Hernandez-Garcia L, Lu H, MacIntosh BJ, Parkes LM, Smits M, van Osch MJP, Wang DJJ, Wong EC, Zaharchuk G. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia. Magn Reson Med 2015; 73:102-16. [PMID: 24715426 PMCID: PMC4190138 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1472] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a summary statement of recommended implementations of arterial spin labeling (ASL) for clinical applications. It is a consensus of the ISMRM Perfusion Study Group and the European ASL in Dementia consortium, both of whom met to reach this consensus in October 2012 in Amsterdam. Although ASL continues to undergo rapid technical development, we believe that current ASL methods are robust and ready to provide useful clinical information, and that a consensus statement on recommended implementations will help the clinical community to adopt a standardized approach. In this review, we describe the major considerations and trade-offs in implementing an ASL protocol and provide specific recommendations for a standard approach. Our conclusion is that as an optimal default implementation, we recommend pseudo-continuous labeling, background suppression, a segmented three-dimensional readout without vascular crushing gradients, and calculation and presentation of both label/control difference images and cerebral blood flow in absolute units using a simplified model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Alsop
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A. Detre
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xavier Golay
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matthias Günther
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
- University Bremen, Germany
- Mediri GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Hernandez-Garcia
- FMRI Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bradley J. MacIntosh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M. Parkes
- Centre for Imaging Science, Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias J. P. van Osch
- C.J. Gorter Center for high field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric C. Wong
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Wong EC. An introduction to ASL labeling techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 40:1-10. [PMID: 24424918 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods allow for quantitative mapping of tissue perfusion in absolute units, without the use of contrast agents. In this technique, the magnetization of arterial blood water is labeled by magnetic inversion or saturation, and the delivery of labeled blood water to tissues is observed. In this review three classes of labeling methods for ASL are described and compared: continuous, pulsed, and velocity-selective. The quantification of perfusion from ASL data is discussed, and methods for the extraction of new types of information using ASL and related techniques, such as mapping of vascular territories or venous oxygenation, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Wong
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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30
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Altered cerebral perfusion in executive, affective, and motor networks during adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:1076-1091.e2. [PMID: 24074474 PMCID: PMC3825460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although substantial literature has reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities in adults with depression, these studies commonly necessitated the injection of radioisotopes into subjects. The recent development of arterial spin labeling (ASL), however, allows noninvasive measurements of rCBF. Currently, no published ASL studies have examined cerebral perfusion in adolescents with depression. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine baseline cerebral perfusion in adolescent depression using a newly developed ASL technique: pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL). METHOD A total of 25 medication-naive adolescents (13-17 years of age) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 26 well-matched control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Baseline rCBF was measured via a novel PCASL method that optimizes tagging efficiency. RESULTS Voxel-based whole brain analyses revealed significant frontal, limbic, paralimbic, and cingulate hypoperfusion in the group with depression (p < .05, corrected). Hyperperfusion was also observed within the subcallosal cingulate, putamen, and fusiform gyrus (p < .05, corrected). Similarly, region-of-interest analyses revealed amygdalar and insular hypoperfusion in the group with depression, as well as hyperperfusion in the putamen and superior insula (p < .05, corrected). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents appear to differ on rCBF in executive, affective, and motor networks. Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor symptoms commonly present in adolescent depression. These findings point to possible biomarkers for adolescent depression that could inform early interventions and treatments, and establishes a methodology for using PCASL to noninvasively measure rCBF in clinical and healthy adolescent populations.
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31
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Wierenga CE, Clark LR, Dev SI, Shin DD, Jurick SM, Rissman RA, Liu TT, Bondi MW. Interaction of age and APOE genotype on cerebral blood flow at rest. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 34:921-35. [PMID: 23302659 DOI: 10.3233/jad-121897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of APOE genotype on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in older and younger adults. Forty cognitively normal older adults (16 ε4 carriers, 24 non-ε4 carriers) and 30 younger adults (15 ε4 carriers, 15 non-ε4 carriers) completed a resting-state whole-brain pulsed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance scan. Main effects of aging were demonstrated wherein older adults had decreased gray matter CBF corrected for partial volume effects compared to younger adults in widespread brain regions. Main effects of APOE genotype were also observed wherein ε4 carriers displayed greater CBF in the left lingual gyrus and precuneus than non-carriers. An interaction between age and APOE genotype in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was characterized by reduced CBF in older ε4 carriers and increased CBF in young ε4 carriers. Increased CBF in the left ACC resulting from the interaction of age group and APOE genotype was positively correlated with executive functioning in young ε4 adults (r = 0.61, p = 0.04). Results demonstrate APOE genotype differentially impacts cerebrovascular function across the lifespan and may modify the relationship between CBF and cognition. Findings may partially support suggestions that the gene exerts antagonistic pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Wierenga
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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32
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Wong EC. New developments in arterial spin labeling pulse sequences. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:887-891. [PMID: 23733501 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since it was introduced over 20 years ago, arterial spin labeling and related methods have steadily evolved over the years, and the field has seen not only improvements in technical specifications, such as signal-to-noise ratio and accuracy, but also the introduction of methods that allow for the collection of new information, such as maps of vascular territories and measurement of venous oxygenation. Some of these recent advances are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Wong
- UCSD Center for Functional MRI, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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33
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Moradi F, Buxton RB. Adaptation of cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow and modulation of neurovascular coupling with prolonged stimulation in human visual cortex. Neuroimage 2013; 82:182-9. [PMID: 23732885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged visual stimulation results in neurophysiologic and hemodynamic adaptation. However, the hemodynamic adaptation appears to be small compared to neural adaptation. It is not clear how the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) is affected by adaptation. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CMRO2 change in responses to peripheral stimulation either continuously, or intermittently (on/off cycles). A linear system's response to the continuous input should be equal to the sum of the original response to the intermittent input and a version of that response shifted by half a cycle. The CMRO2 response showed a large non-linearity consistent with adaptation, the CBF response adapted to a lesser degree, and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response was nearly linear. The metabolic response was coupled with a larger flow in the continuous condition than in the intermittent condition. Our results suggest that contrast adaptation improves energy economy of visual processing. However BOLD modulations may not accurately represent the underlying metabolic nonlinearity due to modulation of the coupling of blood flow and oxygen metabolism changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Moradi
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92103-8756, USA.
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Effect of mild cognitive impairment and APOE genotype on resting cerebral blood flow and its association with cognition. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1589-99. [PMID: 22549621 PMCID: PMC3421098 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using whole-brain pulsed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging, resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 20 mild cognitive impairment (MCI; 11 ɛ3 and 9 ɛ4) and 40 demographically matched cognitively normal (CN; 27 ɛ3 and 13 ɛ4) participants. An interaction of apolipoprotein (APOE) genotype (ɛ3 and ɛ4) and cognitive status (CN and MCI) on quantified gray-matter CBF corrected for partial volume effects was found in the left parahippocampal and fusiform gyri (PHG/FG), right middle frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus. In the PHG/FG, CBF was elevated for CN ɛ4 carriers but decreased for MCI ɛ4 carriers. The opposite pattern was seen in frontal regions: CBF was decreased for CN ɛ4 carriers but increased for MCI ɛ4 carriers. Cerebral blood flow in the PHG/FG was positively correlated with verbal memory for CN ɛ4 adults (r=0.67, P=0.01). Cerebral blood flow in the left medial frontal gyrus was positively correlated with verbal memory for MCI ɛ4 adults (r=0.70, P=0.05). Findings support dynamic pathophysiologic processes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease risk and indicate that cognitive status and APOE genotype have interactive effects on CBF. Correlations between CBF and verbal memory suggest a differential neurovascular compensatory response in posterior and anterior cortices with cognitive decline in ɛ4 adults.
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