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Abdelkhalek AS, Youssef HA, Saleh AS, Bollen P, Zvara P. Anesthetic protocols for urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in small rodents-A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253192. [PMID: 34166394 PMCID: PMC8224928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkhalek Samy Abdelkhalek
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Haroun Ali Youssef
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Peter Bollen
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Zvara
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Cheng L, Chen Z, Wang L, Lan Y, Zheng L, Wu F. Propofol partially attenuates complete freund's adjuvant‐induced neuroinflammation through inhibition of the ERK1/2/NF‐κB pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9400-9408. [PMID: 30536812 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
| | - Zhenhong Chen
- Department of Oncology Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
| | - Yunping Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
| | - Fangpu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology Quzhou Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Quzhou China
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Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg 2018; 50:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jones MR, Wang ZY, Bjorling DE. Intrathecal cannabinoid-1 receptor agonist prevents referred hyperalgesia in acute acrolein-induced cystitis in rats. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2015; 3:28-35. [PMID: 26069885 PMCID: PMC4446380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the capacity of intrathecal arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) agonist, to inhibit referred hyperalgesia and increased bladder contractility resulting from acute acrolein-induced cystitis in rats. 24 female rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) intrathecal vehicle/intravesical saline; 2) intrathecal vehicle/intravesical acrolein; 3) intrathecal ACEA/intravesical saline; and 4) intrathecal ACEA/intravesical acrolein. Bladder catheters were placed 4-6 days prior to the experiment. On the day of the experiment, rats were briefly anesthetized with isoflurane to recover the external end of the cystostomy catheter. After recovery from anesthesia, pre-treatment cystometry was performed, and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws was determined. Rats were again briefly anesthetized with isoflurane to inject ACEA or vehicle into the intrathecal space between L5-L6. Beginning 10 minutes after intrathecal injection, saline or acrolein was infused into the bladder for 30 minutes. Post-treatment cystometry and mechanical sensitivity testing were performed. Rats were euthanized, and bladders were collected, weighed, and fixed for histology. The intrathecal vehicle/intravesical acrolein group developed mechanical hyperalgesia with post-treatment mechanical sensitivity of 6 ± 0.3 g compared to pretreatment of 14 ± 0.4 g (p < 0.01). Pre- and post-treatment hind paw mechanical sensitivity was statistically similar in rats that received intrathecal ACEA prior to intravesical infusion of acrolein (15 ± 0.2 g and 14 ± 0.4 g, respectively). Acrolein treatment increased basal bladder pressure and maximal voiding pressure and decreased intercontraction interval and voided volume. However, intrathecal ACEA was ineffective in improving acrolein-related urodynamic changes. In addition, bladder histology demonstrated submucosal and muscularis edema that was similar for all acrolein-treated groups, irrespective of ACEA treatment. Intravesical saline had no effect on results of cystometry or mechanical sensitivity of the hind paws, regardless of intrathecal treatment. Intrathecal ACEA prevented referred hyperalgesia associated with acute acrolein-induced cystitis. However, in this experimental model, ACEA did not ameliorate the associated urodynamic changes. These findings suggest that pain arising from cystitis may be inhibited by activation of spinal CB1R but the acute local response of the bladder appeared to be unaffected by stimulation of spinal CB1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Ritter Jones
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA
| | - Zun-Yi Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of WisconsinMadison, WI
| | - Dale E Bjorling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of WisconsinMadison, WI
- Department of Urology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI
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Rosen JM, Klumpp DJ. Mechanisms of pain from urinary tract infection. Int J Urol 2015; 21 Suppl 1:26-32. [PMID: 24807489 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pain response to urinary tract infection is largely uncharacterized, but the symptomatic response to urinary tract infection contrasts with the lack of pain response among individuals with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Quantifying pelvic pain in a murine urinary tract infection model, uropathogenic Escerichia coli induces transient pelvic pain, whereas an asymptomatic bacteriuria E. coli isolate causes no pain, thus recapitulating the spectrum of clinical responses to intravesical E. coli. These differential pain responses are not correlated with bladder colonization or inflammation, but instead are intrinsic to E. coli lipopolysaccharide and dependent on the lipopolysaccharide receptor, TLR4. Epidemiological data suggest a link between interstitial cystitis and a history of urinary tract infection, so it was evaluated whether repetitive uropathogenic E. coli instillation would result in chronic pain through central sensitization. Although repeated infection with wild type uropathogenic E. coli results in only transient episodes of acute pain, a uropathogenic E. coli mutant lacking O-antigen causes chronic, post-urinary tract infection pelvic pain. Similarly, a K-12 E. coli strain lacking O-antigen induces chronic pain that persisted long after bacterial clearance, and expressing O-antigen nullified the pain phenotype. Spinal cords isolated from mice with post-urinary tract infection chronic pain showed deficits in short-term depression consistent with central sensitization. Deleting O-antigen gene complex from a uropathogenic E. coli strain and subsequent heterologous expression of O-antigen gene clusters shows that a single bacterial isolate can exhibit pain phenotypes ranging from a null phenotype, an acute pain phenotype, to a chronic pain phenotype. Post-urinary tract infection chronic pain is also associated with voiding dysfunction and anxious/depressive behavior. These effects are also mediated by TRPV1 at the level of pain establishment and CCR2 at the level of pain maintenance. Together, these findings show that transient infection with E. coli might result in chronic visceral pain with the hallmarks of neuropathic pain. This pattern of behaviors mimics the spectrum of interstitial cystitis symptoms, thus supporting the possibility of an infectious etiology of interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Rosen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Fujita M, Kasai E, Omachi S, Sakaguchi G, Shinohara S. A novel method for assessing bladder-related pain reveals the involvement of nerve growth factor in pain associated with cyclophosphamide-induced chronic cystitis in mice. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:79-91. [PMID: 25820250 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a prominent feature of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. There is a lack of well-characterized research tools, such as pain evaluation methods and experimental animal models, for investigating non-ulcerative cystitis. We developed a novel method for evaluating bladder pain in mice with cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. METHODS Cystitis was produced by a single intraperitoneal injection of CYP (300 mg/kg) or repeated injections of CYP (150 mg/kg once daily for 4 days). Blunt stimulation with a cotton probe was applied to the abdominal region, and the thresholds for withdrawal responses were measured quantitatively using an anaesthesiometer. RESULTS The single injection of CYP provoked acute cystitis with severe bladder inflammation in mice. In these mice, we could detect an increased sensitivity to blunt stimulation, which was abolished by intravesical lidocaine. The stimulation induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in bladder-projecting sensory neurons. Chronic treatment with CYP produced persistent pain responses to the blunt stimulus. Although there were few signs of bladder inflammation in these mice, the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) was elevated in bladder tissue, and NGF antiserum inhibited the hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The blunt probe method is useful for evaluating bladder pain signalling in mice, and revealed the involvement of an NGF-sensitive pain pathway in chronic cystitis pain. This assessment method may be useful for studying the pathophysiology of bladder pain and for developing therapeutic strategies for non-ulcerative IC/PBS in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujita
- Pain & Neurology, Discovery Research Laboratories for Core Therapeutic Areas, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - E Kasai
- Pain & Neurology, Discovery Research Laboratories for Core Therapeutic Areas, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Omachi
- Pain & Neurology, Discovery Research Laboratories for Core Therapeutic Areas, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - G Sakaguchi
- Pain & Neurology, Discovery Research Laboratories for Core Therapeutic Areas, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Shinohara
- Pain & Neurology, Discovery Research Laboratories for Core Therapeutic Areas, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Relevance of the cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis model for pharmacological studies targeting inflammation and pain of the bladder. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 707:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Furuta A, Suzuki Y, Honda M, Koike Y, Naruoka T, Asano K, Chancellor M, Egawa S, Yoshimura N. Time-dependent changes in bladder function and plantar sensitivity in a rat model of fibromyalgia syndrome induced by hydrochloric acid injection into the gluteus. BJU Int 2011; 109:306-10. [PMID: 21810158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the correlation between muscular pain and bladder hypersensitivity in order to clarify the pathogenesis of comorbidity of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis with other chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Under isoflurane anaesthesia, 0.2 mL of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (pH 4.0) was injected into the bilateral gluteus muscles of female Sprague-Dawley rats to produce an FMS model, as the gluteus is one of the specific tender points in patients with FMS. Control rats received saline injection (0.2 mL). The mechanical sensitivity of the plantar was evaluated using the mean number of bilateral hindlimb withdrawals in response to tactile stimulation with a 2.0-g von Frey filament at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the HCl injection. In a separate rat group, cystometry was performed with the rats awake during saline infusion (0.06 mL/min) into the bladder before and after 1% lidocaine injection (0.2 mL) into the bilateral gluteus 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the HCl injection. RESULTS The mean number of hindlimb withdrawals was significantly higher in FMS rats than in controls at 1 and 2 weeks. Using cystometry, we found that the intercontraction interval (ICI) and voided volume (VV) were significantly lower in FMS rats than in controls at 1 and 2 weeks. In addition, the voiding threshold pressure, ICI and VV were significantly higher after lidocaine injection in FMS rats, but not in controls, at 1 and 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS HCl injection (pH 4.0) into the gluteus can induce plantar hypersensitivity and urinary frequency for up to 2 weeks after the injection, suggesting that somatic (gluteus)-to-visceral (bladder) cross-sensitization might underlie bladder hypersensitivity in patients with FMS. Moreover, intervention at specific tender points outside the bladder could be effective in treating urinary frequency because lidocaine injection into the gluteus normalized bladder function in FMS rats for up to 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Furuta
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Perioperative nerve blockade: clues from the bench. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:124898. [PMID: 21776253 PMCID: PMC3138083 DOI: 10.1155/2011/124898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and
neuraxial nerve blockades are widely used in the
perioperative period. Their values to diminish
acute postoperative pain are established but
other important outcomes such as chronic
postoperative pain, or newly, cancer recurrence,
or infections could also be influenced. The
long-term effects of perioperative nerve
blockade are still controversial. We will review
current knowledge of the effects of blocking
peripheral electrical activity in different
animal models of pain. We will first go over the
mechanisms of pain development and evaluate
which types of fibers are activated after an
injury. In the light of experimental results, we
will propose some hypotheses explaining the
mitigated results obtained in clinical studies
on chronic postoperative pain. Finally, we will
discuss three major disadvantages of the current
blockade: the absence of blockade of myelinated
fibers, the inappropriate duration of blockade,
and the existence of activity-independent
mechanisms.
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Ochodnický P, Cruz CD, Yoshimura N, Michel MC. Nerve growth factor in bladder dysfunction: Contributing factor, biomarker, and therapeutic target. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:1227-41. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aizawa N, Wyndaele JJ. Effects of phenazopyridine on rat bladder primary afferent activity, and comparison with lidocaine and acetaminophen. Neurourol Urodyn 2010; 29:1445-50. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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