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Dwivedi DK, Jagannathan NR. Emerging MR methods for improved diagnosis of prostate cancer by multiparametric MRI. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 35:587-608. [PMID: 35867236 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-022-01031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current challenges of using serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level-based screening, such as the increased false positive rate, inability to detect clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa) with random biopsy, multifocality in PCa, and the molecular heterogeneity of PCa, can be addressed by integrating advanced multiparametric MR imaging (mpMRI) approaches into the diagnostic workup of PCa. The standard method for diagnosing PCa is a transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided systematic prostate biopsy, but it suffers from sampling errors and frequently fails to detect clinically significant PCa. mpMRI not only increases the detection of clinically significant PCa, but it also helps to reduce unnecessary biopsies because of its high negative predictive value. Furthermore, non-Cartesian image acquisition and compressed sensing have resulted in faster MR acquisition with improved signal-to-noise ratio, which can be used in quantitative MRI methods such as dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI. With the growing emphasis on the role of pre-biopsy mpMRI in the evaluation of PCa, there is an increased demand for innovative MRI methods that can improve PCa grading, detect clinically significant PCa, and biopsy guidance. To meet these demands, in addition to routine T1-weighted, T2-weighted, DCE-MRI, diffusion MRI, and MR spectroscopy, several new MR methods such as restriction spectrum imaging, vascular, extracellular, and restricted diffusion for cytometry in tumors (VERDICT) method, hybrid multi-dimensional MRI, luminal water imaging, and MR fingerprinting have been developed for a better characterization of the disease. Further, with the increasing interest in combining MR data with clinical and genomic data, there is a growing interest in utilizing radiomics and radiogenomics approaches. These big data can also be utilized in the development of computer-aided diagnostic tools, including automatic segmentation and the detection of clinically significant PCa using machine learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George Medical University, Lucknow, UP, 226 003, India.
| | - Naranamangalam R Jagannathan
- Department of Radiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, TN, 603 103, India.
- Department of Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, TN, 600 116, India.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology Madras, Chennai, TN, 600 036, India.
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Afifi AHAA, Etaby AN, Ahmad MAY, Farghaly YT. Value of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of cancer prostate. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Hassanzadeh E, Alessandrino F, Olubiyi OI, Glazer DI, Mulkern RV, Fedorov A, Tempany CM, Fennessy FM. Comparison of quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient parameters with prostate imaging reporting and data system V2 assessment for detection of clinically significant peripheral zone prostate cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:1237-1244. [PMID: 28840280 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare diagnostic performance of PI-RADSv2 with ADC parameters to identify clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC) and to determine the impact of csPC definitions on diagnostic performance of ADC and PI-RADSv2. METHODS We retrospectively identified treatment-naïve pathology-proven peripheral zone PC patients who underwent 3T prostate MRI, using high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging from 2011 to 2015. Using 3D slicer, areas of suspected tumor (T) and normal tissue (N) on ADC (b = 0, 1400) were outlined volumetrically. Mean ADCT, mean ADCN, ADCratio (ADCT/ADCN) were calculated. PI-RADSv2 was assigned. Three csPC definitions were used: (A) Gleason score (GS) ≥ 4 + 3; (B) GS ≥ 3 + 4; (C) MRI-based tumor volume >0.5 cc. Performances of ADC parameters and PI-RADSv2 in identifying csPC were measured using nonparametric comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves using the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Eighty five cases met eligibility requirements. Diagnostic performances (AUC) in identifying csPC using three definitions were: (A) ADCT (0.83) was higher than PI-RADSv2 (0.65, p = 0.006); (B) ADCT (0.86) was higher than ADCratio (0.68, p < 0.001), and PI-RADSv2 (0.70, p = 0.04); (C) PI-RADSv2 (0.73) performed better than ADCratio (0.56, p = 0.02). ADCT performance was higher when csPC was defined by A or B versus C (p = 0.038 and p = 0.01, respectively). ADCratio performed better when csPC was defined by A versus C (p = 0.01). PI-RADSv2 performance was not affected by csPC definition. CONCLUSIONS When csPC was defined by GS, ADC parameters provided better csPC discrimination than PI-RADSv2, with ADCT providing best result. When csPC was defined by MRI-calculated volume, PI-RADSv2 provided better discrimination than ADCratio. csPC definition did not affect PI-RADSv2 diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Hassanzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1200 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Francesco Alessandrino
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Olutayo I Olubiyi
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mercy Catholic Medical Center, 1500 Lansdowne Avenue, Darby, PA, USA
| | - Daniel I Glazer
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert V Mulkern
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andriy Fedorov
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clare M Tempany
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fiona M Fennessy
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Kumar V, Bora GS, Kumar R, Jagannathan NR. Multiparametric (mp) MRI of prostate cancer. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 105:23-40. [PMID: 29548365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. A large number of men are detected with PCa; however, the clinical behavior ranges from low-grade indolent tumors that never develop into a clinically significant disease to aggressive, invasive tumors that may rapidly progress to metastatic disease. The challenges in clinical management of PCa are at levels of screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up after treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods have shown a potential role in detection, localization, staging, assessment of aggressiveness, targeting biopsies, etc. in PCa patients. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) is emerging as a better option compared to the individual imaging methods used in the evaluation of PCa. There are attempts to improve the reproducibility and reliability of mpMRI by using an objective scoring system proposed in the prostate imaging reporting and data system (PIRADS) for standardized reporting. Prebiopsy mpMRI may be used to detect PCa in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen or abnormal digital rectal examination and to enable targeted biopsies. mpMRI can also be used to decide on clinical management of patients, for example active surveillance, and may help in detecting only the pathology that requires detection. It can potentially not only guide patient selection for initial and repeat biopsy but also reduce false-negative biopsies. This review presents a description of the MR methods most commonly applied for investigations of prostate. The anatomical, functional and metabolic parameters obtained from these MR methods are discussed with regard to their physical basis and their contribution to mpMRI investigations of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Girdhar S Bora
- Department of Urology, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Naranamangalam R Jagannathan
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Godley KC, Syer TJ, Toms AP, Smith TO, Johnson G, Cameron D, Malcolm PN. Accuracy of high b-value diffusion-weighted MRI for prostate cancer detection: a meta-analysis. Acta Radiol 2018; 59:105-113. [PMID: 28376634 DOI: 10.1177/0284185117702181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to detect prostate cancer is well-established. DWI provides visual as well as quantitative means of detecting tumor, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Recently higher b-values have been used to improve DWI's diagnostic performance. Purpose To determine the diagnostic performance of high b-value DWI at detecting prostate cancer and whether quantifying ADC improves accuracy. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature search of published and unpublished databases was performed. Eligible studies had histopathologically proven prostate cancer, DWI sequences using b-values ≥ 1000 s/mm2, less than ten patients, and data for creating a 2 × 2 table. Study quality was assessed with QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of diagnostic Accuracy Studies). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and tests for statistical heterogeneity and threshold effect performed. Results were plotted on a summary receiver operating characteristic curve (sROC) and the area under the curve (AUC) determined the diagnostic performance of high b-value DWI. Results Ten studies met eligibility criteria with 13 subsets of data available for analysis, including 522 patients. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.61) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.91-0.92), respectively, and the sROC AUC was 0.92. Subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant ( P = 0.03) improvement in accuracy when using tumor visual assessment rather than ADC. Conclusion High b-value DWI gives good diagnostic performance for prostate cancer detection and visual assessment of tumor diffusion is significantly more accurate than ROI measurements of ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Craig Godley
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Andoni Paul Toms
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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Dwivedi DK, Kumar R, Dwivedi AK, Bora GS, Thulkar S, Sharma S, Gupta SD, Jagannathan NR. Prebiopsy multiparametric MRI-based risk score for predicting prostate cancer in biopsy-naive men with prostate-specific antigen between 4-10 ng/mL. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:1227-1236. [PMID: 28872226 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk calculators have traditionally utilized serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values in addition to clinical variables to predict the likelihood of prostate cancer (PCa). PURPOSE To develop a prebiopsy multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)-based risk score (RS) and a statistical equation for predicting the risk of PCa in biopsy-naive men with serum PSA between 4-10 ng/mL that may help reduce unnecessary biopsies. STUDY TYPE Prospective cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS In all, 137 consecutive men with PSA between 4-10 ng/mL underwent prebiopsy mpMRI (diffusion-weighted [DW]-MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging [MRSI]) during 2009-2015 were recruited for this study. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5T (Avanto, Siemens Health Care, Erlangen, Germany); T1 -weighted, T2 -weighted, DW-MRI, and MRSI sequences were used. ASSESSMENT All eligible patients underwent mpMRI-directed, cognitive-fusion transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies. STATISTICAL TESTS An equation model and an RS were developed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and a multivariable logistic regression approach. A 10-fold crossvalidation and simulation analyses were performed to assess diagnostic performance of various combinations of mpMRI parameters. RESULTS Of 137 patients, 32 were diagnosed with PCa on biopsy. Multivariable analysis, adjusted with positive pathology, showed apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), metabolite ratio, and PSA as significant predictors of PCa (P < 0.05). A statistical equation was derived using these predictors. A simple 6-point mpMRI-based RS was derived for calculating the risk of PCa and it showed that it is highly predictive for PCa (odds ratio = 3.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.24-6.27, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.87). Both models (equation and RS) yielded high predictive performance (AUC ≥0.85) on validation analysis. DATA CONCLUSION A statistical equation and a simple 6-point mpMRI-based RS can be used as a point-of-care tool to potentially help limit the number of negative biopsies in men with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1227-1236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Girdhar S Bora
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Thulkar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Comparison of PI-RADS 2, ADC histogram-derived parameters, and their combination for the diagnosis of peripheral zone prostate cancer. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016; 41:2209-2217. [PMID: 27364781 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-0826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the PI-RADS V2 scores, ADC histogram-derived parameters, and their combination for the diagnosis of clinically significant peripheral zone prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHODS The IRB approved this retrospective study of 47 men who underwent 1.5 Tesla endorectal prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Informed consent was waived. Two readers identified and scored MRI lesions using PI-RADS V2. Their mean, median, 10th, 25th, 75th percentile ADC values, and normalized ratio were also calculated. Multilevel logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses assessed their diagnostic performance. Clinically significant PCa was defined as tumor volume over 0.5 cc and Gleason grade of 4 or 5 on prostatectomy. RESULTS The area under the ROC curve (A z) of the overall and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) PI-RADS V2 scores were 0.69 and 0.84 (reader-1), and 0.68 and 0.73 (reader-2). The A z of ADC parameters ranged from 0.68 to 0.75 for both readers. Compared to other predictors, DWI PI-RADS V2 yielded the highest A z for identification of significant cancer; but, except for reader-1 75th percentile ADC, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Adding ADC parameters to PI-RADS V2 scores did not improve their diagnostic ability. CONCLUSION DWI PI-RADS V2 score may a better predictor of clinically significant PCa than the overall PI-RADS V2 score, but its diagnostic performance was not significantly improved by the addition of objective ADC value measurements.
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Multiparametric MR can identify high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) lesions and predict future detection of prostate cancer in men with a negative initial prostate biopsy. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:1081-6. [PMID: 27211254 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the pre-biopsy diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) characteristics of patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and perform follow-up studies in these patients to assess the clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred sixteen men with prostate specific antigen between 4 and 10ng/ml underwent pre-biopsy MR examinations. Nine of them had HGPIN lesions without concomitant prostate cancer (PCa) on biopsy. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and metabolite ratio [Citrate/(Choline+Creatine)] were calculated and these 9 patients were followed to determine the clinical outcomes. RESULTS Mean ADC for HGPIN foci was 1.01±0.16×10(-3)mm(2)/s while for the normal peripheral zone it was 1.69±0.25×10(-3)mm(2)/s (p<0.005). Mean metabolite ratio for voxels in the HGPIN region of initial biopsy was 0.24±0.16 while for the normal peripheral zone the value was 2.66±1.57 (p<0.005). Four of 5 patients who were available for follow-up were detected to have prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. No significant change in metabolite ratio and PSA was observed while ADC showed further reduction on follow-up. CONCLUSION HGPIN foci have ADC and metabolite ratio values similar to adenocarcinoma prostate, indicating that such patients have a high likelihood of developing cancer. DWI may help identify such men who may be candidates for close follow-up.
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Dwivedi DK, Kumar R, Bora GS, Thulkar S, Sharma S, Gupta SD, Jagannathan NR. Stratification of the aggressiveness of prostate cancer using pre-biopsy multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:232-238. [PMID: 26730884 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Risk stratification, based on the Gleason score (GS) of a prostate biopsy, is an important decision-making tool in prostate cancer management. As low-grade disease may not need active intervention, the ability to identify aggressive cancers on imaging could limit the need for prostate biopsies. We assessed the ability of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in pre-biopsy risk stratification of men with prostate cancer. One hundred and twenty men suspected to have prostate cancer underwent mpMRI (diffusion MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging) prior to biopsy. Twenty-six had cancer and were stratified into three groups based on GS: low grade (GS ≤ 6), intermediate grade (GS = 7) and high grade (GS ≥ 8). A total of 910 regions of interest (ROIs) from the peripheral zone (PZ, range 25-45) were analyzed from these 26 patients. The metabolite ratio [citrate/(choline + creatine)] and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of voxels were calculated for the PZ regions corresponding to the biopsy cores and compared with histology. The median metabolite ratios for low-grade, intermediate-grade and high-grade cancer were 0.29 (range: 0.16, 0.61), 0.17 (range: 0.13, 0.32) and 0.13 (range: 0.05, 0.23), respectively (p = 0.004). The corresponding mean ADCs (×10(-3) mm(2) /s) for low-grade, intermediate-grade and high-grade cancer were 0.99 ± 0.08, 0.86 ± 0.11 and 0.69 ± 0.12, respectively (p < 0.0001). The combined ADC and metabolite ratio model showed strong discriminatory ability to differentiate subjects with GS ≤ 6 from subjects with GS ≥ 7 with an area under the curve of 94%. These data indicate that pre-biopsy mpMRI may stratify PCa aggressiveness noninvasively. As the recent literature data suggest that men with GS ≤ 6 cancer may not need radical therapy, our data may help limit the need for biopsy and allow informed decision making for clinical intervention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar S Bora
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Thulkar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Loffroy R, Chevallier O, Moulin M, Favelier S, Genson PY, Pottecher P, Crehange G, Cochet A, Cormier L. Current role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:754-64. [PMID: 26682144 PMCID: PMC4671975 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.10.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) has shown promising results in diagnosis, localization, risk stratification and staging of clinically significant prostate cancer, and targeting or guiding prostate biopsy. mp-MRI consists of T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) combined with several functional sequences including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), perfusion or dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging (DCEI) and spectroscopic imaging. Recently, mp-MRI has been used to assess prostate cancer aggressiveness and to identify anteriorly located tumors before and during active surveillance. Moreover, recent studies have reported that mp-MRI is a reliable imaging modality for detecting local recurrence after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiation therapy. Because assessment on mp-MRI can be subjective, use of the newly developed standardized reporting Prostate Imaging and Reporting Archiving Data System (PI-RADS) scoring system and education of specialist radiologists are essential for accurate interpretation. This review focuses on the current place of mp-MRI in prostate cancer and its evolving role in the management of prostate cancer.
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Abstract
Multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) has shown promising results in diagnosis, localization, risk stratification and staging of clinically significant prostate cancer. It has also opened up opportunities for focal treatment of prostate cancer. Combinations of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion imaging, perfusion (dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging) and spectroscopic imaging have been used in mp-MRI assessment of prostate cancer, but T2 morphologic assessment and functional assessment by diffusion imaging remains the mainstay for prostate cancer diagnosis on mp-MRI. Because assessment on mp-MRI can be subjective, use of the newly developed standardized reporting Prostate Imaging and Reporting Archiving Data System scoring system and education of specialist radiologists are essential for accurate interpretation. This review focuses on the present status of mp-MRI in prostate cancer and its evolving role in the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Ghai
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masoom A Haider
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bittencourt LK, Hausmann D, Sabaneeff N, Gasparetto EL, Barentsz JO. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate: current concepts. Radiol Bras 2015; 47:292-300. [PMID: 25741104 PMCID: PMC4341390 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2013.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiparametric MR (mpMR) imaging is rapidly evolving into the mainstay in prostate
cancer (PCa) imaging. Generally, the examination consists of T2-weighted sequences,
diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) evaluation, and
less often proton MR spectroscopy imaging (MRSI). Those functional techniques are
related to biological properties of the tumor, so that DWI correlates to cellularity
and Gleason scores, DCE correlates to angiogenesis, and MRSI correlates to cell
membrane turnover. The combined use of those techniques enhances the diagnostic
confidence and allows for better characterization of PCa. The present article reviews
and illustrates the technical aspects and clinical applications of each component of
mpMR imaging, in a practical approach from the urological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Kayat Bittencourt
- PhD, Associate Professor of Radiology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil, Titular Member, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), Radiologist at CDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Hausmann
- MD, Resident, Institute of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natalia Sabaneeff
- Titular Member, Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR), Radiologist at CDPI Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson Leandro Gasparetto
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Radiologist at CDPI and Multi-Imagem Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jelle O Barentsz
- PhD, Chair of Research and Professor, Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Jie C, Rongbo L, Ping T. The value of diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:1929-41. [PMID: 24865693 PMCID: PMC4082652 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) as a single non-invasive method in detecting prostate cancer (PCa) and to deduce its clinical utility. Methods A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant original studies. Quality of included studies was assessed by QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies). Data were extracted to calculate sensitivity and specificity as well as running the test of heterogeneity and threshold effect. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was drawn and area under SROC curve (AUC) served as a determination of the diagnostic performance of DWI for the detection of PCa. Results A total of 21 studies were included, with 27 subsets of data available for analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were 0.62 (95 % CI 0.61–0.64) and 0.90 (95 % CI 0.89–0.90), respectively. Pooled positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 5.83 (95 % CI 4.61–7.37) and 0.30 (95 % CI 0.23–0.39), respectively. The AUC was 0.8991. Significant heterogeneity was observed. There was no notable publication bias. Conclusions DWI is an informative MRI modality in detecting PCa and shows moderately high diagnostic accuracy. General clinical application was limited because of the absence of standardized DW-MRI techniques. Key points • DWI provides incremental information for the detection and evaluation of PCa • DWI has moderately high diagnostic accuracy in detecting PCa • Patient condition, imaging protocols and study design positively influence diagnostic performance • General clinical application requires optimization of image acquisition and interpretation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jie
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan province, China
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Assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient values as predictor of aggressiveness in peripheral zone prostate cancer: comparison with Gleason score. ISRN RADIOLOGY 2014; 2014:263417. [PMID: 24967293 PMCID: PMC4045556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/263417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To determine association between apparent diffusion coefficient value on diffusion-weighted imaging and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer.
Methods. This retrospective case series was conducted at Radiology Department of Aga Khan University between June 2009 and June 2011. 28 patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer were included who underwent ultrasound guided sextant prostate biopsy and MRI. MRI images were analyzed on diagnostic console and regions of interest were drawn. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS 20.0. ADC values were compared with Gleason score using one-way ANOVA test. Results. In 28 patients, 168 quadrants were biopsied and 106 quadrants were positive for malignancy. 89 lesions with proven malignancy showed diffusion restriction. The mean ADC value for disease with a Gleason score of 6 was 935 mm2/s (SD = 248.4 mm2/s); Gleason score of 7 was 837 mm2/s (SD = 208.5 mm2/s); Gleason score of 8 was 614 mm2/s (SD = 108 mm2/s); and Gleason score of 9 was 571 mm2/s (SD = 82 mm2/s). Inverse relationship was observed between Gleason score and mean ADC values. Conclusion. DWI and specifically quantitative ADC values may help differentiate between low-risk (Gleason score, 6), intermediate-risk (Gleason score, 7), and high-risk (Gleason score 8 and 9) prostate cancers, indirectly determining the aggressiveness of the disease.
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Fütterer JJ, Barentsz JO, Heijmijnk STWPJ. Imaging modalities for prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 9:923-37. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Quentin M, Schimmöller L, Arsov C, Rabenalt R, Antoch G, Albers P, Blondin D. 3-T in-bore MR-guided prostate biopsy based on a scoring system for target lesions characterization. Acta Radiol 2013; 54:1224-9. [PMID: 23878360 DOI: 10.1177/0284185113492972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To estimate potential malignant lesions within the prostate gland, the usage of a scoring system has recently been proposed by a European consensus meeting. PURPOSE To prospectively investigate a scoring system for functional prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using in-bore MR-guided prostate biopsy at 3-T. MATERIAL AND METHODS Prostate MRI examinations of 59 patients (between February 2011 and May 2012) with no known prostate cancer, elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and unsuspicious digital rectal examination were included in the study. In each patient up to three lesions were defined and scored using a 5-point scoring system for each MR sequence (T2-weighted images, diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging). Following MRI-guided in-bore biopsy these lesions were correlated to the histopathological findings. RESULTS A total number of 144 lesions were defined in 59 patients. In 28 patients (51 lesions) MR-guided in-bore biopsy was positive for tumor (Gleason grade 6 or higher). A cut-off limit of 10 or more points in summation of the individual scores of all three sequences was used, leading to a 90% sensitivity, 63% specificity, 58% positive predictive value, and 92% negative predictive value. CONCLUSION A simple 5-point scoring system of functional prostate MRI achieves excellent sensitivity and moderate specificity for directing 3-T-guided prostate biopsy relative to the histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quentin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Schimmöller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Arsov
- Department of Urology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Rabenalt
- Department of Urology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Antoch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Blondin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Chen YW, Pan HB, Tseng HH, Chu HC, Hung YT, Yen YC, Chou CP. Differentiated epithelial- and mesenchymal-like phenotypes in subcutaneous mouse xenografts using diffusion weighted-magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21943-59. [PMID: 24196357 PMCID: PMC3856043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is important for tumor metastasis. Detection of EMT protein expression and observation of morphological changes are commonly used to identify EMT. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and measuring apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are noninvasive techniques for characterizing tumor microenvironments. We investigated the difference in ADC values between epithelial- and mesenchymal-like subcutaneous mouse xenografted tumors using DW-MRI. Epithelial-like MM189 PB-Klf4 and BL322 PB-Klf4 cells were generated from tumor suppressive Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4)-expressing mesenchymal-like MM189 and BL322 cells. The ADC values of xenografted tumors from epithelial-like MM189 PB-Klf4 and BL322 PB-Klf4 were significantly lower than those from their mesenchymal-like counterparts (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggested that DW-MRI is a potential tool for observing mesenchymal- or epithelial-like characteristics of subcutaneous xenografted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Huay-Ben Pan
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hui-Hwa Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yi-Chen Yen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-W.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.Y.)
| | - Chen-Pin Chou
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-B.P.); (Y.-T.H.)
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Hegde JV, Mulkern RV, Panych LP, Fennessy FM, Fedorov A, Maier SE, Tempany CMC. Multiparametric MRI of prostate cancer: an update on state-of-the-art techniques and their performance in detecting and localizing prostate cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 37:1035-54. [PMID: 23606141 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) examinations of men with prostate cancer are most commonly performed for detecting, characterizing, and staging the extent of disease to best determine diagnostic or treatment strategies, which range from biopsy guidance to active surveillance to radical prostatectomy. Given both the exam's importance to individual treatment plans and the time constraints present for its operation at most institutions, it is essential to perform the study effectively and efficiently. This article reviews the most commonly employed modern techniques for prostate cancer MR examinations, exploring the relevant signal characteristics from the different methods discussed and relating them to intrinsic prostate tissue properties. Also, a review of recent articles using these methods to enhance clinical interpretation and assess clinical performance is provided. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:1035-1054. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Hegde
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Khalifa J, Commandeur F, Bachaud JM, de Crevoisier R. Radiothérapie conformationnelle prostatique : quelles marges ? Cancer Radiother 2013; 17:461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hattori S, Kosaka T, Mizuno R, Kanao K, Miyajima A, Yasumizu Y, Yazawa S, Nagata H, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Jinzaki M, Nakagawa K, Tanimoto A, Oya M. Prognostic value of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2013; 113:741-7. [PMID: 23937660 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the suitability of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positivity as a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the clinical records of patients who underwent either standard RP or laparoscopic RP between January 2005 and December 2009 at our institution. Patients who received radiotherapy or androgen deprivation therapy before surgery were excluded. A total of 314 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for analyses. In accordance with the criteria in the established guidelines, a radiologist scored the probability of the presence of prostate cancer using a five-point scale of diagnostic confidence level. The highest confidence level of any pulse sequence was considered as the evaluation result. RESULTS MRI positivity was significantly associated with a high clinical stage (cT ≥ 2; P = 0.039), a high positive biopsy core rate (≥0.2; P < 0.001), a high biopsy Gleason score ([GS] ≥8; P < 0.001) and a high pathological GS (≥8; P = 0.005). Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that MRI positivity was a prognostic indicator in the analysis that included only preoperative variables and also in the analysis including preoperative and pathological variables. CONCLUSION Multiparametric MRI positivity can independently predict biochemical recurrence after RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Hattori
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Meta-analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in detecting prostate cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013; 37:195-202. [PMID: 23493208 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e3182801ae1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of quantitative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in detection of prostate cancer. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed for English articles published before May 2012 that fulfilled the following criteria: patients had histopathologically proved prostate cancer; diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed for the detection of prostate cancer, and data for calculating sensitivity and specificity were included. Methodological quality was assessed by using the quality assessment of diagnostic studies instrument. Publication bias analysis, homogeneity, inconsistency index, and threshold effect were performed by STATA version 12. RESULTS Of 119 eligible studies, 12 with 1637 malignant and 4803 benign lesions were included. There was notable heterogeneity beyond threshold effect and publication bias. The sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence interval (CI) estimates of DWI on a per-lesion basis were 77% (CI, 0.76-0.84) and 84% (CI, 0.78-0.89), respectively, and the area under the curve of summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.88 (CI, 0.85-0.90). The overall positive and negative likelihood ratios with 95% CI were 4.93 (3.39-7.17) and 0.278 (0.19-0.39), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative DWI has a relative sensitivity and specificity to distinguish malignant from benign in prostate lesions. However, large-scale randomized control trials are necessary to assess its clinical value because of nonuniformed diffusion gradient b factor, diagnosis threshold, and small number of studies.
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Quentin M, Blondin D, Klasen J, Lanzman RS, Miese FR, Arsov C, Albers P, Antoch G, Wittsack HJ. Comparison of different mathematical models of diffusion-weighted prostate MR imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 30:1468-74. [PMID: 22819178 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate which mathematical model (monoexponential, biexponential, statistical, kurtosis) fits best to the diffusion-weighted signal in prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 prostate 3-T MRI examinations of young volunteers (YV, n=8), patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer (PC, n=8) and an aged matched control group (AC, n=8) were included. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed using 11 b-values ranging from 0 to 800 s/mm(2). RESULTS Monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were significantly (P<.001) lower in the peripheral (PZ) zone (1.18±0.16 mm(2)/s) and the central (CZ) zone (0.73±0.13 mm(2)/s) of YV compared to AC (PZ 1.92±0.17 mm(2)/s; CZ 1.35±0.21 mm(2)/s). In PC ADC(mono) values (0.61±0.06 mm(2)/s) were significantly (P<.001) lower than in the peripheral of central zone of AC. Using the statistical analysis (Akaike information criteria) in YV most pixels were best described by the biexponential model (82%), the statistical model, respectively kurtosis (93%) each compared to the monoexponential model. In PC the majority of pixels was best described by the monoexponential model (57%) compared to the biexponential model. CONCLUSION Although a more complex model might provide a better fitting when multiple b-values are used, the monoexponential analyses for ADC calculation in prostate MRI is sufficient to discriminate prostate cancer from normal tissue using b-values ranging from 0 to 800 s/mm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quentin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Kilinç R, Doluoglu OG, Sakman B, Ciliz DS, Yüksel E, Adsan O, Cetinkaya M. The Correlation between Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Histopathological Evaluation of 356 Prostate Biopsy Sites in Patients with Prostatic Diseases. ISRN UROLOGY 2012; 2012:252846. [PMID: 22792487 PMCID: PMC3390046 DOI: 10.5402/2012/252846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability of diffusion MRI for detection of cancer foci by comparing diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) results and pathology results of prostate biopsy sites. Methods. Of the patients who applied with lower urinary tract symptoms, 36 patients who had suspected DRE and/or PSA ≥2.5 ng/mL were included in the study. Patients underwent DWI prior to 10 cores-prostate biopsy. 356 biopsy cores were obtained from the patients. Foci from the patients with prostate cancer were labeled as malignant or benign foci, likewise foci from the patients with benign pathology were grouped as BPH and inflammation foci. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of biopsy groups were compared with each other in order to measure the reliability of DWI in detection of PCa foci. Results. When ADC values of adenocarcinoma foci and BPH foci were compared, a statistically significant difference was found (P < 0.001). When ADC values obtained from adenocarcinoma foci and chronic inflammation foci are compared, the difference between two groups is statistically significant, too (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Biopsies focused on suspected regions after formation of ADC maps by means of DWI would provide to start definitive treatment immediately as well as being beneficial to prevent morbidity related to repeated prostate biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kilinç
- Department of Urology, II Clinic, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Nagarajan R, Margolis D, Raman S, Sarma MK, Sheng K, King CR, Verma G, Sayre J, Reiter RE, Thomas MA. MR spectroscopic imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging of prostate cancer with Gleason scores. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 36:697-703. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Groenendaal G, van Vulpen M, Pereboom SR, Poelma-Tap D, Korporaal JG, Monninkhof E, van der Heide UA. The effect of hormonal treatment on conspicuity of prostate cancer: Implications for focal boosting radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2012; 103:233-8. [PMID: 22265733 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Thulkar S, Kumar R. Prebiopsy magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2012; 19:602-13. [PMID: 22435389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Existing screening investigations for the diagnosis of early prostate cancer lack specificity, resulting in a high negative biopsy rate. There is increasing interest in the use of various magnetic resonance methods for improving the yield of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies of the prostate in men suspected to have prostate cancer. We review the existing status of such investigations. METHODS A literature search was carried out using the Pubmed database to identify articles related to magnetic resonance methods for diagnosing prostate cancer. References from these articles were also extracted and reviewed. RESULTS Recent studies have focused on prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations using conventional magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, magnetization transfer imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the prostate. This marks a shift from the earlier strategy of carrying out postbiopsy magnetic resonance investigations. Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has been useful in identifying patients who are more likely to have a biopsy positive for malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Prebiopsy magnetic resonance investigations has a potential role in increasing specificity of screening for early prostate cancer. It has a role in the targeting of biopsy sites, avoiding unnecessary biopsies and predicting the outcome of biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Diffusion-weighted imaging in the prostate: an apparent diffusion coefficient comparison of half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo and echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 30:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Groenendaal G, Borren A, Moman MR, Monninkhof E, van Diest PJ, Philippens MEP, van Vulpen M, van der Heide UA. Pathologic validation of a model based on diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for tumor delineation in the prostate peripheral zone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 82:e537-44. [PMID: 22197085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For focal boost strategies in the prostate, the robustness of magnetic resonance imaging-based tumor delineations needs to be improved. To this end we developed a statistical model that predicts tumor presence on a voxel level (2.5×2.5×2.5 mm3) inside the peripheral zone. Furthermore, we show how this model can be used to derive a valuable input for radiotherapy treatment planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS The model was created on 87 radiotherapy patients. For the validation of the voxelwise performance of the model, an independent group of 12 prostatectomy patients was used. After model validation, the model was stratified to create three different risk levels for tumor presence: gross tumor volume (GTV), high-risk clinical target volume (CTV), and low-risk CTV. RESULTS The model gave an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70 for the prediction of tumor presence in the prostatectomy group. When the registration error between magnetic resonance images and pathologic delineation was taken into account, the area under the curve further improved to 0.89. We propose that model outcome values with a high positive predictive value can be used to define the GTV. Model outcome values with a high negative predictive value can be used to define low-risk CTV regions. The intermediate outcome values can be used to define a high-risk CTV. CONCLUSIONS We developed a logistic regression with a high diagnostic performance for voxelwise prediction of tumor presence. The model output can be used to define different risk levels for tumor presence, which in turn could serve as an input for dose planning. In this way the robustness of tumor delineations for focal boost therapy can be greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greetje Groenendaal
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Giannarini G, Petralia G, Thoeny HC. Potential and limitations of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer including pelvic lymph node staging: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2011; 61:326-40. [PMID: 22000497 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring are still suboptimal for most genitourinary tumours. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) has already shown promise as a noninvasive imaging modality in the early detection of microstructural and functional changes in several pathologies of various organs. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential and limitations of DW-MRI in the management of patients with kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A nonsystematic literature search using the Medline/PubMed and Embase databases for full-length papers reporting on DW-MRI for kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer was performed up to August 1, 2011. Only those articles with complete data reporting on DW-MRI applications with potential implications in solving commonly encountered clinical challenges relating to tumour detection, staging, and treatment monitoring were finally examined. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS For kidney tumours DW-MRI is a reasonable alternative to conventional cross-sectional imaging to detect and characterise focal renal lesions, especially in patients with impaired renal function. For prostate cancer, DW-MRI applied in addition to conventional T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improves tumour detection and localisation. In addition, it has shown promise for the assessment of tumour aggressiveness and for treatment monitoring during active surveillance, radiation therapy, and focal therapy. For bladder cancer, DW-MRI may improve the performance of conventional T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced MRI in the work-up of bladder cancer, helping to differentiate non-muscle-invasive from muscle-invasive tumours. For pelvic lymph nodes, initial results showed the potential to improve nodal staging of prostate and bladder cancer compared with conventional cross-sectional imaging. CONCLUSIONS DW-MRI holds promise to ameliorate the management of patients with kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer including pelvic lymph node staging. Current limitations include the lack of standardisation of the technique across multiple centres and the still limited expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giannarini
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Chen YJ, Pu YS, Chueh SC, Shun CT, Chu WC, Tseng WYI. Diffusion MRI predicts transrectal ultrasound biopsy results in prostate cancer detection. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:356-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Petralia G, Thoeny HC. DW-MRI of the urogenital tract: applications in oncology. Cancer Imaging 2010; 10 Spec no A:S112-23. [PMID: 20880781 PMCID: PMC2967148 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2010.9030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) appears to hold promise as a non-invasive imaging modality in the detection of early microstructural and functional changes of different organs. DW-MRI is an imaging technique with a high sensitivity for the detection of a large variety of diseases in the urogenital tract. In kidneys, DW-MRI has shown promise for the characterization of solid lesions. Also in focal T1 hyperintense lesions DW-MRI was able to differentiate hemorrhagic cysts from tumours according to the lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values reported for renal cell carcinomas. Promising results were also published for the detection of prostate cancer. DW-MRI applied in addition to conventional T2-weighted imaging has been found to improve tumour detection. On a 3 T magnetic resonance unit ADC values were reported to be lower for tumours compared with the normal-appearing peripheral zone. The combined approach of T2-weighted imaging and DW-MRI also showed promising results for the detection of recurrent tumour in patients after radiation therapy. DW-MRI may improve the performance of conventional T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced MRI in the preoperative work-up of bladder cancer, as it may help in distinguishing superficial from muscle invasive bladder cancer, which is critical for patient management. Another challenging application of DW-MRI in the urogenital tract is the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases. As the ADC is generally reduced in malignant tumours and increased under inflammatory conditions, reduced ADC values were expected in patients with lymph node metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Petralia
- Institute of Diagnostic, Pediatric and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 10, Bern, Switzerland
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MR Imaging of Prostate Cancer: Diffusion Weighted Imaging and (3D) Hydrogen 1 (H) MR Spectroscopy in Comparison with Histology. Radiol Res Pract 2010; 2011:616852. [PMID: 22091382 PMCID: PMC3198606 DOI: 10.1155/2011/616852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate retrospectively the impact of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and (3D) hydrogen 1 (1H) MR-spectroscopy (MRS) on the detection of prostatic cancer in comparison to histological examinations. Materials and Methods: 50 patients with suspicion of prostate cancer underwent a MRI examination at a 1.5T scanner. The prostate was divided into sextants. Regions of interest were placed in each sextant to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-values. The results of the DWI as well as MRS were compared retrospectively with the findings of the histological examination. Sensitivity and specificity of ADC and metabolic ratio (MET)—both separately and in combination—for identification of tumor tissue was computed for variable discrimination thresholds to evaluate its receiver operator characteristic (ROC). An association between ADC, MET and Gleason score was tested by the non-parametric Spearman ρ-test. Results. The average ADC-value was 1.65 ± 0.32mm2/s × 10−3 in normal tissue and 0.96±0.24 mm2/s × 10−3 in tumor tissue (mean ± 1 SD). MET was 0.418 ± 0.431 in normal tissue and 2.010 ± 1.649 in tumor tissue. The area under the ROC curve was 0.966 (95%-confidence interval 0.941–0.991) and 0.943 (0.918–0.968) for DWI and MRS, respectively. There was a highly significant negative correlation between ADC-value and the Gleason score in the tumor-positive tissue probes (n = 62, ρ = −0.405, P = .001). MRS did not show a significant correlation with the Gleason score (ρ = 0.117, P = .366). By using both the DWI and MRS, the regression model provided sensitivity and specificity for detection of tumor of 91.9% and 98.3%, respectively. Conclusion. The results of our study showed that both DWI and MRS should be considered as an additional and complementary tool to the T2-weighted MRI for detecting prostate cancer.
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Diffusion-Weighted MRI of Peripheral Zone Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Tumor Apparent Diffusion Coefficient With Gleason Score and Percentage of Tumor on Core Biopsy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194:W316-22. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Groenendaal G, van den Berg CAT, Korporaal JG, Philippens MEP, Luijten PR, van Vulpen M, van der Heide UA. Simultaneous MRI diffusion and perfusion imaging for tumor delineation in prostate cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2010; 95:185-90. [PMID: 20231041 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A study was performed to investigate if we can quantify if the two imaging modalities diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI are consistent in what voxels they determine as being suspicious of tumor tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer underwent a DWI and a DCE-MRI scan. These scans were compared using a receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, where either one of the two imaging modalities was thresholded and taken as a reference. The resulting area under the curve (AUC) reflects the consistency between target delineations based on the two imaging techniques. This analysis was performed for the complete prostate and the peripheral zone (PZ). RESULTS Consistency between DWI and DCE-MRI parameter maps varied greatly between patients. Values of the AUC up to 0.90 were found. However, on average AUC values were 0.60. The AUC values were related to the patient's PSA and clinical stage. CONCLUSIONS Large variation in consistency between the two imaging modalities was found. This did not depend on the precise thresholds used. For making decisions on dose painting in the prostate, the knowledge about the inconsistency must be taken into account.
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Groenendaal G, Moman MR, Korporaal JG, van Diest PJ, van Vulpen M, Philippens MEP, van der Heide UA. Validation of functional imaging with pathology for tumor delineation in the prostate. Radiother Oncol 2010; 94:145-50. [PMID: 20116116 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A study was performed to validate magnetic resonance (MR) based prostate tumor delineations with pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer underwent a T2 weighted (T2w), diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) scan before prostatectomy. Suspicious regions were delineated based on all available MR information. After prostatectomy whole-mount hematoxylin-eosin stained (H&E) sections were made. Tumor tissue was delineated on the H&E stained sections and compared with the MR based delineations. The registration accuracy between the MR images and H&E stained sections was estimated. RESULTS A tumor coverage of 44-89% was reached by the MR based tumor delineations. The application of a margin of approximately 5mm to the MR based tumor delineations yielded a tumor coverage of 85-100% in all patients. Errors created during the registration procedure were 2-3mm, which cannot completely explain the limited tumor coverage. CONCLUSIONS An accurate tissue processing and registration method was presented (registration error 2-3mm), which enables the validation of MR based tumor delineations with pathology. Reasonable tumor coverage of about 85% and larger was found when applying a margin of approximately 5 mm to the MR based tumor delineations.
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Diffusion-weighted imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping and spectroscopy in prostate cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 19:261-72. [PMID: 19512848 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e3181aa6b50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health problem, and the exploration of noninvasive imaging methods that have the potential to improve specificity while maintaining high sensitivity is still critically needed. Tissue changes induced by tumor growth can be visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. Current MRI methods include conventional T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Techniques such as DWI/ADC provide functional information about the behavior of water molecules in tissue; MRS can provide biochemical information about the presence or absence of certain metabolites, such as choline, creatine, and citrate. Finally, vascular parameters can be investigated using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Moreover, with whole-body MRI and DWI, metastatic disease can be evaluated in 1 session and may provide a way to monitor treatment. Therefore, when combining these various methods, a multiparametric data set can be built to assist in the detection, localization, assessment of prostate cancer aggressiveness, and tumor staging. Such a comprehensive approach offers more power to evaluate prostate disease than any single measure alone. In this article, we focus on the role of DWI/ADC and MRS in the detection and characterization using both in vivo and ex vivo imaging of prostate pathology.
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Somford DM, Fütterer JJ, Hambrock T, Barentsz JO. Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of the prostate. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008; 16:685-95, ix. [PMID: 18926431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional anatomic MR imaging has evolved to a superior modality in the evaluation of prostate carcinoma and is now a widely established technique in the detection and staging of this disease, aiding in clinical decision making on treatment and therapy evaluation. Recent improvements in functional MR techniques, such as diffusion-weighted MR imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, have greatly increased the impact of MR imaging in prostate cancer. The combination of T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted MR imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging may overcome the limitations of conventional T2-weighted MR imaging of the prostate and may be able accurately to detect, localize, stage, and grade prostate carcinoma and guide biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik M Somford
- Department of Urology, Radboud University, Nijmegan Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zelhof B, Pickles M, Liney G, Gibbs P, Rodrigues G, Kraus S, Turnbull L. Correlation of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance data with cellularity in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2008; 103:883-8. [PMID: 19007373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cell density (CD) obtained from radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 36 patients with prostate cancer were recruited; T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI was obtained axially using a 3.0 T scanner. Patients then proceeded to RP; the prostate was whole-mounted and sectioned axially. Slices (3 microm) were cut from the surface of each section and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Five randomly positioned areas from the tumour and normal peripheral zone (PZ) were examined by light microscopy at x 200, then digitally photographed and analysed to obtain automatic CD. ADC values were determined from the MRI data using the H&E slides as a reference. ADC and CD values were measured in both malignant lesions and the PZ, and the correlation between ADC and CD assessed. RESULTS ADC values were lower (P <or= 0.001) in regions pathologically determined as tumour, with a mean (sd) of 1.45 (0.26) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s, vs normal PZ, of 1.90 (0.33) x 10(-3) mm(2)/s. Similarly, the mean CD over the five fields was higher (P <or= 0.001) in tumour than in normal PZ, with values of 18.89 (4.93)% vs 9.22 (3.23)%. There was a significant correlation between the ADC values and CD (r = -0.50, P < 0.001) regardless of tissue type. CD values were high in cancer which had lower ADC values than normal PZ. CONCLUSIONS ADC values were correlated successfully with CD; this information cannot be obtained with conventional MRI and is useful in characterizing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Zelhof
- University of Hull, Centrre for MR Investigations, UK.
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Lemaitre L, Rouvière O, Penna-Renard R, Villers A, Puech P. L’IRM du cancer de la prostate : un changement de paradigme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 89:1053-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(08)73909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jagannathan NR, Kumar V, Kumar R, Thulkar S. Role of magnetic resonance methods in the evaluation of prostate cancer: an Indian perspective. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 21:393-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-008-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Evaluation of the role of magnetization transfer imaging in prostate: a preliminary study. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 26:644-9. [PMID: 18436407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Results of the preliminary study on the evaluation of the role of magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) of prostate in men who had raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (>4 ng/ml) or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) are reported. MT ratio (MTR) was calculated for 20 patients from the hyper- (normal) and hypo-intense regions (area suspicious of malignancy as seen on T2-weighted MRI) of the peripheral zone (PZ) and the central gland (CG) at 1.5 T. In addition, MTR was calculated for three healthy controls. Mean MTR was also calculated for the whole of the PZ (including hyper- and hypo-intense area) in all patients. Out of 20 patients, biopsy revealed malignancy in 12 patients. Mean MTR value (8.29+/-3.49) for the whole of the PZ of patients who were positive for malignancy on biopsy was statically higher than that observed for patients who were negative for malignancy (6.18+/-3.15). The mean MTR for the whole of the PZ of controls was 6.18+/-1.63 and is similar to that of patients who were negative for malignancy. Furthermore, for patients who showed hyper- (normal portion) and hypo-intense (region suspicious of malignancy) regions of the PZ, the MTR was statistically significantly different. These preliminary results reveal the potential role of MT imaging in the evaluation of prostate cancer.
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Kuhl CK, Träber F, Gieseke J, Drahanowsky W, Morakkabati-Spitz N, Willinek W, von Falkenhausen M, Manka C, Schild HH. Whole-Body High-Field-Strength (3.0-T) MR Imaging in Clinical Practice
Part II. Technical Considerations and Clinical Applications. Radiology 2008; 247:16-35. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2471061828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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