Optimization of adiabatic pulses for pulsed arterial spin labeling at 7 tesla: Comparison with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling

Whole-Cerebrum distortion-free three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling at 7T

Fulfilling potentials of ultrahigh field for pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) has been hampered by B1/B0 inhomogeneities that affect pCASL labeling, background suppression (BS), and the readout sequence. This study aimed to present a whole-cerebrum distortion-free three-dimensional (3D) pCASL sequence at 7T by optimizing pCASL labeling parameters, BS pulses, and an accelerated Turbo-FLASH (TFL) readout. A new set of pCASL labeling parameters (Gave = 0.4 mT/m, Gratio = 14.67) was proposed to avoid interferences in bottom slices while achieving robust labeling efficiency (LE). An OPTIM BS pulse was designed based on the range of B1/B0 inhomogeneities at 7T. A 3D TFL readout with 2D-CAIPIRINHA undersampling (R = 2 × 2) and centric ordering was developed, and the number of segments (Nseg) and flip angle (FA) were varied in simulation to achieve the optimal trade-off between SNR and spatial blurring. In-vivo experiments were performed on 19 subjects. The results showed that the new set of labeling parameters effectively achieved whole-cerebrum coverage by eliminating interferences in bottom slices while maintaining a high LE. The OPTIM BS pulse achieved 33.3% higher perfusion signal in gray matter (GM) than the original BS pulse with a cost of 4.8-fold SAR. Incorporating a moderate FA (8°) and Nseg (2), whole-cerebrum 3D TFL-pCASL imaging was achieved with a 2 × 2 × 4 mm3 resolution without distortion and susceptibility artifacts compared to 3D GRASE-pCASL. In addition, 3D TFL-pCASL showed a good to excellent test-retest repeatability and potential of higher resolution (2 mm isotropic). The proposed technique also significantly improved SNR when compared to the same sequence at 3T and simultaneous multislice TFL-pCASL at 7T. By combining a new set of labeling parameters, OPTIM BS pulse, and accelerated 3D TFL readout, we achieved high resolution pCASL at 7T with whole-cerebrum coverage, detailed perfusion and anatomical information without distortion, and sufficient SNR.

Update on state-of-the-art for arterial spin labeling (ASL) human perfusion imaging outside of the brain

This review article provides an overview of developments for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging in the body (i.e., outside of the brain). It is part of a series of review/recommendation papers from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Perfusion Study Group. In this review, we focus on specific challenges and developments tailored for ASL in a variety of body locations. After presenting common challenges, organ-specific reviews of challenges and developments are presented, including kidneys, lungs, heart (myocardium), placenta, eye (retina), liver, pancreas, and muscle, which are regions that have seen the most developments outside of the brain. Summaries and recommendations of acquisition parameters (when appropriate) are provided for each organ. We then explore the possibilities for wider adoption of body ASL based on large standardization efforts, as well as the potential opportunities based on recent advances in high/low-field systems and machine-learning. This review seeks to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of ASL for applications in the body, highlighting ongoing challenges and solutions that aim to enable more widespread use of the technique in clinical practice.

Whole-Cerebrum distortion-free three-dimensional pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling at 7T

Fulfilling potentials of ultrahigh field for pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) has been hampered by B1/B0 inhomogeneities that affect pCASL labeling, background suppression (BS), and the readout sequence. This study aimed to present a whole-cerebrum distortion-free three-dimensional (3D) pCASL sequence at 7T by optimizing pCASL labeling parameters, BS pulses, and an accelerated Turbo-FLASH (TFL) readout. A new set of pCASL labeling parameters (Gave=0.4mT/m, Gratio=14.67) was proposed to avoid interferences in bottom slices while achieving robust labeling efficiency (LE). An OPTIM BS pulse was designed based on the range of B1/B0 inhomogeneities at 7T. A 3D TFL readout with 2D-CAIPIRINHA undersampling (R=2×2) and centric ordering was developed, and the number of segments (Nseg) and flip angle (FA) were varied in simulation to achieve the optimal trade-off between SNR and spatial blurring. In-vivo experiments were performed on 19 subjects. The results showed that the new set of labeling parameters effectively achieved whole-cerebrum coverage by eliminating interferences in bottom slices while maintaining a high LE. The OPTIM BS pulse achieved 33.3% higher perfusion signal in gray matter (GM) than the original BS pulse with a cost of 4.8-fold SAR. Incorporating a moderate FA (8 ° ) and Nseg (2), whole-cerebrum 3D TFL-pCASL imaging was achieved with a 2×2×4 mm 3 resolution without distortion and susceptibility artifacts compared to 3D GRASE-pCASL. In addition, 3D TFL-pCASL showed a good to excellent test-retest repeatability and potential of higher resolution (2 mm isotropic). The proposed technique also significantly improved SNR when compared to the same sequence at 3T and simultaneous multislice TFL-pCASL at 7T. By combining a new set of labeling parameters, OPTIM BS pulse, and accelerated 3D TFL readout, we achieved high resolution pCASL at 7T with whole-cerebrum coverage, detailed perfusion and anatomical information without distortion, and sufficient SNR.

Advanced design of MRI inversion pulses for inhomogeneous field conditions by optimal control

Non-selective inversion pulses find widespread use in MRI applications, where requirements on them are increasingly demanding. With the use of high and ultra-high field strength systems, robustness to Δ B 0 and B 1 + inhomogeneities, while tackling SAR and hardware limitations, has rapidly become important. In this work, we propose a time-optimal control framework for the optimization of Δ B 0 - and B 1 + -robust inversion pulses. Robustness is addressed by means of ensemble formulations, while allowing inclusion of hardware and energy limitations. The framework is flexible and performs excellently for various optimization goals. The optimization results are analyzed extensively in numerical experiments. Furthermore, they are validated, and compared with adiabatic RF pulses, in various phantom and in vivo measurements on a 3 T MRI system.

Recent Technical Developments in ASL: A Review of the State of the Art

This review article provides an overview of a range of recent technical developments in advanced arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods that have been developed or adopted by the community since the publication of a previous ASL consensus paper by Alsop et al. It is part of a series of review/recommendation papers from the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Perfusion Study Group. Here, we focus on advancements in readouts and trajectories, image reconstruction, noise reduction, partial volume correction, quantification of nonperfusion parameters, fMRI, fingerprinting, vessel selective ASL, angiography, deep learning, and ultrahigh field ASL. We aim to provide a high level of understanding of these new approaches and some guidance for their implementation, with the goal of facilitating the adoption of such advances by research groups and by MRI vendors. Topics outside the scope of this article that are reviewed at length in separate articles include velocity selective ASL, multiple-timepoint ASL, body ASL, and clinical ASL recommendations.

Optimization of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling at 7T with parallel transmission B1 shimming

PURPOSE

To optimize pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) for 7 T, and to further improve the labeling efficiency with parallel RF transmission transmit B1 ( B 1 + ) shimming.

METHODS

pCASL parameters were optimized based on B 1 + / B 0 field distributions at 7 T with simulation. To increase labeling efficiency, the B 1 + amplitude at inflowing arteries was increased with parallel RF transmission B 1 + shimming. The "indv-shim" with shimming weights calculated for each individual subject, and the "univ-shim" with universal weights calculated on a group of 12 subjects, were compared with circular polarized (CP) shim. The optimized pCASL sequences with three B 1 + shimming modes (indv-shim, univ-shim, and CP-shim) were evaluated in 6 subjects who underwent two repeated scans 24 hours apart, along with a pulsed ASL sequence. Quantitative metrics including mean B 1 + amplitude, perfusion, and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated. The optimized 7T pCASL was compared with standard 3T pCASL on 5 subjects, using spatial SNR and temporal SNR.

RESULTS

The optimal pCASL parameter set (RF duration/gap = 300/250 us, G ave = 0.6 mT / m , g R a t i o = 10 ) achieved robust perfusion measurement in the presence of B 1 + / B 0 inhomogeneities. Both indv-shim and univ-shim significantly increased B 1 + amplitude compared with CP-shim in simulation and in vivo experiment (P < .01). Compared with CP-shim, perfusion signal was increased by 9.5% with indv-shim (P < .05) and by 5.3% with univ-shim (P = .35). All three pCASL sequences achieved fair to good repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.5). Compared with 3T pCASL, the optimized 7T pCASL achieved 78.3% higher spatial SNR and 200% higher temporal SNR.

CONCLUSION

The optimized pCASL achieved robust perfusion imaging at 7 T, while both indv-shim and univ-shim further increased labeling efficiency.

Laminar perfusion imaging with zoomed arterial spin labeling at 7 Tesla

Laminar fMRI based on BOLD and CBV contrast at ultrahigh magnetic fields has been applied for studying the dynamics of mesoscopic brain networks. However, the quantitative interpretations of BOLD/CBV fMRI results are confounded by different baseline physiology across cortical layers. Here we introduce a novel 3D zoomed pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) technique at 7T that offers the capability for quantitative measurements of laminar cerebral blood flow (CBF) both at rest and during task activation with high spatial specificity and sensitivity. We found arterial transit time in superficial layers is ∼100 ms shorter than in middle/deep layers revealing the time course of labeled blood flowing from pial arteries to downstream microvasculature. Resting state CBF peaked in the middle layers which is highly consistent with microvascular density measured from human cortex specimens. Finger tapping induced a robust two-peak laminar profile of CBF increases in the superficial (somatosensory and premotor input) and deep (spinal output) layers of M1, while finger brushing task induced a weaker CBF increase in superficial layers (somatosensory input). This observation is highly consistent with reported laminar profiles of CBV activation on M1. We further demonstrated that visuospatial attention induced a predominant CBF increase in deep layers and a smaller CBF increase on top of the lower baseline CBF in superficial layers of V1 (feedback cortical input), while stimulus driven activity peaked in the middle layers (feedforward thalamic input). With the capability for quantitative CBF measurements both at baseline and during task activation, high-resolution ASL perfusion fMRI at 7T provides an important tool for in vivo assessment of neurovascular function and metabolic activities of neural circuits across cortical layers.

Optimization of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling using off-resonance compensation strategies at 7T

PURPOSE

The sensitivity of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) to off-resonance effects (ΔB₀ ) is a major limitation at ultra-high field (≥7T). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different PCASL ΔB₀ compensation methods at 7T and measure the labeling efficiency with off-resonance correction.

THEORY AND METHODS

Phase offset errors induced by ΔB₀ at the feeding arteries can be compensated by adding an extra radiofrequency (RF) phase increment and transverse gradient blips into the PCASL RF pulse train. The effectiveness of an average field correction (AVGcor), a vessel-specific field-map-based correction (FMcor) and a vessel-specific prescan-based correction (PScor) were compared at 7T. After correction, the PCASL labeling efficiency was directly measured in feeding arteries downstream from the labeling location.

RESULTS

The perfusion signal was more uniform throughout the brain after off-resonance correction. Whole-brain average perfusion signal increased by a factor of 2.4, 2.5, and 2.1, respectively, with AVGcor, FMcor and PScor compared to acquisitions without correction. With off-resonance correction, the maximum labeling efficiency was ~0.68 at mean B₁ (B_1mean ) of 0.70 µT when using a mean gradient (G_mean ) of 0.25 mT/m.

CONCLUSION

Either a prescan or a field map can be used to correct for off-resonance effects and retrieve a good brain perfusion signal at 7T. Although the three methods performed well in this study, FMcor may be better suited for patient studies because it accounted for vessel-specific ΔB₀ variations. Further improvements in image quality will be possible by optimizing the labeling efficiency with advanced hardware and software while satisfying specific absorption rate constraints.